Research Article
a
April
2018
Special Issue: National Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering 2018
Conference Held at Sri Venkatesa Perumal College of Engineering & Technology, Puttur, A.P., India
Computer Science and Software Engineering
ISSN: 2277-128X (Volume-8, Issue-4)
Characterization of GFRP with Juliflora and Ragi as Fillers
J. Kumar, P. Hari, K. S. Aravindh
Assistant Professor, SVPCET, Puttur, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract: Fiber laminates are good candidates for advanced aerospace structural applications due to their high specific mechanical properties especially fatigue resistance. The most important factor in manufacturing of these laminates is the adhesive bonding between prosopis juliflora-RAGI and FRP layers. In this study several glass-fiber reinforced prosopis juliflora-RAGI laminates with different bonding adhesion were manufactured. Mechanical Tests like Tensile, Compression and Impact tests were carried out based on ASTM standard were then conducted to study the effects of interfacial adhesive bonding on impact behavior of these laminates. It was observed that the damage size is greater in laminates with poor interfacial adhesion compared to that of laminates with strong adhesion between prosopis juliflora-RAGI and glass layers. In addition, this is a good adhesion bonding show better resistance under low velocity impact and their corresponding contact forces are about 25% higher than that of specimens with a weak bonding. Moreover, maximum central deflections in laminates with strong bonding are about 30% lower than that of with poor adhesion. These proposed laminate was provided better mechanical properties such and tensile and impact.
Keywords: NFRP, GFRP, agricultural waste
I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 INRODUTION OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL
Basic requirements for the better performance efficiency of an aircraft are high strength, high stiffness and low weight. The conventional materials such as metals and alloys could satisfy these requirements only to a certain extent. This lead to the need for developing new materials that can whose properties were superior to conventional metals and alloys, were developed.
A composite is a structural material which consists of two or more constituents combined at a macroscopic level. The constituents of a composite material are a continuous phase called matrix and a discontinuous phase called reinforcement.
EXAMPLES
NATURAL COMPOSITE
Wood: Cellulose fibers bound by lignin matrix
Bone: Stiff mineral “fibers” in a soft organic matrix permeated with holes filled with liquids MAN-MADE COMPOSITES
Plywood: Several layers of wood veneer glued Together Fiberglass: Plastic matrix reinforced by glass fibers
The most commonly used advanced composites are polymer matrix composites. These composites consists of a polymer such as epoxy, polyester, urethane etc., reinforced by thin-diameter fibers such as carbon, graphite, aramids, boron, glass etc. Low cost, high strength and simple manufacturing principles are the reason why they are most commonly used in the repair of aircraft structures. In the highly competitive airline market, using composites is more efficient. Though the material cost may be higher, the reduction in the number of parts in an assembly and the savings in the fuel cost makes more profit. It also lowers the overall mass of the aircraft without reducing the strength and stiffness.
.
Figure1.4 Hand Lay-up Method
DESCRIPTION
Resins are impregnated by hand into fibres which are in the form of woven, knitted, stitched or bonded fabrics. This is usually accomplished by rollers or brushes, with an increasing use of nip-roller type impregnators for forcing resin into the fabrics by means of rotating rollers and a bath of resin. Laminates are left to cure under standard atmospheric conditions.
MATERIALS OPTIONS
Resins: Primarily epoxy and phenolic. Polyesters and vinylesters may have problems due to excessive extraction of styrene from the resin by the vacuum pump.
Fibres: The consolidation pressures mean that a variety of heavy fabrics can be wet-out. Cores: Any
II. METHODOLOGY
The specimens were prepared with the Glass fiber epoxy with 5% Prosopis Juliflora and Glass fibre with 10% Prosopis Juliflora according to the ASTM standard. The specimens were undergoing for mechanical testing by Universal testing machine and Impact testing machine. These results were compared.
III. LAMINATE MATERIALS AND METHODS
This chapter describes the materials and methods used for the processing of the composites under this investigation. It presents the details of the characterization and tests which the composite samples are subjected to.
3.1 LAMINATE In this laminate,
REINFORCEMENT - GLASS FIBRE
MATRIX- Epoxy with Prosopis Juliflora powder and Ragi powder Correct ratio of resin and hardener is 10:1
Resin : LY556 Hardener : HY951
3.2 STAGES OF THE EPOXY REACTION The Cure
The cure of epoxies is the conversion of the liquid resin and hardener components to a solid high-performance plastic material. Cure is only initiated once the components are metered in the correct ratio to one another and are physically mixed together. The cure of all epoxies is an exothermic process where heat is liberated as a natural consequence of the chemical reaction. Success in using epoxies most efficiently is dependent upon handling the product in the correct way in order to avoid wastage and premature cure, and this can be achieved by some understanding of the basic chemistry and the various stages of the chemical transformation
IV. EXPERIMENTAL WORKS
ISSN(E): 2277-128X, ISBN: 978-93-87396-07-4, pp. 263-269
Figure2.1 GFRP laminate Specimens undergone 3 different tests (Tensile, Compression and Impact)
Figure2.2 Modified GFRP laminate undergone 3 different tests (Tensile, Compression and Impact)
V. TEST RESULTS
Tests have been made on the specimens who were prepared through hand layup method. And the readings have been noted in the tabular column for respective tests and also graphs have been plotted to make a better comparison of those results in different specimens. Those tests are likely were Tensile, Compressive and Impact tests.
Tensile test
Table1.7 Test Analysis of two specimens under tensile test
TEST PARAMETERS SPECIMEN(GFRP) SPECIMEN(MODIFIED GFRP)
Gauge Width(mm) 26.61 23.81
Gauge Thickness(mm) 5.01 3.53
Original cross sectional area(mm2) 133.32 84.05
Ultimate tensile load(KN) 20.4 24.32
Ultimate Tensile strength(MPa) 153 289
Figure2.3 Load vs Displacement curve of GFRP laminate under Tensile Load
Figure2.4 Stress Starin Relationship of GFRP laminate under Tensile Load
ISSN(E): 2277-128X, ISBN: 978-93-87396-07-4, pp. 263-269
Figure2.6 Stress strain relationship of Modified GFRP under Tensile Load Compression Test
Table1.8 Test Analysis of the two specimens under Compression Test
TEST PARAMETERS SAMPLE(GFRP) SAMPLE(MODIFIED GFRP)
Compressive load(KN) 0.540 0.855
Compressive strength(MPa) 5.00 8.00
Figure2.7 Load vs Displacement curve of GFRP laminate under Compression Load
Figure2.9 Load vs Displacement Curve of modified GFRP under Compression test
Figure3.0 Stress Strain relation of modified GFRP under Compression load
VI. FUTURE R & D PLAN
Broadly defined bio-composite are composite materials made from natural fibre and petroleum derived non biodegradable polymers like polyester, phenolic, PP etc. These polymer matrices are becoming costlier because of the fluctuating price of petrochemicals. These resins could be made cheaper by modification with cheaper resources.Bio-composite derived from plant fibre& crop / derived plastic are likely more eco-friendly and such bio-composites are termed as green composite. Future attempt would therefore be to develop cheaper biodegradable matrix utilizing modification of bio-resources.
VII. CONCLUSION
Apart from reducing the cost of the material, use of filler material enhances the reduction in shrinkage, improves dimensional stability whereas use of natural filler in composite material is environment friendly, they Automotive industries are shifting towards natural filler reinforced composites for reduced weight and superior quality material reduce the production cost, and emits less greenhouse emissions. Fillers improve the surface area and thereby improving the mechanical properties
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