Unit 4 Solid Waste Management.pdf

(1)

Solid Waste Management : Causes ,

Effects and Control Measures of

(2)

Index

1.Introduction

-Types of waste

- Types of solid waste 2.Causes of Waste

-Factors leading to solid waste generation - Composition of the city waste

3.Effects of Solid Waste

-Generic effects of solid waste -Harmful effects on living beings -Environmental effects

(3)

Introduction

Solid-waste management is the collecting, treating, and

disposing of solid material that is discarded because it has

served its purpose or is no longer useful. Improper disposal of

municipal solid waste can create unsanitary conditions, and

these conditions in turn can lead to pollution of the

(4)

Types Of Waste



_{Solid Waste}



_{Liquid Waste}



_{Gaseous Wastes}

(5)



_{Chemical waste}



_{Clinical waste}



_{Commercial waste}



_{Construction and demolition waste}



_{Controlled waste}



Consumable waste

(6)

TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

Broadly there are 3 types of solid waste which are as

follows:

1. Household waste is generally classified as Municipal

waste

2. Industrial waste as Hazardous waste

(7)

Municipal Solid Waste

The term municipal solid waste (MSW) is generally

used to describe most of the non-hazardous solid

waste from a city, town or village that requires

routine collection and transport to a processing or

disposal site. Sources of MSW include private

(8)



With rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and

food habits, the amount of municipal solid waste has

been increasing rapidly and its composition changing.

(9)

(10)

HAZARDOUS WASTE



Industrial and hospital waste is considered hazardous

as they may contain toxic substances.



Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic to humans,

animals, and plants. They are

• _Corrosive

• Highly inflammable or explosive

(11)

Household wastes that can be categorized as hazardous

waste include:

• old batteries

• shoe polish

• paint tins

• old medicines

(12)

Causes of Waste

A. Over population:

Pollution naturally increases with the growing number of persons,

produce more waste.

B. Affluence:

The increasing amount of wealth amongst the population has lead to

high wastage of various usable materials.

C. Technology:

(13)

D. Due to poor implementation of environment protection laws,

urbanization, lack of awareness and lack of participation from

the public, the problem of solid waste has increased at the

highest level.

E. Growth in consumption leads to consumption of items and on

the other hand, wastes production. Human and animal

activities generate different kinds of wastes. These wastes are

generally in solid form, and may cause pollution of land, water,

and air unless treated and disposed off. The process of

(14)

(15)

Effects of solid waste

Solid waste pollution is when the environment is filled with

non-biodegradable and non-compostable non-biodegradable wastes that are

capable of emitting greenhouse gases, toxic fumes, and particulate

matters as they accumulate in open landfills. These wastes are also

capable of leaching organic or chemical compositions to contaminate the

ground where such wastes lay in accumulation.

(16)

Earth’s surface temperature has increased by one degree

Fahrenheit in the last century. However, what was alarming

was the noticeable acceleration of warming temperatures

during the last two decades.

Stronger evidences have connected the acceleration to the

mounting presence of greenhouse gases, namely:

• Carbon Dioxide

(17)

A. Contaminates water and air, resulting into diseases and dysentery in

Human beings.

B. Mosquitoes breed in the stagnant water, blocked due to waste choked

in the drains.

C. Decomposition of solid waste spreads obnoxious odour in the air, thus

polluting it.

D. Garbage dumps and decomposed waste helps many harmful species to

breed in them.

(18)

Harmful Effects on Living Beings

Rotting of it in front of clinics, street corners is not uncommon

due to which rag pickers, mostly children are attacked by the

hepatitis virus or jaundice-causing virus. The dumping of

solid wastes spoils the beauty of cities and towns, causing

health problems.

The Garbage becomes breeding grounds for disease-carrying

vectors such as flies, mosquitoes, rats and cockroaches.

(19)

(20)

Environmental Effects

 Hazardous gas emissions: In addition to their affect on the ozone layer, methane and other gas emissions are also highly combustible gases that may be responsible for various explosion hazards in and around landfills.

 Water Quality/Contamination: There is no expert consensus about the impact on surface and groundwater sources. Some argue that even common items such as newspaper pose a significant risk to water quality, while others argue that the effect of landfills on

groundwater would be negligible if hazardous materials (e.g. motor oil, paint, chemicals, incinerator ashes) were prohibited from the sites .

(21)

Control Measures

The following SWM disposal practices have been established and are

required to be observed in the following order of hierarchy:

(1) Source Reduction

(2) Recycling and Composting

(22)

(1) Source Reduction Techniques

Reuse - Environmentalists suggest that another R should be added to the governing principles of waste management, which stands for Refuse. Consumers, as major

contributors to solid waste increments should refuse to use products that make use of packaging or implements made from non-biodegradable or non-compostable

biodegradable materials. (2) Recycling Methods Including

Different methods of recycling apply to different types of solid wastes and are often designed as sustainable methods:

Composting involves careful selection of materials regarded as compostable

biodegradable and purely compostable organic materials. For more information on compostable solid wastes, please refer to a separate article about “Defining

Biodegradable and Comparing to Compostable” .

(23)

1. Metals, which may include, gold, silver, platinum, iron, copper,

aluminum, nickel zinc, tin and lead,

2. Minerals like mercury and cadmium,

3. Halogens like arsenic, bromine, and chlorine

4. Organic plastics

5. Glass

6. Ceramics

(24)

(3) Combustion or Incineration of Solid Wastes

This is the process of burning MSWs in a way that will generate energy and at the same time reduce the amount of solid wastes left in open landfills. However, this method operates under the regulation of the Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Air and Radiation, inasmuch as air emissions are the main environmental concerns.

Accordingly, there are about 102 combustors which have been operating in the US since the year 2000, and being used for energy recovery. They are said to have the capacity to burn as much as 96,000 tons of MSWs in a day.