Zionism
• As nationalism/patriotism grew in Europe during the 1800s, many became less tolerant of
those they saw as outsiders
• Jews
• Pogroms (= violent attack on a Jewish community) in Eastern Europe & Russia
• Many began to move to Palestine & establish farming communities • 1896: first formal call for a Jewish Homeland in Palestine
• 1917: Balfour Declaration
Imperialism
in India
• The British East India Company dominated the area from the early 1600s-mid-1800s
• Mughal Empire was declining, French rivals were defeated • The company employed Indian soldiers called Sepoys
• 1857: Sepoy Munity Hindu & Muslim soldiers angered by BEIC’s lack of respect for their religion, BEIC lost control, British government took direct command of the country = British Raj
• The Indian National Congress was formed in 1885
• Mostly Hindu professionals & business leaders
• At first, called for more equal opportunity for Indians to participate in a democratic government • Hoped India would modernize & become more westernized
• The Muslim League was formed in 1906
• Muslims didn’t trust that the INC would serve in their best interests • Many called for the formation of a separate Muslim state
Turkey &
Nationalis
m
• In the 1800s-early 1900s, the Ottoman Empire was viewed as the “Sick Man of Europe” by European nations
• Greece, Montenegro, Serbia, Romania & Bulgaria gained their independence • The Young Turks established a movement in the 1890s
• Goals were to strengthen the Ottoman empire & end Western imperialism • Overthrew the sultan in 1908 & took control of the government
• Were not tolerant of diversity (unlike the Ottomans)
• Armenian Massacre/Genocide (1894-1923)
• Young Turks massacred more than 1 million Armenians (Christians) because they claimed that they had plotted with Russia against the Ottoman Empire
• Russo-Turkish War (1877-78)
• Balkan Wars (1912-13)
Japan & the
Meiji Restoration
• Japan had remained isolated from 1650-1850
• In 1854 American Commodore Matthew Perry presented a letter to the Japanese requesting that they open ports to trade
• When the Shogun signed the treaty, the Japanese people had various reactions, from approval to strong disapproval; he ended up being overthrown
• Meiji Restoration (1868-1912) = “enlightened rule” & series of government-led reforms
• Government representatives traveled abroad to learn more about western society; foreigners
also invited to Japan
• Government built factories
• Improved infrastructure = banking & postal system, railroads, ports, schools, universities
Japanese Imperialism
•
Soon, the quickly growing industrial
economy of Japan caused an increased
need for natural resources
•
Depended on trade to obtain raw
materials as well as a markets = a place
to sell finished products
•
Sino-Japanese War
1894-95 v. China
• Gained Formosa (Taiwan) & ports in China
•
Russo-Japanese War
1904-05 v. Russia
New Imperialism
• 1870-1914, focused mainly on Asia & Africa
• Vulnerable because of declining empires, local wars & the slave trade • Nationalism & Social Darwinism
• Attitude that nations had the right to take over weaker nations
• Charles Darwin’s theory of “Survival of the Fittest” was applied to competition between
nations
• “White Man’s Burden” = based on a poem, the idea that white imperialists had a
moral duty to educate people in nations they considered less developed • Military motives
• Power, security, base to re-supply ships
• Economic Motives
Imperialism in
Africa
•
Started in the 1880s
•
King Leopold II of Belgium lied to local chiefs, claiming that he was getting
involved in order to abolish the slave trade
•
He actually brutally exploited Africans as laborers that collected sap from rubber
trees
•
Racism
= belief that one race is superior to others
•
Europeans believed they were better because of their advanced technology
•
White Man’s Burden
= Europeans believed they had the right & duty to bring the
results of their progress to other countries
“The White Man’s Burden”
“Take up the White Man’s burden—
Send forth the best ye breed—
Go send your sons to exile
To serve your captives' need..”
The
Berlin
Conference
•
1884-85
•
Any country could claim land in Africa
by notifying other nations of their
claims & showing they could control
the area
•
Gave little or no thought to how African
ethnic or linguistic groups were
distributed
•
NO African rulers attended this
conference
•
By 1914 only Liberia & Ethiopia
remained free from European control
Lesson Quiz
1. During the 1800s, many Latin American countries were characterized by a (1) reliance on cash crops
(2) transition to command economies (3) redistribution of land to the peasants (4) withdrawal from the world market
2. *Opium War (1839-1842)
*Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) *Boxer Rebellion (1898-1901)
This series of events is most closely associated with the (5) Spread of communism to China and Korea
(6) Growing concerns about the influence of the West in China (7) Alliance formed between Vietnam and China
The “Middle East” is not a term Middle Easterners gave
themselves, but a British term borne of a colonial, European
perspective. The term’s origins are seeped [steeped] in controversy for having originally been a European imposition of geographic
perspective according to European spheres of influence. East from where? From London. Why “Middle”? Because it was half-way
between the United Kingdom and India, the FarEast.… — Pierre Tristam, “What is the Middle East?”
3. Which term is most closely associated with the main idea of this passage?
4. The idea expressed in this cartoon is most closely
associated with the
(1) alliances formed in Europe
5. One way in which 14th-century Mali in Africa and 14th-century Venice in Italy are similar is that both
(1) were land-locked city-states
(2) developed economies based primarily on agriculture (3) became wealthy and powerful as a result of trade (4) were centers for Islamic learning
6. Early exploration of Africa by Europeans was hindered by the (1) lack of natural resources in Africa
(2) alliances between African kingdoms
(3) isolationist policies of European monarchs (4) many different physical features of Africa
7. The Berlin Conference in 1884 was significant because it (1) promoted Belgium as a world power
(2) established rules for the European division of Africa (3) called for a war against England
8. Which of these developments in Africa was a cause of the other three? (1) Rival tribal groups fought wars.
(2) The Berlin Conference of 1884 influenced colonial boundaries.
(3) Traditional territories and culture groups were permanently fragmented.
(4) African economies became dependent on the sale of cash crops and raw materials.
9. Which cultures fought with the Zulus in the 19th century over the control of land in South
Africa?
(1) German and French (2) Indian and Belgian (3) British and Boer
(4) Ethiopian and Italian 10. August 2014 #25 11. August 2014 #27
China: Isolation & Imperialism
• Qing rulers refused to adopt Western ways (1644-late 1700s)
• The Opium War (1839)
• Fought against the British over trading rights
• Britain had superior power, won quickly
• The Treaty of Nanjing (1842)
• China had to pay for Britain's war costs
• Gave Britain Hong Kong
• China forced to sign unequal treaties
• Western powers carved out spheres of influence
• The Taiping Rebellion (1850-64)
• 1850-64
• Chinese peasants revolted against the Qing government
• Millions died, weakened China
• The Boxer Rebellion (1900)
• Chinese rebellion against foreign influence
• Put down by the Japanese & westerners
• Led to more Chinese calling for western-style reforms
• The Chinese Revolution
• Led by Sun Yixian
• Goals were to end foreign domination, form a representative government
Causes of
World War I
• Imperialism
• the scramble for colonies caused rivalries
• Militarism
• aggressive buildup of a nation’s armed forces in preparation for war
• Nationalism
• countries acted in their own self-interests AND longing of an ethnic minority for independence often caused violence
• root of the war = a nationalist dispute between Austria-Hungary and Serbia over Bosnia
• Alliances
• Congress of Vienna (1815) meeting of European leaders that attempted to create a “balance of power”
in Europe to establish long-term peace, but German unification in the 1870s threw this off
• In an attempt to protect themselves, European powers formed alliances that bound the great powers to come to other’s aid in the event of an attack: “Triple Alliance” & “Triple Entente”
The Causes of World War I
The Chain Reaction
• a Bosnian terrorist assassinated Archduke Francis (Franz) Ferdinand in 1914
because he believed that Austria-Hungary had no right to rule Bosnia
• Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, allies joined in
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfxrTD-kPps (Horrible Histories causes of WWI: table fight-blocked)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oXmMT4sETu8 (HH Causes of WWI: Cousins)
The War
in
in
Europe
• Central Powers = Austria-Hungary & Germany (later: Ottoman Empire)
• Allies = Russia, France, Serbia & Great Britain (later: Italy & the US) • Relatively equal in size & strength; soon reached a stalemate
Global “Peace”
• Wilson’s Fourteen Points called for an end to entangling alliances & dealt with
issues regarding keeping the peace after WWI
• He hoped it would form the basis for peace negotiations, but it began to unravel
• The Treaty of Versailles
• The allies were interested in spoils = rewards of war
• Wanted to divide up Germany’s colonies
• The French wanted total humiliation of Germany
• Reparations: $33 billion for economic injury during the war
• This laid the foundation for Hitler’s rise to power & later WW2
• The League of Nations
• An organization in which the nations of the world would join together to ensure security & peace for all
members
Lesson Quiz
1. Before 1914, nationalism in the Balkan Peninsula contributed to (1) resistance by ethnic groups to Austrian rule
(2) campaigns by foreign diplomats against the use of trench warfare (3) the inability of countries to make reparation payments
(4) the rejection of the Versailles Treaty by Combatants
2. The Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente contributed to the start of World War I by (1) failing to include Germany and France as members
(2) threatening countries in the Western Hemisphere (3) allowing Japanese aggression in Korea
3. The immediate cause of World War I was the (1) assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
(2) Japanese alliance with Germany (3) treaty agreement at Versailles (4) German invasion of Poland
Observation of a Soldier in World War I
Private Archie Surfleet, February 8th, 1918 — We have been in camp near the wood at Écurie for some days now and a more miserable existence it would be hard to imagine. There is nothing but unrest and uncertainty and everyone here is absolutely fed up to the teeth. — Malcolm Brown, Tommy Goes to War
4. Which hypothesis can best be supported by this passage? (1) Allied forces were on the verge of winning the war.
(2) Technology had created a military stalemate.
5. This World War I poster is an
example of
(1) diversity (3) toleration
(2) dissent
(4) propaganda
6. Which development occurred in Germany as a result of the terms imposed by the Treaty of Versailles?
7. Disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, creation of new nation-states in central Europe, and Germany’s loss of colonies were all consequences of
(1) the Napoleonic Wars (2) the Franco-Prussian War (3) World War I
(4) World War II
8. Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points influenced many colonial peoples in Asia and Africa to
(1) create military alliances (2) seek self-determination
9. Which term is defined as payment for war damages? (1) Mandate (3) reparation
(2) Armistice(4) militarism
10. One reason the League of Nations failed as a world organization was that it
(1) supported the rise of fascist states
(2) lacked a military force to settle conflicts
(3) dealt with conflict by establishing naval blockades (4) encouraged the annexation of territory by Force
The establishment of the independent countries of Czechoslovakia,
Hungary, and Yugoslavia was the result of
(1) the Franco-Prussian War
(2) the Berlin Conference
(3) World War I
