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R

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3.7. 1. Ge n e r al Pr o c edu r e s 4 0

3

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7

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5

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ty

52

3

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4.2. 1. Br e a

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6

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p

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8

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n o n

C

o n c e ntr at

io n

,

C

_q, o

f 1

ug

/L

.

4. 1 8 P A C D o s age

,

m

p ^ c^ n e e

d

e

d

to r e

d

u c e

M

o

d

e

l

-_P

r e

d

icte

d

D

ia z

in o n

8

7

Co n c e ntr at

io n

to the

L

C 5 0 o

f C

.

D

u

b

ia

(

0.2 4 ug

/

L

)

at V a r

i

o u s Ini t

i

a

l

C

o n c e ntr at

io

n s,

C

_g.

4

.

19

P

A C D

o s age,

m

p ^

c

n e e

d

e

d

to r e

d

u c e

D i

a z

in o n

C

o n c e ntr atio n,

C

g, to t

h

e

87

L C 5 0 o

f

C

D

u

b

ia

(

0

.2 4 u g

/

L

)

, v e r s u s In

i

t

i

a

l

Co n c e ntr at

io n

,

C

q, at

V

a r

io u s

M

L

SS C

o n c e ntr at

i

o n s,

m

_g

-4

.

2 0

Br e a

k

t

h

r ou

g

h C

u r v e s

f

o r R S

S C

T

#

1, s

h

o

w i

ng t

h

e e

f f

e ct o

f

Orga n

ic

M

atte r

9

2

(

P

SD F

R

= ₀

L i

st o

f

T a

b l

e s

N

u

m

b

e r T

i

tle Pa_ge

2

.

1

P h y

s

ic a

l

an

d C h

e

m i

c a

l C h

a r a cte r

i

stic s o

f D i

a z

i

n on.

15

4

.

1

F

r e u n

d l ic

h

Pa r a

m

ete r s o

b

ta

in e

d f

o r

D i

a z

i

n o n

A d

sor

p t

io n

o nto

PA C

at

6 2

H

i

_g

h

a n

d L

o

w

In

i

t

ia

l an

d

Re s

i

du a

l

Co n c e ntr atio n s.

4

.

2

L

a n

g

m

u

i

r

P

a r a

m

ete r s o

b

ta

in e

d f

o r D

i

a zin o n A

d

s o r_{p t}

io

n on to P

A C

at 6 4

H i

_g

h

a n

d L

o

w

In

i

t

ia

l

an

d

Re s

i d

u a

l

Co n c e ntr at

io n s

.

4

.

3

I d

en t

i f

i c at

io n

an

d C h

a r a cte r

i

st

i

c s o

f

R

S SC

T s.

6 6

4

.4

D

e s

i g

n Pa r a

m

ete r s an

d O p

e r at

i

n

g

C

o n

d i

tio n s

f

o r

R SS C T # 1

a n

d Sc a

le

d

-

6 7

U

_p

C

o

l

u

m

n Pr o

d

u c

in

_{g B}r e a

k

t

h

r o u_g

h C

u r v e s

h

o

w

n

in

F

i

_gu r e 4.9

i

n c

l

u

d i

n_g

T

_{y p}

i

c a

l Fu

l l

-

S

_{c a}

l

_e

V

_a

l

_{u e s}

f

_{o r}

G A C A d

_{s o r}

b

_{e r}

Co

lu

m

_{n s}

.

4.

5

D

e s

i

gn Pa r a

m

ete r s an

d O p

e r at

i

n

g C

o n

d i

tio n s

f

o r

R SS C T #

2 a n

d Sc a

le

d

-

7

2

U

_{p C}o

lu

m

n Pr o

du c

in

_{g B}r e a

k

t

hr o u

_g

h C

u r v e s

h

o

w

n

i

n F

i

_gu r e

4

.

1 1

in c

l

u

d in

_{g T y p}

ic a

l

Fu

l l

-

Sc a

l

_e V_a

l

_{u e s}

f

_{o r}

G A C A d

_{s o r}

b

_{e r}

C

_o

l

_u

m

_ns

.

4.

6

De s

i

gn Pa r a

m

ete r s a n

d O

pe r at

i

ng

C

o n

d i

t

i

o n s

f

o r R

S S

C T

# 3

a n

d Sc a

le

d

-

74

U p C

o

lu

m

n Pr o

d

u c

in

_g

Br e a

k

t

h

r o u

_{gh C}

u r v e s

h

o

w

n

i

n

F i g

u r e

4

. 1 2

in c

l

u

d i

n

_{g T}

_y

_{p i}

c a

l F

u

l l

-

Sc a

l

_e

V

L I S T

O F A

B B

R

E

V

I

A

T I

O N S

/

G

L

O

S S

A R Y

C

E

T

A C

: C

i b

a En v

i

r o n

m

e nta

l

T e c

h

no

l

o_{g y A}n a

l

_yt

i

c a

l

C

h

e

m

i

str_y

(

_{p g}.

i

v

)

D F P S D

M

: D

i

s_pe r s e

d

-F

l

o

w

, Po r e -

S

u r

f

a c e-D

i f f

us

i

o n

M

o

d

e

l

(

_{p g}.

12

)

E B C T : E

m

_pt_{y B} e

d C

o nta ct T

i

m

e. Co nta ct t

i m

e

f

o r

l i

qu

i d

pa s s

i

n g t

h

r o ug

h

a

fi

x e

d

-

b

_e

d

_o

f G A C

.

(p g

. 5

0

)

E C

₅₀:

M

e

d i

a n E

f f

e ct

i

v e

C

o n c e ntr at

i

o n

(p

_g.

6

)

E

D

T

A

: E t

h

_y

l

e n e

d i

a

m i

n etetr a a c etate

(

E

D

T A

)

l i

_ga n

d i

s a str o n _g c

h

e

l

at

i

n _g a

_g

e nt t

h

at

w i l l

_pr o

d

u c e n o n-_{to x}

i

_{c c o}

m

p

l

e x e s

w i

t

h m

a n_y c at

i

o n

i

c

m

eta

l

s. T

h

e E D T

A

C h

e

l

at

i

on ex_pe r

i

m

e nt

i

s u s e

d i

n t

h

e _p

h

a s e

I

T I E

_p

r oto c o

l

,

(

p g.

5

)

E P

A

: En v

i

r o n

m

e nta

l P

r ote ct

i

o n

A

_ge n c_y

G A C

:

G

r a n u

l

a r

A

ct

i

v ate

d C

a r

b

o n.

C

oa r s e

-g

ra

i

n e

d

a ct

i

v ate

d

car

b

o n

_p

a rt

i

c

l

e s

a_{p p}

l i

e

d i

n a

fi

x e

d

-

b

_e

d f

_{o r}

fl

_o

w

-_t

h

_{r ou}

g

h

tr e at

m

e nt s_yste

m

s,

(p g

.

3 1

)

G C

: Ga s

C h

r o

m

ato_gr a_p

h

_y

H

P L C :

H i

_g

h

-P_{r e s s u r e}

L i

qu

i d C h

r o

m

ato_gr a_p

h

_y

H SD

M

:

H

o

m

o _ge n e o u s

S

u r

f

a c e D

i f f

us

i

o n

M

o

d

e

l

_(p

_g.

12

)

L

C

_{5 0}:

M

e

d

ia n Let

h

a

l C

o n c e ntr at

i

o n

₍

_{p g}.

6

)

M

L S S

:

M

i

x e

d

-

L i q

_{u o r}

S

_{u s}

pe n

d

e

d S

o

l i d

s

M

S

:

M

a s s

S

_pe ctr o s c o

_p

_y

M

T

Z :

M

a s s Tr a n s

f

e r

Z

o n e. Zo n e o

f G A C b

e

d w h

e r e a

d

s o rp t

i

o n

i

s a ct

i

v e

l

y

ta

k i

n _{g p}

l

a c e.

N O

M

:

N

atu r a

l

Or_gan

i

c

M

atte r

(

_p

_g

.

8

9

)

P

A

C: Po

w d

e r e

d A

ct

i

v ate

d

Ca r

b

o n .

F i

n e

-gr a

i

n e

d

a ct

i

v ate

d

c a r

b

o n _pa rt

i

c

l

e s

a

_{p p l i}

e

d d i

r e ct

l

_{y t}o a

_q

u e o u s s o

l

ut

i

o n s

f

o r tr e at

m

e nt,

(p g

.

2 9

)

P

A C

T : Po

w d

e r e

d A

ct

i

v ate

d

Ca r

b

o n Tr e at

m

e nt

_{(p g}

. 1

0

)

P

O

T

W

: Pu

b l i

c

l

_y-O

w

_{n e}

d

T

r e at

m

e nt

W

o r

k

s

P

S

D F R: Po r e

-to-

S

R

A

S: Retu rn

A

ctiv ate

d

S lu

d

_ge

(p g

. 3 2

)

R S S

C T

: Ra_p

i d Sm

a

l l

-

Sc a

le

C

o

l

u

m

n Te st

(p g

. 1 2, 4 7

)

S PE

:

So

l i d

-

P h

a s e

E

xtr a ct

io n

_{(p g}

.

5

)

T I

E

:

T

o x

ic

i

t y I

d

e nt

i f

i c at

io n

Ev a

l

u at

i

o n

(p g

. 1

)

T

O C

: T ota

l

Or_ga n

i

c Ca r

b

o n

(p g

. 8 9

)

T R E: To x

ic

i

t_{y R} e

d

u ct

i

o n Ev alu atio n

(p g

. 3

)

T

U

: To x

ic

it_{y U} nit

_{(p g}

.

6

)

U V

:

U l

tr a v

io

l

et

₍

U V

₎

A b

s o r

b

a n ce

_(p

_g.

3 4

)

1. In tr oduction

Wh

o

l

e

-e

f fl

u e nt to x

i

c

i

t_y te st

i

n_g

h

a s r e c e nt

l

_y

b

e e n u s e

d

to a s s e s s t

h

e

_q

u a

l i

t_y of

m

u n

i

ci pa

l

e

f fl

u e nts

b

e

i

n _g

_{d i}

s c

h

a r_ge

d i

nto s u r

f

a c e

w

ate r s.

M

u n

i

c

i p

a

l w

a ste

w

ate r tr e at

m

e nt

p l

a nt

(

WW

T P

)

pe r

m i

ts a r e n o

w w

r

it t

e n to

_i

n c

l

u

d

e

b i

o

l

o_g

i

c a

l

to x

i

c

i

_{t y} te st

i

n_g a s _pa rt o

f

the

i

r e

f fl

u e nt

m

o n

i

to r

i

n_g r e_quir e

m

e nts. Tr e at

m

e nt fa c i l itie s n ot in c o

m

p l ia n c e

w

ith stated to x icity l i

m

its

m

ay

b

e r equ

i

r e

d

to

_p

e r

f

o r

m

a T o x

i

c

i

t_{y R}e

d

u ct

i

o n

E

v a

l

u at

i

o n

(

T R E

)

to c o ntr o

l

a

_p

r o

b l

e

m

e

f fl

u e nt.

Fo

l

lo

w i

n_g

U

. S. E P A gu

i d

e

l i

n e s, the

fi

r st stage o

f

a T R

E i

s t

h

e To x

i

c

i

t y I

d

e nt

i fi

c at

i

o n

Ev a

l

u at

i

o n

₍

T I

E

₎

. T

h

e T I E pr oto c o

l i

n v o

l

v e s c o n

d

u ctin

g a s e r

i

e s o

f

s

m

a

l l

-_{s c a}

l

_{e e x}

pe r

i m

e nts

w h i

c

h

a r e u s e

d i

n c o n

_j

u n ct

i

o n

w

ith to x

i

c

it

_y

b i

o a s s a_ys to c

h

a r a c_te r

i

z e a n

d i d

e nt

i f

_y to x

i

c a nts.

T h

e

T I E c o n s

i

sts o

f

thr e e

_{p h}

a s e s, e a c

h p

r o v

i di

ng

f

u rthe r to x

i

c a nt

i d

e nt

i f

i c atio n. T

h

e p

h

a s e

I

te st

pr oto c o

l

, o r

i

n

i

t

i

a

l

to x

i

c a nt c

h

a r a cte r

i

z at

i

o n,

i

s c o

m p

r

i

s e

d

o

f

a s e r

i

e s o

f

s a

m

p

l

e

m

a n

i p

u

l

at

i

o n s

w h i

c

h

a r e

d

e s

i

_gn e

d

to s o

m

e

h

o

w

a

l

te r a _gr o u_p o

f

to x

i

c a nts.

S i g

n

i f

i c a nt to x

i

c

i

t y c

h

a n

g

e s a

ft

e r

e

f fl

u e nt

m

a n

i

_pu

l

at

i

o n s a

l l

o

w

the

i

n v e st

i

_gato r to c

h

a r a cte r

i

z e t

h

e _to x

i

c a nt

₍

s

₎

i

nto a o n e o

f

a

n u

m

b

e r o

f g

r o u_ps r a n_g

i

n _g

fi

"

o

m

c

h

e

m i

c a

l

-_s

p

e c

i fi

c to

_q

u

it

e

b

r o a

d

to x

i

c a nt c

l

a s s

i fi

c atio n s_,

i

n c

l

u

d i

n _g o x

i d

a nts

(p

r

i

m

a r

i

l y c

h l

o rin e

)

_, c at

i

o nic

m

eta

l

s_, v o

l

at

i l

e s, n o n

-po

l

a r o r_ga n

i

c s, c

h

e

l

ata

b l

e

m

eta

l

s

, s o

l i d

s a n

d

a

m

m

o n

i

a.

T

h

e c o

m

m

o n c o u r se o

f

a ct

i

o n a

ft

e r to x

i

c a nt

i d

e nt

i f

i c at

i

o n

i

s to tr a c

k d

o

w

n t

h

e sou r c e an

d

c o ntr o

l i

ts

d i

s c

h

a r_ge.

H

o

w

e v e r

,

i

n s o

m

e s

it

u atio n s th is

m

ay n ot

b

e t

h

e

b

e st ap pr o a c

h

, an

d

a

l

te r n at

i

v e

T I E

_pr oto c o

l

s

h

a v e

b

e e n s u_{g g}e ste

d

.

S

o

m

eti m e s

i

t

m

a

y

b

e

m

o r e

f

e a s

i b l

e

f

o r _to x

i

c

i

t

y

to

b

e c o ntr o

l l

e

d

a_{t t}

h

e

W W

T P

it

s e

l f

t

h

r o u

_gh

_pr o c e s s a

d d i

tio n s o r

m

o

d i f

i c atio n s. Tr e atme nt

pr o c e s s

c o ntr o

l m

a_y

b

e a

m

o r e c o st e

f f

e ct

i

v e s o

_l

ut

i

o n

f

o r

W W

T Ps

h

a v

i

n _g a c o

m

_p

l

e x

i

n

fl

u e nt,

w h

e r e

i

t

m

a_y

b

e

d i f fi

c u

l

_t to

i d

e nt

i f

_{y t}o x

i

c a nts o r the

i

r s o u r c e. Fo r t

h

e s e s

i

tu at

i

o n s

D

ia z

in

o n

h

a s

b

e e n

i m

_p

l i

c ate

d

a s t

h

e _pr

i m

a r_{y t}o x

i

c a nt

i

n

m

a n_y

m

u n

i

c

i

_pa

l w

a ste

w

ate r tr e at

m

e nt _p

la n

ts

in

the

U

n

i

te

d Sta

te s, pa rt

i

c u

l

a r

l

y

in

the

S

o ut

h

e a st.

D

ia z

in o

n is a n

o r_gano_p

h

o s_p

h

o r u s

i

n s e ctic

i d

e

w h i

c

h i

s u s e

d f

o r a_gr

ic u

lt

u r a

l

a n

_{d l}

a

w

n-_{c a r e a}

p p

l ic a

tio n s.

D i

a z

i

n o n o

ft

e n a

_{p p}

e a r s

in

W W

T P

in

fl

u e nts a s a r e s u

lt

o

f

sto r

m w

ate r r u n o

f f

a n

d i m

_pr o_pe r

d i

a z

i

n o n

d i

s

_p

o s a

l

a n

d

u s a_ge. Be c a u s e o

f

the

w i d

e s

p

r e a

d

u s e o

f d i

a z

i

n o n,

i

t

i

s v e ry

d i f fi

c u

lt t

o

c on tr o

l

at t

h

e s o u r c e e x c e_pt

b

_y e

d

u c at

in

_g t

h

e

_p

u

b l i

c o n

it

s _pr o_pe r u s e a n

d d i

s_po s a

l

. T

h

e T I E

e x_pe r

i

m

e nt u s e

d

to

i d

e nt

i f

_y n o n

-po

la r c o

m

_po u n

d

s s u c

h

a s

d i

a z

i

n o n

d

o e s n ot _pr o v

i d

e

m

u c

h

tr e ata

b i l i

t_y

in

f

o r

m

atio n. Ho

w

e v e r _, c o

m p

o un

d

s

l i k

e

d i

a z

i

n o n a r e o

ft

e n r e

m

o v e

d

u s

in

g a ct

iv a

te

d

c a r

b

o n a

d

s o r_pt

io n

_pr o c e s s e s,

w h i

c

h m

ay

b

e e v a

l

u ate

d

u s

in

g t

h

e r e s u

lt

s o

f

s

im

p

l

e

b

en c

h

-_{s c a}

l

_e

e x_pe r

i

m

e nts. T

h

e s e s

m

a

l l

-s c a

le e x

_pe r

i m

e nts

m

a_{y t}

h

e r e

f

o r e

b

e v a

lu a

b l

e a

l

te r n at

iv e s o r

a

d d i

t

io n s

to t

h

e c u r r e nt _{p h}a s e I T I E te st _pr oto c o

l

.

T

h

e _go a

l

o

f

t

h i

s r e s e a r c

h w

a s to e v a

l

u ate s

i m

_p

l

e s o r_pt

io n

e x_pe r

i m

e n ts

f

o r t

h

e

ir

e

f f

e ctiv ene s s

in

r e

d

u c

i

n _g a c ute

C

e rio

d

a_p

_h

nia

d

u

b

ia

(

a c o

m

m

o n to x

i

c

i

t_{y t}e st o r_ga n

is

m

)

to x

ic

i

t y

c aus e

d b

_y

d i

a z

i

n on. In

p

a rticu

la r

, a ct

i

v ate

d

c a r

b

o n a

d

s o rptio n

w

a s e v a

lu

ate

d

u s

i

ng

b

atc

h

e_qu

i l i b

r

iu

m d

ata a n

d d

_yn a

m ic

f

i x e

d

-

b

e

d d

ata,

b

oth o

f w h ic

h

c a n

b

e o

b

ta

in e

d

c o n v e n

i

e nt

l y

u s

in

g

b

en c

h

-_{s c a}

l

_{e e x}

p

e r

i m

e nts

in

the

la

b

o r ato r_y .

E

x

pe r

i m

e nts

w

e r e c o n

d

u cte

d

u s

in

_g r e

la

t

iv e

l

_y

h i

_g

h

d i

a z

in o n

c onc e ntr atio n s a

m

_{p l}e s

w h i

c

h w

e r e

m

e a s u r e

d

a n a

l

_yt

i

c a

l l

_y u s

i

n_g u

lt

r a v

io

l

et

₍

U V

₎

s

_p

e ctr o_p

h

oto

m

etr

_y

a n

d

u s

i

n_g

l

o

w d i

a z

in o n c o n c e n

tr at

io n

s a

m p l

e s

w h i

c

h w

e r e e v a

l

uate

d

u s

in

_g

4 8

-

h

_{o u r}

, a c ute

C

e rio

d

ap

h

nia

d

u

b

ia to x

ic

i

t y

b i

o a s s ay s.

T h

e a c ute to x

ic

i

ty o

f

a ct

iv a

te

d

c a r

b

o n

i

ts e

l f w

a s

d i

s c o v e r e

d

a n

d

s u

b

s e_qu e nt

l

_y e v a

l

u ate

d

_; a c a r

b

o n

w

a s

h i

n _{g p}r o c e

d

u r e

w

a s

d

e v e

l

o_pe

d

to

p

r e v e nt a rt

i f

a ctu a

l

to x

i

c

i

t_y

d

u r

i

n_g e x _pe r

i m

e ntat

io n

.

S

o rp t

io n

o

f d i

a z

i

n o n o nto

w

a ste

w

ate r s o

l i d

s

/b

a cte r

i

a

l b i

o

m

a s s

w

a s a

ls o

c o n s

i d

e r e

d

a s a _pote nt

i

a

l

r e

m

o v a

l m

e c

h

an

i

s

m i

n

W W

T P

s.

Sm

a

l l

-_{s c a}

l

_{e e x}

pe r

im

e nts

w

e r e e x_p

l

o r e

d f

o r t

h

e

ir u s e

f

u

ln e s s

du r

i

n_{g t}

h

e _p

h

a s e

I T

I E pr oto c o

l

.

T h

e u

lt

i m

ate _go a

l i

s to e n a

b l

e tho s e

i

n c

h

a r_ge o

f m

u n

ic

i

_pa

l w

a ste

w

ate r tr e at

m

e n_{t t}o

fi

n

d q

u

i

c

k

e r,

m

o r e c o st-_e

f f

_{e c}

2

.

L

i ter atur e

R

e v

i

e

w

2.1.

A

p

p

r o a che s to T o xici t

y R

edu ct ion Ev alu at io n s

(

T

R

E

)

T

h

e T R E pr o c e

d

u r e

w

a s

_p

r o_po s e

d b y

E P

A i

n 19 85 to

h

e

l

_p

m

u n

i

c

i

_pa

l i

t

i

e s e v a

lu

ate a n

d

c o ntr ol e

f f l

u e nt to x

ic

_i

_ty a n

d

, t

h

e r efo r e,

m

e et the

ir

pe r

m i

t r equ

i

r e

m

e nts.

A

n u

m b

e r o

f

ap pr o a c

h

e s to e

f f lu e n

t to x

i

c

it

_y

re

d

u ct

io n

a re

_p

o s s

i b l

e. T

h

e c o n v e ntio n a

l

a

p p

r o a c

h i

s o utl in e

d b

y t

h

e

T

o x

i

c

it

y

I d

e nti fi c at

i

o n Ev a

lu a

t

io n

₍

T I E

₎

,

w h i

c

h d

e s c r

i b

e s a s e r

i

e s o

f

s

m

a

l l

-_{s c a}

l

_{e e}

f f lu e n

t

m

_{a n}

i p

_u

l

_at

i

_{o n s} t

h

at a r e u s e

d i

n c o n

j

u n ct

i

o n

w i

t

h

to x

i

c

i

t_y

b i

o a s s a_ys to c

h

a r a cte r

iz e

a n

d i d

e nt

i f

_y t

h

e to x

i

c a nts

in

a n e

f f lu e n

t s a

m

_{p l}

e.

T h

e c o

m

m

o n c o u r s e o

f

a ct

i

on a

f

te r to x

i

c a nt

i d

e nt

i f i

c at

io n

i

s to tr a c

k d

o

w

n

i

ts

s o u r c e a n

d

c ontr o

l i

ts

d i

s c

h

a r

_g

e.

O

t

h

e r

m

e a n s o

f

to x

ic

i

_{t y} c o ntr o

l

a r e s o

m

et

i m

e s

i m

_p

l

e

m

e nte

d

.

F

o r e x a

m p l

e_,

i

t

m

a

y b

e

m

o r e

f

e a s

i b l

e

f

o r s o

m

e

W W

T Ps

, e spe c

i

a

l l

y t

h

o s e r e c e

i

v

in

g a c o

m

p

l

e x

i

n

f lu e n

t

(

i

n

d

u str

i

a

l

c o ntr

i b

ut

i

o n s

, sto r

m w

ate r n mo

f f

, etc.

)

, n ot to at te

m

pt to tr a c e the to x

i

c

i

t y s o u r c e,

b

u t r at

h

e r to c o ntr o

l i

t at t

h

e _p

l

a nt

it

s e

l f

v

i

a t

h

e a

d d it

i

o n o r

m

o

d i f

i c at

io n

o

f

c e rta

in

u n

i

_{t p}r o c e s s e s. T

h i

s

a_{p p}r o a c

h

m

a_y e

m

_p

l

o_y s

m

a

l l

-s c a

le

tr e at

m

e nt te sts

i

n o r

d

e r to

d

ete r

m i

n e a

l

te r n at

iv e s

f

o r to x

i

c

i

_{t y}

c o ntr o

l

at t

h

e

_{p l}

a nt.

Su c c e s s

f

u

l b

e n c

h

-s c a

l

e te sts

m

a

y

b

e

f

o

l l

o

w

e

d

u_p u s

i

n _g

_{p i l}

ot-_{s c a}

l

e s_yste

m

s

w h i

c

h

m

o r e a c c u r ate

l

_y s

i m

u

l

ate a ctu a

l f

u

l l

-s c a

l

e tr e at

m

e nt.

Si

n c e

, pr e s u

m

a

b l

_y

, t

h

e c a u s e o

f

to x

ic

it

_y

h

a s

b

e e n c

h

a r a cte r

i

z e

d i

n t

h

e T I E te sts

, t

h

e

i

n v e st

i

gato r s

h

o u

l d h

a v e an

i d

e a a s to

w h i

c

h

pr o c e s s e s

m

a_y

b

e a

_p

_{p l}

i

c a

b l

e

f

o r s u c c e s s

f

u

l

to x

i

c

i

t_y r e

m

o v a

l

.

So

m

e

h

a v e s u

_g

_ge ste

d

t

h

at t

h

e r e s u

lt

s o

f

_p

h

a s e I T I E e x_pe r

im

e nts

m

a_{y p}r o v

i d

e

i d

e a s

f

o r

s e

l

e ct

in

_g

e

f f

e ct

iv e

tr e at

m

e nt

_p

r o c e s s e s

f

o r to x

i

c

i

t

_y

r e

d

u ct

i

o n

_(M

o u nt a n

d

A n

d

e r s o n-C_a

m

_a

h

_{a n}

19 9

1, Bu r

k h

a r

d

a n

d A

n

k l

ey,

19 8 9

)

.

F

o r

i

n sta n c e

, t

h

e

f

i

l

tr at

io n

t est

in

d i

c atest

h

at s o

l i d

s o r s o

l i d

-a s s o c

i

ate

d

c

h

e

m

i

c a

l

s_pe c

i

e s a r e c a u s

in

_{g t}o x

ic

i

_{t y; t}

h

u s, s o

l i d

s r e

m

o v a

l

pr o c e s s e s suc

h

a s

im

pr o v e

d

s et t

l in

_g o r

f

i

l

tr at

io n

m

a_y

b

e s u c c e s s

f

u

l

. T

h

e s u c c e s s o

f

t

h

e a e r at

i

o n e x

pe r

i m

e nt

im

_p

l i

c ate s v o

l

at

i l

e o r str

i

_{p p}a

b le

to x

i

c a nts a n

d

thu s,

in c r e a s e

d

o r

i

m

pr o v e

d

a e r atio n o r a n a

i

r

-str

i

_{p p}

i

n _{g p}r o c e s s

m

a_y r e

d

u ce to x

i

c

i

t_y . T

h

e o x

i d

a nt r e

d

u ctio n te st u s u al l

y

i

m p

l ic ate s ch lo rin e; t

h

e r e

f

o r e, r e

-e v a

l

uat

i

o n o

f

the

d i

s

i

n

f

e ct

i

o n s_yste

m

o r a

d

e c

h l

o r

i

n at

i

o n _pr o c e s s a

d d i

t

i

o n

m

a_y

b

e in

o r

d

e r. T

h

e ot

h

e r te sts a r e

l

e s s

d i

r e ct a n a

l

ogs o

f

tr e at

m

e nt pr o c e s s e s,

b

ut

m

ay c o nta

i

n s o

m

e c

l

u e s

f

o r s u c c e s s

f

u

l

to x

i

c

i

t y r e

d

u ct

i

o n _pr o c e s s e s a s

w

e

l l

.

In s o

m

e c a s e s

i

t

m

a_y

b

e a_{p p}r o_pr

i

ate to r e_p

l

a c e c e rta

i

n _p

h

a s e I T I E te sts

w i

t

h

e x _pe r

i m

e nts

t

h

at _pr o v

i d

e

m

o r e

i

n

f

o r

m

at

i

o n

d i

r e ctl_y r e

l

atin_g to

i

n

-p

l

a nt to x

i

c

i

t_y c o ntr o

l

o_ptio n s. T

h

e a

b

o v e

d i

s c u s s

i

o n

i

m

_{p l i}

e s t

h

at s o

m

e o

f

t

h

e c u r r e nt

T I E

te sts a

l

r e a

d y

c a n

b

e u s e

d

to s u

_{g g}

e st e

f f

e ct

i

v e

tr e at

m

e nt _pr o c e s s e s

f

o r to x

i

c

it

_y r e

d

u ctio n .

H

o

w

e v e r_, o n e o

f

the

w

e a

k

e st a s

p

e cts o

f

the T I

E

pr oto c o

l i

s

i

n

i d

e nt

i f

i c at

i

o n o

f

s_pe c

i f

i c n o n

-po

l

a r c

h

e

m i

c a

l

s u s

i

n_{g t}

h

e

C

_{j g} s o

l i d

-p

h

a s e e xtr a ct

i

o n

(

SP

E

₎

c o

l

u

m

n . Be c a u s e t

h

e

C

j g c o

l

u

m

n

i

s n ot a pr a ct

i

c a

l

a

d

s o r

b

e n t, t

h

e ut

i l i

t y o

f

t

h i

s te st

i

s

l i m i

te

d

str

i

ct

l

_y to

i d

e nt

i f

i c at

i

o n o

f

n o n

-po

l

a r o r_ga n

i

c c

h

e

m i

c a

l

s.

F

o r e v e n

i f

n o n

-po

l

a r o r_gan

i

c s

a r e

i m

_p

l i

c ate

d

a s to x

i

c

it

_y s o u r c e s

(

i

e.

b

y

l

o

w

e r

i

n g o

f w h

o

l

e

-e

f f l

u e nt to x

i

c

i

t y t

h

r o u_g

h

the

C

_{j g}

SP E

c o

l

u

m

n

)

, a tr e at

m

e nt pr o c e s s to r e

m

ov e the c

h

e

m i

c a

ls

h

a s not

b

e e n

i d

e nti fi e

d

.

A l

t

h

o u

g h

t

h

e

s u c c e s s o

f

t

h i

s e x

_p

e r

i m

e nt

m

a_y s u_g

_g

e st t

h

e u s e o

f

a

d

s o r

b

e nts s u c

h

a s a ct

i

v ate

d

c a r

b

on

f

o r

to x

i

c

i

t y r e

d

u ct

i

o n _, a n u

m

b

e r o

f

s

i m p l

e

b

e n c

h

-_{s c a}

l

_{e e x}

pe r

i m

e nts

h

a v e

b

e e n

d

e v e

l

o_pe

d w h i

c

h

s

i

m

u

l

ate a ct

i

v ate

d

c a r

b

o n tr e at

m

e nt

_p

r o c e s s e s

f

o r t

h

e c on tr o

l

o

f

n o n

-p

o

l

a r to x

i

c a nts a n

d

e n a

b l

e

t

h

e

i

n v e st

i

_gato r to

d

ete r

m

i

n e _pr e

l i m i

n a r_y

d

e s

i

_gn a n

d

o_pe r atio n _pa r a

m

ete r s

f

o r the s e _pr o c e s s e s.

2

.

1

.

1

.

I d

en t

i fi

cat ion o

f N

o n -

P

_ol

a r

O

r_ga n ic s

i

n

T R

E usin

_g

T

I E

In

f

o r

m

at

i

on

N i

n e _p

h

a s e

I T

I

E T

o x

i

c

i

t y

C h

a r a cte r

i

z at

i

o n

T

e sts a r e

d

eta

i l

e

d

a

l

o n

_{g w i}

t

h i

m

_p

o rta nt

gu

i d

e

l i

ne s r e_ga r

d i

n _{g q}u a

l i

t_y a s s u r a n c e,

d i l

ut

i

o n

w

ate r, s a

m

p

l

e

h

a n

d l i

ng a n

d

to x

i

c

i

t y te sting

i

n a

U

.

S E PA

pu

b l i

c atio n e nt

it

l

e

d

, "

M

et

h

o

d

s

f

o r

A

_qu at

i

c T o x

i

c

i

_{t y}

I d

e nt

i f

i c at

i

o n

E

v a

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