Scientific Revolution.ppt

Question:

Have you ever had a

disagreement with your

parents?

The Real Question:

Focus Questions

• What changes led to the dawn of modern science?

• What discoveries occurred in astronomy, physics, and math during the Scientific Revolution?

• How did early scientists advance knowledge in biology and chemistry?

• How did scientific ideas move beyond the realm of science and affect society?

Main Idea

New ways of thinking led to remarkable discoveries during the Scientific Revolution.

Where does knowledge come from?

OLD WORLD VIEW

• Knowledge came from the Church

– Ancient Greek and Roman texts and the Bible

• Why did Priests have authority?

– They could read and not many other people could… so people listened to them.

• People simply accepted these teachings as truths and did not question them.

• What do you think happened to people who disagreed with the church?

What’s the problem with that?

• The church didn’t have all the answers.

– New discoveries weren’t consistent with

accepted church teachings.

• People disagreed with certain things that the

church was doing.

Rise in humanist thinking

• Trust in human rationality.

• “Maybe we shouldn’t believe everything we are

told and should use reason instead.”

• People started to “Swim against the swarm”

• “Maybe we don’t need a priest to be an

intermediary between us and God.”

Protestant Reformation (1517)

• Martin Luther posts 95 Theses and

Protestants split from the catholic church.

• This lead to an increase in demand of

What was the back lash to the

Protestant Reformation?

• How does someone who believes something

all of their life feel when they are told they

are wrong?

• The Inquisition

– The church sought people who disagreed with

their teachings and punished them.

This concept of looking for answers outside

of traditional teachings marks the beginning

of the SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

Find the Main Idea

What was the Scientific Revolution?

Answer(s):

a new way of thinking about the natural

world that challenged traditional views and instead

relied upon experimentation

What sparked the dawn of

modern science?

• QUESTIONS & CURIOSITY

– Church didn’t have all the answers to new discoveries of

people, places, & things.

– People noticed changes in the sky

• Supernovas- Change was occurring. People sought further explanations.

• NEED FOR INNOVATION

A CASE STUDY-

What is the Center of the Universe?

Wait wait wait…

• But the scholars said:

– If the earth is spinning, why don’t humans just fly off?

– Newton would answer that over 100 years later!

– If Copernicus was right… then aristotle’s philosophies

were wrong???

• And the church said:

How could he be so sure?

• Ptolomy’s explanation was way too

complicated… there had to be a more

simple, measurable explanation.

• THE KEY WAS MATH!

• Measurable Data

Some Middle Ages scholars sought answers about the natural world from the church. In the mid-1500s, others began to think in new ways.

• Scholars relied on traditional authorities for beliefs about structure of universe

• Geocentric theory, Aristotle

– Earth center of universe

– Sun, moon, planets revolved around sun

• Ideas upheld by church, accepted authority for European intellectuals

The Old View

• Scholars began to challenge traditional authorities, 1500s

• Scientific Revolution, new

way of thinking

• Posed theories, developed procedures to test ideas • Why open to new ideas?

– Exploration

– New lands, new people, new animals

New Viewpoints

Dawn of Modern Science

Ancient scholars could provide no information about new lands, people, animals

• Age of Exploration led scientists to study natural world more closely

• Other things to be discovered, things unknown to ancients • Navigators needed more accurate instruments, geographic

knowledge

• Francis Bacon, experimentation to gain scientific knowledge

• Rene Descartes, reason key

• Believed everything should be doubted until proved by reason • Relied on math, logic

• Ideas of both continue to influence modern scientific methods

Scientific Method Scholars

• Scientific Method

• Identify problem • Form hypothesis

• Perform experiments to test hypothesis

• Record results

• Analyze results, form conclusion

New Approach to Investigation

Early scientists

• Made significant contributions in astronomy, physics and math

• Began to explain complexities of solar system, limits of physical world • Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer, among first

Copernicus’ theory

• Idea of earth orbiting sun was not completely new

• Copernicus developed detailed mathematical explanation of process • Was first scientist to create complete model of solar system

Copernicus

• Found geocentric theory of movement of sun, moon, planets not accurate • Concluded sun, not earth, near center of solar system

• Heliocentric theory, earth revolves around sun

Weaknesses of theory

• Mathematical formulas did not predict positions of planets well • Copernicus did not want to be ridiculed for weaknesses

• Died 1543 after work published, other scientists expanded on ideas

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

• Copernicus’ famous book not published until last year of his life • Knew church would oppose work

Brahe, Danish Astronomer

• Wrote book proving bright object over Denmark sky was newly visible star

• Called it supernova, distant exploding star suddenly visible on earth • Book impressed Denmark’s King Frederick II

• Gave Brahe money to build two observatories

• Brahe used observatories • Developed system to explain

planetary movement

• Believed sun revolved around earth • Other five known planets revolved

around sun

Observations

• Hired as Brahe’s assistant to form mathematical theory from

measurements of planets

• Published result of measurements of orbit of Mars after Brahe’s death Kepler, German Mathematician

Kepler’s Solution

Kepler solved main problem of Copernican theory

• Copernicus assumed planets orbited in circle • Kepler found assumption untrue

• Proved planets orbited in oval pattern, ellipse

• Wanted to prove Copernicus wrong, instead proved heliocentric theory correct

More support

• Italian scientist Galileo Galilei • Built first telescope used for

astronomy

• Scanned heavens beginning in 1609

Change in science world

• Isaac Newton, English scientist

• Brought together astronomy, physics, math

• Wondered about gravity

Starry Messenger

• Galileo described discoveries • Craters on moon, sunspots • Saturn, moons of Jupiter • Milky Way made up of stars

Principia

• Book explained law of universal gravitation

• Gravity affects objects on earth, also in universe

• Keeps planets in orbit

Newton’s Findings

Newton developed calculus, new kind of math

• Used calculus to predict effects of gravity

• German philosopher Gottfried von Leibniz also developed calculus at same time

• Each accused the other of plagiarism

Contrast

How did Copernicus and Brahe differ in their

views of the universe?

The church feared reason as an enemy of faith, but eventually began to embrace some of the achievements of the Scientific Revolution.

As science assumed greater significance, the question of the role of the Roman Catholic Church in a changing culture became important. While the church opposed the views of many scientists, it benefited from new discoveries that made Renaissance art and architecture possible.

• Church most powerful institution in Europe, Middle Ages

• Primary resource for knowledge, learning

• Cathedral schools, universities trained people to run the church Science and the Church

Science and Society

• Most scientists did not want to challenge role of Christianity • Church explained world through

inspiration, revealed truth • Science explained world

Galileo’s Theories

• Brought him into direct conflict with the church

• Church leaders pressured him not to support ideas of Copernicus

• Dialogue concerning Two Chief World Systems, 1632, showed support

House Arrest

• Galileo stated would not use Copernican theory in work • Received lenient sentence in return

• Pope ordered Galileo under house arrest, where he spent rest of life

Trial

• Pope Urban VII ordered Galileo to Rome to stand trial before Inquisition • Church wanted to stamp out heresy, or dissenting views

• Trial held, April 1633

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

And CULTURE

1. Medicine

Scientific Revolution and Culture

Medicine, Biology, and Chemistry

Name:____________________. Date:____________________. Period:____________________.

Galen - the _______ __________ Doctor.

•Greek doctor who worked on gladiators & ______ and became known for his medical __________ &________.

•Why is Galen’s work remembered?

•Why didn’t Galen dissect human bodies?

Vesalius

•

Used bodies of ___________ __________ for human ___________.

•

Hired _______ to produce accurate ___________.

William Harvey

•

Observed, explained workings of the Human __________.

•

Described blood, ___________ System functions.

About how much time passed between Galen and scientists like Vesalius & Harvey?

Why wasn’t there much innovation during this time?

Leeuwenhoek

•Invented _________.

•First to describe appearance of __________, ______ _______ _________, yeast, and other organisms.

Hooke

•Used microscope to describe the

appearance of ___________.

•Credited with creating the term ____________.

Boyle

•Father of modern ______________.

•First to define ______________.

•__________ Law.

Lavoisier

•Law of Conservation of Mass- Matter cannot be _________ or ____________.

•Recognized, named ___________, introduced ________ system, invented first ___________ _______.

SUMMARIZE:

What were the major contributions made in biology & chemistry?

MEDICAL PRACTICES

Question:

What are some common home remedies to

medical problems?

Theme:

Overtime, Medical practices have relied

intensely on scientific innovation.

To start, lets take a look at some medical practices

& beliefs that were held until science disproved

OUT DATED MEDICAL PRACTICES

1. Puppy urine as beauty treatment

2. Calm your cough with heroin

3. Mercury as a curative agent

4. Lobotomies

5. Bloodletting

6. Trepanation

*

Just as astronomers moved away from the works of ancient Greeks, other scientists used the scientific method to acquire new knowledge and make great discoveries in the fields of Biology and Chemistry.

Discoveries in Biology and Chemistry

GALEN- The GREEK GLADIATOR DOCTOR (circa 130-200 C.E.)

• _{Greek doctor who worked on Gladiators and animals and became}

famous for his medical knowledge and skill.

• _{Published Tirelessly!}

• _{People were not allowed to use dead bodies to study medicine.}

Why not?

• _{Do religious beliefs get in the way of medicine today?} • _{Much of Galen’s work was used till the 16}th _{century without}

being expanded on.

Finally, some updates in Medicine!

• Used bodies of executed criminals for dissection

• Hired artists to produce accurate drawings

• On the Workings of the Human Body, 1543

Vesalius

Finally, some updates in Medicine!

• English physician, early 1600s

• Observed,

explained workings of human heart

• Described blood, circulatory system functions

William Harvey

Robert Hooke

• English physician, inventor

• Used early microscope to describe appearance of plants at microscopic level

• Credited with creating the term cell

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

• Dutch scientist, 1600s

• Used interest in developing magnifying lens to invent microscope

• First to describe appearance of bacteria, red blood cells, yeast, other microorganisms

• Father of modern chemistry • First to define element

• The Sceptical Chemist, 1661, described matter as cluster of tiny particles (now called

atoms)

• Changes in matter occurred when clusters rearranged • Boyle’s law - temperature,

volume, pressure affect gases Robert Boyle

• French chemist, 1700s

• Developed methods for precise measurements

• Discovered law of Conservation of Mass, proved matter could not be created, destroyed

• Recognized, named oxygen, introduced metric system, invented first periodic table

Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier

Summarize

What were the major contributions made in

biology and chemistry?

What is the significance of these contributions?

Answer(s):

importance of anatomy and dissection;

function of blood and circulatory system; invention of

microscope; discovery of certain laws of matter

Significance:

•Completely changed the way medicine was practiced.

•_{Allowed us to explore a whole new world of what was too small}

for the naked eye to see.

Renaissance

• Study of art, architecture not separate from study of science • Artists learned anatomy in order

to paint the body

Architecture

• Mathematics, physics crucial to great architecture

• Also used in engineering achievements of the time

Artists

• Experimented with chemistry of paints, nature of light

• Used math to create

compositions of perfect balance

Science and religion

• Combined to produce great artistic achievements of Renaissance

• Most art, architecture dedicated to glory of God

Science and Community

Scientific Revolution established new way of

thinking about physical world

• Great advances made in astronomy, physics, biology, chemistry • Advances influenced developments in arts, architecture

• Impact of Scientific Revolution soon would cause

Draw Conclusions

How did the Scientific Revolution have an

impact beyond the realm of science?

Answer(s):

led people to question the Church; inspired

great artistic achievements; led to new ideas about