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at
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s op
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i t
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rg
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at
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3
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s a nd S
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M
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ou
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T
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T
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T
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m
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c o nt
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T
a
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.
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(
9
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am
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T
a
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T
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T
ab l
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-
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7 7
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a
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h
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a
t
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ab l
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l
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am b
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l
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ai l
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L i
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1
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i
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2
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a
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3
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cf
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l
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m
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p
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g
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re
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m
p
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g
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re
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(
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a nd 2 1 5
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o
t
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at
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a nd
2 1
5
a r e sh
ow
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t
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ct
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a nd
2 1 3
a r e st
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2 0
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g
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S
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/
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5
o rg
a n o s ul f
at
e(
o rl E P O
X
-
d
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d
o r
g
a n o s ul f
at
e)
c o nf
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rm
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ep
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at
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r o up
at m
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g
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at
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)
a nd
o
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ain
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H
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.,
2 0 0 9
)
.PM
2 5h
a sb
e e n sh
ow
nt
oh
a v e ad
v e r s eh
e al
t
h
ef f
e ct
s at
h i g h m
a s s c o n c e nt
r at
i
o n s(
P
op
e et
al
.g
l
ob
al
cl i
m
at
e ch
a ng
e(
I P
C C
,2
0
0 7
)
.T h
e u n c e rt
ai
nt
y i
n t
h
e ch
em
i
c al
m
ak
eu
p
of
S O
A
l
e ad
st
o al
a rg
e u n c e rt
ai
nt
y
i
nt
h
e e st
i m
at
e of i
t
si
n r ad i
at
i
v ef
o r ci
ng
, a nd
t
h
u s,i
t
si m
p
a ct
o n c
l i
m
at
e ch
a ng
e a sw
el l
a st
h
et
r u eh
e al
t
h i m p
a ct
of
at
m
o sp
h
e ri
cP
M
2 5.O
n e cl
a s s of
c om p
o u nd
sw h i
ch
c o nt
ri b
ut
e s si g
ni f
i c a nt
l
y t
ot
h
eg
l
ob
al SO A b
ud
g
et
i
sb
i
og
e ni
c v ol
at
i l
e o rg
a ni
c c om
p
o u nd
s(
B V
O C
s)
,i
n cl
ud
i
ng i
s op
r e n e(
2
-m
e
t
h
y
l
-1
,3
-b
ut
ad i
e n e,C
sH
g)
a nd m
o n ot
e rp
e n e s(
C
i oH
i e)
s u ch
a s a-p
i
n e n e a nd ^
-l i m
o n e n e, s
h
ow
ni
nF i
g
u
r e1
(
K
a n ak i
d
o u et
al
.,2
0
0 5
;
K
r ol l
et
al
,2
0 0 6
; H
e n z e et
al
.,
2
0 0 6
)
.T
h i
si
sd
u et
ot
h
ei
rh i
g
h
r e a ct
i
vi
t
y
w i
t
h
at
m
o sp
h
e ri
c o xi d
an
t
s, s u ch
a sh y d
r o xy
l
r ad
i
c al
s(
O H
)
, o z o n e(
O
3)
, a nd
ni
t
r ate r a
d i
c al
s(
N O
3) (
A
t
k i
n s o n a nd A
r ey
,2 0 0 3
)
, a sw
el l
a st
h
ei
rl
a rg
egl
ob
al
e
m i
s si
o n r ate s
(
G
u e nt
h
e r et
al
.,2
0
0
6
)
.S
t
ud i
e sh
a v e sh
ow
nt
h
at
B V O C
o xi d
at
i
o nb
y
O H
,O
3, a nd N O
3p
r od
u c e sSO A
(
G
ri f fi
n et
al
.,19 9 9
;
H
off m
a n n et
al
,19 9 7
;
K
am
e n s et
al
,19 9 9
;
K
o ch
et
al
,2 0 0 0
)
.I
n ad d i
t
i
o n,b i
og
e ni
cS O A
(
B
S O A
)
f
o rm
at
i
o ni
s e nh
a n c ed b
y
t
h
ep
r e s e n c e of
a ci d i fi
ed
s ul f
at
e s e ed
a e r o s ol
(
fi
n um
a et
al
.,
2
0
0 4
;
S
u r r at t
et
al
.,
2 0 0 7
)
.T h
ep
r op
ose
d
s o u r c e of m
u ch
o
f
t
h
e e nh
a
n c ed B S O A m
a s si
s
a ci d
-c at
al
y
z ed p
a rt
i
cl
e-p
h
a s e r e a ct
i
o n s(
J
a ng
et
al
.,2
0
0 2
;
l
i
n um
a et
al
.,2
0 0
4
;
G
a o et
al
.,2
0 0 4
;
S
u r r at
t
et
al
.,2 0 0 6
)
.J
a ng
et
al
.(
2 0 0 2
)
fi
r st p
o
stu
l
ate
d
t
h
at
a ci d
-c at
al
y
z ed p
a rt
i
cl
e-p h
a s e r e a ct
i
o n s s u ch
a s
h
y
d
r at
i
o n ,p
ol
y
m
e ri
z at
i
o n ,h
em i
a c eta
l
a nd
a c et
al f
o rm
at
i
o n, a nd
al d
ol
c o nd
e n s at
i
o nc o u
l d
e nh
a n c eSO
A
m
a s si
nt
h
ep
r e s e n c e of
s ul fi
i ri
c a ci d
(
H
2S O
4)
,i
nd i
c at
i
ng
i
nt
e r a ct
i
o n sb
et
w
e e n o rg
a ni
c a nd i
n o rg
a ni
cf
r a ct
i
o n s of
a e r o s ol
s.T h i
s e nh
a n c em
e nt
al
s op
oi
nt
sto
t
h
er o
l
e of
a nt
h
r op
og
e ni
c em i
s si
o ns
i
ni
n c r e a si
ng
S O A
y
i
el d
s(
H
oy
l
e et
al
.,2 0 1 1
)
.G
a o et
al
.(
2 0 0
4
)
p
o stu
l
at
ed
t
h
at
w h i l
ep
a rt
i
cl
e-p
h
a s e r e a ct
i
o np
r od
u ct
s c an
o c c u r r eg
a rd l
e s s of
t
h
ep
r e s e n c e of
a e r o so
l
a c
i d i
t
y
,i
n cr
e a si
ng
a e r o s ol
a ci d i
t
y
i
n c r e a s e st
h
e si
z e of
t
h
e s ep
r od
u ct
s.A
s a r e s ul
t,
t
h
e s eh i g h
-m
ol
e c ul
a r-w
ei g h
t
(M W )
sp
a rt
i
cl
ep h
a s e ,i
nc r e a si
ng
o ve r al l S O A
m
a ss.F
urth
e rm
or e, s
m
og
ch
am
b
er st
ud i
e sc o n
d
u cte
d
u nd
e r v a ry
i
ng
le v e
ls o
f
o xi d
e s of
ni
t
r og
e n(
N O
x)
, a sw
el l
a s am b i
e nt
f
i el d
s
tu
d i
e s, ob
s e r v ed
ala r
g
eq
u a nti
t
y
of h i g h
-M
W
p
r od
u ct
s at
h i
g
h
-N O
x
le v e
l
s(
K
al b
e r e r et
a
l
.,2 0 0 6
; D
e nk
e nb
e rg
e re
t
al
.,
2 0
0 7
)
.U
nd
e rl
ow
-N O
x c o n
d it
i
o n s,SO A f
o rm
at
io n
f
r om
p
r e c u r s o r sl i k
ei
s op
r e n eh
a s al
s ob
e e n sh
ow
nt
oy
i
el d h i g h
-M
W
p
a rt
i
cle
-p
h
a s ep
r odu c
t
s.T h i
sin
d i
c at
e st
h
at
w h i l
e
S O A
c om p
o sit
i
o n ch
a ng
e sw i
t
h N O
xle v
e
l
,s
i g
ni f i
c a nt
q
ua
nti
t
ie s
o
f SO A
a r ef
o rm
ed
r eg
a rd le s s o
f N
O
xl
e v el
(
K
r ol l
et
al.
,2
0
0
6
;
S
u r r att
et
al
.,
2 0
0 6
)
.T
h
eN O
xle v e
l
ap p
e a r sto
d ic
t
at
et
h
e am
o u nt
a nd
ch
em i
c al
t y p
e of
S
O
A
p
r od
u c ed f
r om
B V
O C
s.A
sN O
xle v e
l i
n c r e a s e s,th
eS O A m
a s sf
o rm
ed fr o
m
sm
al l
e r c om
p
o u nd
si
n cl
ud
i
ng i
s op
r e n e(
K
r ol l
et
al
.,2 0 0
6
)
a nd m
o st
m
o n ot
e rp
e n e s(
H
at
ak
ey
am
a et
al
.,
1 9 9 1
;
P
a nd i
s et
al
.,
1
9 9
1 ; Z
h
a ng
et
al
,19 9 2
;
P
r e sto
et
al
.,
2 0 0 5
a;
N
g
et
al
.,
2
0 0
7
a)
d
e c r e a s e s.H
ow
e v e r, a s st
at
ed
e a rl i
e r, a e r o s ol
a ci d i
t y
c an
p
r om
ot
eth
ef
o rm
at
io n
of S O A m
a s sf
r om
a
l l
of
t
h
e s eB
V O C
s(
O f f
e nb
e rg
et
al
.,2 0 0 9
)
.//
(
1
)
(
2
)
(
3
)
F i g
u r e1
.St
r u ct
u r e s of
(
1
)
is o
p
r e n e ,(
2
)
a
-p i
n e n e,a
nd
(
3
)
t/
-
l i m
o n e n eO
n e sp
e ci f
i c ch
em i
c al
cla s s o
f
B
S O A
c o n st
it
u e nt
st
h
at
h
a s r e c e nt
l
y
r e c ei
v ed
p
a rti
c ula r
at
t
e nt
i
o ni
st
h
at
of
o rg
a n o s ul f
at
e sd
e riv e
d fr o
m
th
e o xi d
at
io n
of i
s op
r e n e,m
o n ote r
p
e n e s, a nd
s e sq
ui
t
e rp
e n e s.T h
e s e c om p
o u nd
s,
w h i
ch
c a n al
s ob
e nit
r ate
d
,h
a v eb
e e n ob
s e r v ed i
nb
ot
h
c
h
am b
e r-g
e n e r at
ed
(
C h
a n et
al.
,2 0 10
,2 0 1 1
;
Su r r a
t t
et
al
.,2 0 0 7
,2 0 0 8
;
l i
n um
a et
al
.,2
0 0 7
,
2
0 10
;
N
g
et
al
,2 00 8
;
L i
n et
al
,2 0 12
)
a nd
am b ie n
t
a e r o s ol
s a
m
p
le s
(
C h
a n et
al
.,2 0 10
;
G
om
e z-
G
o n z ale z e
t
al
.,