CBLM_Install architectural ceiling,wall, sheats/panels and floor finishes

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JZGMSAT QA SYSTEM

Carpentry NC III

Install Architectural Ceiling, Wall Sheats/ Panels &Floor Finishes

Date Developed: October 22, 2010 Document No. Issued by: Page 1 of 71 Developed by: Glenn F. Salandanan Revision # ____

COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

Sector: CONSTRUCTION Qualification Title: CARPENTRY NC III

Unit of Competency: Install Architectural Ceiling, Wall/ Sheats/ Panels and Floor Finishes

Module Title: Installing Architectural Ceiling, Wall/ Sheats/ Panels and Floor Finishes

Technical Education and Skills Development Authority

Jacobo Z. Gonzales Memorial School of Arts and Trades

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HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY BASED

LEARNING MATERIAL

Welcome to the module in Developing Competency-Based Learning Materials. This module contains training materials and activities for you to complete.

You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to complete each learning outcome of the module. In each learning outcome are Information Sheets, Self-Checks, Operation Sheets and Job Sheets. Follow these activities on your own. If you have questions, don't hesitate to ask your facilitator for assistance.

The goal of this course is the development of practical skills. To gain these skills, you must learn basic concepts and terminology. For the most part, you'll get this information from the Information Sheets and TESDA Website, www.tesda.gov.ph

This module was prepared to help you achieve the required competency, in "Developing Competency-Based Learning Materials".

This will be the source of information for you to acquire knowledge and skills in this particular competency independently and at your own pace, with minimum supervision or help from your instructor.

Remember to:

Work through all the information and complete the activities in each section.

Read information sheets and complete the self-check. Suggested references are included to supplement the materials provided in this module.

Most probably your trainer will also be your supervisor or manager. He/she is there to support you and show you the correct way to do things.

You will be given plenty of opportunity to ask questions and practice on the job. Make sure you practice your new skills during regular work

shifts. This way you will improve both your speed and memory and also your confidence.

Use the Self-checks, Operation Sheets or Job Sheets at the end of each section to test your own progress.

When you feel confident that you have had sufficient practice, ask your Trainer to evaluate you. The results of your assessment will be recorded in your Progress Chart and Accomplishment Chart.

You need to complete this module before developing the CBLM of the Learning Outcomes assigned to you.

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MODULE CONTENT

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : INSTALL ARCHITECTURAL CEILING, WALL/ SHEATS/ PANELS AND FLOOR FINISHES

MODULE TITLE :INSTALL ARCHITECTURAL CEILING, WALL/ SHEATS/ PANELS AND FLOOR FINISHES

MODULE DESCRIPTOR : This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitude in selecting, checking and preparing materials and tools in installing architectural ceilings, wall frames, panels and floor finishes, establishing lay-out of wall/floor and ceiling pattern, installing architectural ceiling, wall/sheats/panels and floor finishes according to job requirements.

NOMINAL DURATION : 40 hrs. CERTIFICATE LEVEL : NC III PREREQUISITE :

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

Upon completion of this module, the trainee/student must be able to: Select, check and prepare materials and tools in installing

architectural ceilings, wall frames, panels and floor finishes; Establish lay-out of wall/floor and ceiling pattern; and,

Install architectural ceiling, wall/sheats/panels and floor finishes according to job requirements.

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Date Developed: October 22, 2010 Document No. Issued by: Page 4 of 71 Developed by: Glenn F. Salandanan Revision # ____ ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

 Select and use appropriate PPE according to job requirements and OSHA specifications.

 Read and interpret related plans and details according to job requirements.

 Select and prepare Materials, power and hand tools and equipment consistent with job requirements

 Re-check materials according to specifications.

 Deal unexpected situations according to company rules and regulations.

 Perform housekeeping according to safety regulations.  Locate lay-out according to job specifications.

 Cut and fit materials according to required size with 3 mm for squareness, plumbness, levelness and dimension.

 Lay-out finished materials correctly in position.

 Align, tack and nail Finished materials according to lay-out.

 Check connections, levelness and smoothness of installed finished materials’ according to job requirements.

 Make final checks to ensure that work conforms with instructions and to requirements

 Prepare and submit completion report to appropriate officer.

 Check and monitor power and hand tools, equipment and any surplus resources and materials in accordance with established procedures

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LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 1 Select, check and prepare materials and tools in installing architectural ceilings, wall frames, panels and floor finishes

CONTENTS:

• Interpretation of Plans and details • Materials and specification

• Board foot Computation

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

1. Plans and details are correctly identified and interpreted according to job requirements

2. Materials, tools and equipment are identified and prepared consistent with job requirements

3. Materials are re-checked for correct specifications to ensure that they are free from defects; otherwise defects are reported to immediate supervisor for appropriate action

4. Unexpected situations are dealt with according to company rules and regulations

5. Appropriate PPE is selected according to safety standards and regulations

CONDITIONS:

You must be provided with the following: 1. WORKPLACE LOCATION

2. TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT  Hammer  Marking Tools  Measuring Tools  Nylon String  Steel Square  Try-square 3. TRAINING MATERIALS  Leaning Packages  Bond paper  Ball pens  Manuals  Related References  Hand Saw  Chalk Line

 Water Hose Level  Plumb Bob  Hand Saw  PPE  Circular Saw ASSESSMENT METHOD 1. Portfolio

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Learning Experience

SELECT, CHECK AND PREPARE MATERIALS AND TOOLS IN INSTALLING ARCHITECTURAL CEILINGS, WALL FRAMES, PANELS AND

FLOOR FINISHES

Learning Activities Special Instructions 1. Read Information Sheet

No. 1.1-1 on Interpretation of plans and details

2. Answer Self-Check No. 1.1-1

Compare your answer to the answer key 3. Read Information Sheet

No. 1.1-2 on Material specifications

4. Answer Self-Check No. 1.1-2

No. 1.1-3 on board foot Computations

6. Answer Self-Check No. 1.1-3

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INFORMATION SHEET NO. 1.1-1

INTERPRETATION OF PLANS AND DETAILS

LEARNING OBJECTIVE:

Upon completing this section, you should be able to recognize the different types of drawings and their uses.

CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS

Generally, construction or "working" drawings furnish enough

information for the Builder to complete an entire project and incorporate all three main groups of drawings-architectural, electrical, and mechanical.

Normally, construction drawings include the detail drawings, assembly drawings, bill of materials, and the specifications.

Construction drawings consist mostly of right-angle and

perpendicular views prepared by draftsmen using standard technical drawing techniques, symbols, and other designations. The first section of the construction drawings consists of the site plan, plot plan, foundation plans, floor plans, and framing

plans. General drawings consist of plans (views from above) and elevations (side or front views) drawn on a

relatively small scale. Both types of drawings use a standard set of architectural symbols. Figure 1 illustrates the conventional symbols for the more common types of material used on structures. Figure 2 shows the more common symbols used for doors and windows. Study these symbols thoroughly before proceeding further in this chapter.

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Date Developed: October 22, 2010 Document No. Issued by: Page 8 of 71 Developed by: Glenn F. Salandanan Revision # ____ Figure 2. Architectural symbols for doors and windows.

A. Site Plan

A site plan shows the contours, boundaries, roads, utilities, trees, structures, and any other significant physical features on or near the construction site. The locations of proposed structures are shown in outline.

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Date Developed: October 22, 2010 Document No. Issued by: Page 9 of 71 Developed by: Glenn F. Salandanan Revision # ____ B. Plot Plan

The plot plan shows the survey marks with the elevations and the grading requirements. The plot plan is used by the

Engineering Aids to set up the corners and perimeter of the building using batter boards and line stakes, as shown in Figure 4. Thus, the plot plan furnishes the essential data for laying out the building.

Figure 4. Plot plan

C. Foundation Plan

A foundation plan is a plane view of a structure. That is, it looks as if it were projected onto a horizontal plane and passed through the structure. In the case of the foundation plan, the plane is slightly below the level of the top of the foundation wall.

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Date Developed: October 22, 2010 Document No. Issued by: Page 10 of 71 Developed by: Glenn F. Salandanan Revision # ____ D. Floor Plan

An architectural or structural floor plan shows the structural characteristics of the building at the level of the plane of projection. A mechanical floor plan shows the plumbing and heating systems and any other mechanical components other than those that are electrical. An electrical floor plan shows the lighting system and any other electrical systems.

Figure 6. Shows the way a floor plan is developed: from elevation, to cutting plane, to floor plan.

Figure 7 is a floor plan showing the lengths,

thicknesses, and character of the outside walls and partitions at the particular floor level. It also shows the number, dimensions, and arrangement of the rooms, the widths and locations of doors and windows, and the locations and character of bathroom, kitchen, and other utility features.

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Date Developed: October 22, 2010 Document No. Issued by: Page 11 of 71 Developed by: Glenn F. Salandanan Revision # ____ E. Elevations

The front, rear, and sides of a structure, as they would appear

projected on vertical planes, are shown in elevations. Studying the elevation drawing gives you a working idea of the appearance and layout of the

structure.

Figure 8. Elevations for a small

F. Framing Plans

Framing plans show the size, number, and location of the structural members (steel or wood) that make up the building framework. Separate framing plans may be drawn for the floors, walls, and roof.

 The floor framing plan must specify the sizes and spacing of joists, girders, and columns used to support the floor.

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 Wall framing plans show the location and method of framing openings and ceiling heights so that studs and posts can be cut.

 Roof framing plans show the construction of the rafters used to span the building and support the roof. Size, spacing, roof slope, and all details are shown.

G. Sectional Views

Sectional views, or sections, provide important information about the height, materials, fastening and support systems, and concealed features of a structure.

Figure 10. Typical small building cutting-plane A-A and section developed from the cutting plane

Typical sections represent the average condition throughout a structure and are used when construction features are repeated many times. Figure 10 shows typical wall section A-A of the foundation plan in Figure 5.

Figure 11. A typical section of a masonry building

H. Details

Details are large-scale drawings that show the builders of a structure how its various parts are to be

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connected and placed. Detail drawings are used whenever the information provided in elevations, plans, and sections is not clear enough for the constructors on the job.

The construction of doors, windows, and eaves is customarily shown in detail drawings of buildings. Typical door and window details are shown in Figure 12.

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SELF- CHECK NO. 1.1-1

Check your mastery in interpretation of plans and details by completing the tasks below.

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Identify the types of plans on the following statement. Choose

the letter of the correct answer.

1. It shows the contours, boundaries, roads, utilities, trees, structures, and any other significant physical features on or near the construction site.

a. Floor plan c. Plot plan b. Foundation plan d. Site plan

2. This plan shows the survey marks with the elevations and the grading requirements. It is used by the Engineering Aids to set up the corners and perimeter of the building using batter boards and line stakes.

a. Floor plan c. Plot plan b. Foundation plan d. Site plan

3. It is a plane view of a structure. That is, it looks as if it were projected onto a horizontal plane and passed through the structure.

a. Floor plan c. Plot plan b. Foundation plan d. Sectional view

4. This shows the structural characteristics of the building at the level of the plane of projection.

a. Architectural/structural floor plan c. Elevation

b. Details d. Sectional view

5. The front, rear, and sides of a structure, as they would appear projected on vertical planes, are shown in this drawing. This drawing gives you a working idea of the appearance and layout of the structure.

a. Architectural/structural floor plan c. Elevation

b. Details d. Sectional view

6. Plan showing the size, number, and location of the structural members (steel or wood) that make up the building framework.

a. Architectural/structural floor plan c. Framing plan

b. Elevation d. Sectional view

7. It provides important information about the height, materials, fastening and support systems, and concealed features of a structure.

a. Architectural/structural floor plan c. Framing plan

b. Elevation d. Sectional view

8. These are large-scale drawings that show the builders of a structure how its various parts are to be connected and placed.

a. Details c. Framing plan

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ANSWER KEY 1.1-1

Check your answer with the answer key below. If you fail to get it right, refer back to corresponding resources until you make it perfect.

1. D 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. C 7. D 8. A

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INFORMATION SHEET NO. 1.1-2

MATERIALS SPECIFICATIONS

Upon completing this section, you should be able to recognize the different specification of materials used in finishing carpentry.

The primary components used in frame construction are lumber and hardware. This section includes information on the types and sizes of lumber as well as a description of various metal fasteners.

A. Lumber

Lumber varies greatly in structural characteristics. A carpenter must learn about lumber so that he can choose the most suitable material for each job

1. Grades

Lumber, as it comes from the sawmill, is divided into three main classes: yard lumber, structural material and factory and shop lumber. It is classified on the basis of quality. The carpenter must choose a quality that is suitable for the intended purpose. At the same time, he must exercise economy by not choosing a better (and therefore more expensive) grade than is required.

Lumber is subdivided into classifications of select lumber and common lumber.

 Select Lumber - Select lumber is of good appearance and finishing. It is identified by the following grade names for comparison of quality: o Grade A is suitable for natural finishes and is practically clear.

o Grade B is suitable for natural finishes, is of high quality, and is generally clear.

o Grade C is suitable for high-quality paint finishes.

o Grade D is suitable for paint finishes between high-finishing

grades and common grades and has somewhat the nature of both.

 Common Lumber - Common lumber is suitable for general construction and utility purposes. It is identified by the following grade names for comparison of quality:

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o No. 1 common is suitable for use without waste, it is sound and tight knotted, and it may be considered watertight lumber.

o No. 2 common is less restricted in quality than No. 1, but of the same general quality. It is used for framing, sheathing, and other structural forms where the stress or strain is not too great.

o No. 3 common permits some waste, and it is lower in quality than No. 2. It is used for such rough work as footing, guardrails, and rough flooring.

o No. 4 common permits waste, is of low quality, and may have coarse features such as decay and holes. It is used for sheathing, subfloors, and roof boards in the cheaper types of construction, but its most important industrial outlet is for boxes and crates. o No. 5 common is not produced in some kinds of lumber. It is used

for boxes, crates, and dunnage, for which the quality requirement is very low.

Table 1. Code for surfaced lumber Code Meaning

S1E SURFACED 1 EDGE

S2E SURFACED 2 EDGES

S1S SURFACED 1 SIDE

S2S SURFACED 2 SIDES

S1S1E SURFACED 1 SIDE AND EDGE

S2SIE SURFACED 2 SIDES AND 1 EDGE

S1S2E SURFACED 1 SIDE AND 2 EDGES

S4S SURFACED 4 SIDES

2. Uses of Lumber

a. Frames. Building frames are the wood forms constructed to support the finished members of a structure. These include posts, girders (beams), scabs, joists, subfloors, sole plates, girts, knee braces, top plates, and rafters. No. 2 common lumber is used for framing. Heavy frame components, such as beams and girders, are made by

combining several pieces of framing material.

b. Walls. The exterior wall of a frame structure usually has three layers: sheathing, building paper, and siding. Sheathing and siding lumber are normally grade No. 2 common softwood, which is with solid knots, no voids. Siding is either vertically or horizontally applied. Theater construction may limit available material to lap siding for both horizontal and vertical surfaces. For local procurement, there are several types of drop and bevel siding, which is applied horizontally.

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Date Developed: October 22, 2010 Document No. Issued by: Page 18 of 71 Developed by: Glenn F. Salandanan Revision # ____ 3. Sizes

Lumber is usually sawed into standard dimensions (length, width, and thickness). This allows uniformity in planning structures and in ordering materials. Table 2 the common widths and thicknesses of wood in rough and in dressed dimensions in the US. Standards have been established for dimension differences between the quoted size of lumber and its standard sizes when dressed.

Quoted size refers to dimensions prior to surfacing. These dimension differences must be taken into consideration. A good example of the

dimension difference is the common 2 x 4. As shown in Table 2, the familiar quoted size 2 x 4 is the rough or nominal dimension, but the actual dressed size is 1 1/2 x 3 1/2 inches. Lumber is sawn in standard sizes used for light framing.

 Thickness: 1, 2, and 4 inches.

 Width: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 inches.  Length: 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 feet.

The actual dimensions of dressed lumber are less than the sawn dimensions because of drying and planing (or finishing). For the relative difference between sawn (standard or nominal) dimensions and actual sizes of construction lumber, see Table 2.

Table 2. Nominal and dressed sizes of lumber

Plywood is usually 4 x 8 feet and varies from 1/8 to 1 inch in thickness.

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Date Developed: October 22, 2010 Document No. Issued by: Page 19 of 71 Developed by: Glenn F. Salandanan Revision # ____ B. Hardware

A wide variety of fasteners are used for frame construction in the TO. These fasteners are all made of metal. They are classified as nails, screws, bolts, driftpins, corrugated fasteners, and timber connectors.

1. Nails - Nails are the most commonly used items that are under the classification of rough hardware. Nails come in different sizes and are divided into general types:

a. Wire Nails. Wire nails are divided into five main types:

 Finishing Nails - The head of a finishing nail is only slightly larger

in diameter than the body of the nail so that it can be embedded (set) into the surface of the wood. There is a slight depression on the top of the head to prevent the nail set from slipping off the head. The small hole that is made in the wood is filled with putty or some other type of filler to hide the nail when the surface is finished.

Figure 13. Finishing nail

 Casing Nails - similar in appearance to the finishing nail. The

head, however, is slightly larger and has no depression in the top. These nails are used to nail doors and window casings in place.

Figure 14. Casing nail

 Box Nails - used in box construction or whenever there is a

possibility of splitting the wood with a common nail. The head of a box nail is somewhat thinner and larger in diameter than the head of a common nail. Box nails are sometimes coated with a special cement to give them better holding quality.

Figure 15. Box nail

 Common Nails - have a thick flat head used for most phases of

building construction.

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 Duplex-Head or Double-Headed Nails - used in temporary

construction such as form work and scaffolding. The advantage of using this type of nail is easy removal. It has a collar that keeps the head away from the wood, and the claw of the hammer can easily engage the head for removal.

Figure 17. Duplex-head or double-headed nail

b. Cut Nails. Cut nails are wedge-shaped with a head on the large end (Figure 19). They are often used to nail flooring because they have good holding power and are made of very hard steel.

Figure 18. Cut nail

c. Special Nails. Rustproof nails are sometimes used when the head is exposed to the weather. The head often rusts and causes a black streak along the grain of the wood, even though it is painted. Therefore, it is desirable to use a nail that will not rust. Plain wire nails that have a zinc coating are often used where there is a possibility of rusting. These are called galvanized nails (such as a roofing nail).

d. Drywall Nails. Drywall nails are used for hanging drywall and have a special coating to prevent rust.

Figure 19. Drywall nail

e. Masonry (Concrete) Nails. Masonry nails are available in lengths from 1/2 inch to 4 inches, with a single head. These nails are usually hardened steel. Concrete nails are thicker and are used to fasten metal or wood to masonry or concrete.

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Date Developed: October 22, 2010 Document No. Issued by: Page 21 of 71 Developed by: Glenn F. Salandanan Revision # ____ Sizes

Nail sizes are given by penny number from two penny to sixty penny . A small letter d is the recognized abbreviation for penny. The penny number refers to the length of the nail. Nails are normally packaged in 50-pound boxes. Table 4 gives the general sizes and types of nails preferred for specific applications.

Table 3. Nail sizes

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2. Screws - Screws are another means of fastening one member to another. Screws have some advantages over nails. They have greater holding power, present a neater appearance, and have more decorative possibilities than nails. They also have the advantage of being easily removed or tightened. Screws are usually either slotted-head or Phillips head (Figure 21).

a. Phillips Head. Phillips head screws require a special screwdriver for driving them. Some advantages of Phillips head screws are that the screwdriver does not slip out easily and that the head is not as apt to break as that of a conventional type screw.

Figure 21. Slotted and Phillips head

b. Wood Screws. Wood screws are made of iron, bronze, brass, copper, or other metals; however, some are coated with nickel or chrome to match special-finish hardware. The main types of wood screws are roundhead, oval head, and flathead, which can be either slotted or Phillips head.

 Roundhead Screws - used on a surface where the heads will show. The head is not countersunk, and for this reason it should have a pleasing finish-either blued or polished. If slotted-head, the screw slot should always be left in a parallel position to the grain of the wood.

Figure 22. Roundhead screw

 Oval-head Screws - used to fasten hinges or other finish hardware to wood. If slotted-head, the screw slots of these screws should be parallel to each other for better appearance.

Figure 23. Flathead screw

 Flathead Screws - used where the head will not show. The head should be countersunk until it is level with or slightly below the

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finished surface. If flathead screws are used on an exposed area, they should be countersunk in a hole that can be plugged.

Figure 24. Flathead screw

 Other Screws

o Lag Screws - Lag screws are longer and heavier than the common wood screw and have coarser threads. They have square and hexagon heads. They are used when ordinary wood screws would be too short or too light and spikes would not be strong enough.

Figure 25. Lag screws

o Drive Screws - Special screws, made to be driven with a

hammer, are called drive screws (Figure 26). They may have a roundhead but are usually made with a flathead, and they may have no slot for a screwdriver. (They also come in larger sizes with square or round heads.) The threads are far apart. Drive screws are available in the same size as wood screws.

Figure 26. Drive screw

o Special Screws. Many special hanging and fastening devices have a screw-type body (Figure 27). The screw eye is often used on picture frames, screen doors, and many other items. The curved screw hook and square screw hooks are mainly used for hanging articles. The

curved screw hook is

usually used in the ceiling, while the square screw hook is more often used on vertical walls.

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c. Sheet-Metal Screws. Like wood screws, sheet-metal screws can also be slotted or Phillips head. They are used for the assembly of metal parts. They are steel or brass with four types of heads: flat, round, oval, and fillister.

Figure 28. Sheet metal screws

d. Pilot and Starter Holes. Prepare the wood for receiving a screw by baring a pilot hole (the size of the diameter of the screw) into the piece of wood. A smaller, starter hole is then bored into the piece of wood that is to act as anchor or hold the threads of the screw. The starter hole has a diameter less than that of the screw threads and is drilled to a depth 1/2 or 2/3 the length of the threads to be anchored. This method (shown in Figure 29) assures accuracy in placing the screws and reduces the possibility of splitting the wood.

Figure 29. Sinking a wood screw

e. Covering Material. Both slotted and Phillips flathead screws are countersunk enough that a covering material can be used.

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Date Developed: October 22, 2010 Document No. Issued by: Page 25 of 71 Developed by: Glenn F. Salandanan Revision # ____ Figure 30. Screw-covering material

3. Anchors - Fastening wood or other materials to concrete or other materials has always been a task for carpenter's. Anchors (fasteners) for such work can be divided into three general categories. The first group includes anchors installed during the initial construction. The second group includes anchors installed in solid concrete or masonry after construction is completed. The third group includes anchors installed in masonry, plastic, or drywall that has a hollow space behind it.

a. Anchor Bolts. Anchor bolts are used to fasten sills to masonry

foundations. These bolts are used to fasten the sill to the footers. Anchor bolts are installed when placing the footer while the concrete is still wet.

Figure 31. Anchor bolt installation

b. Expansion Anchor Bolts. Lead screws, plastic anchors, and lag expansion shields all work with the same basic idea. Drill a proper size hole and insert the expansion shield into the hole. The insertion of the screw or lag bolt expands the fastener to provide a secure hold.

Figure 32. Expansion anchor bolt

c. Molly Universal-Screw Anchors. Molly fasteners provide a solid means of attaching fixtures to interior walls. A hole is drilled the same size as that of the outside diameter of the fastener. These fasteners are designed to expand behind the wall covering.

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4. Bolts - Bolts are made of steel with either round, square, or octagon heads and threaded shanks. The threads may run the full length of the bolt, or they may stop a certain distance from the head, leaving a smooth upper shank. Bolts are used to fasten timber, steel, or other materials. They range in diameter from 3/16 to 1 ½ inches, and in lengths from 3/4 to 30 inches. They are available in three main styles: stove bolts, machine bolts, and carriage bolts.

a. Stove Bolts. Stove bolts are used mostly with small items of

hardware. Roundhead or flathead stove bolts range in length from 3/8 to 6 inches. They are used in light construction.

Figure 34. Stove bolts

b. Machine Bolts. Machine bolts are used in woodwork. They usually have square heads and square nuts. A metal washer is usually used under both the head and the nut. These washers prevent the head from embedding into the wood and keep the nut from tearing the wood fibers as it is turned. Two wrenches are required when tightening machine bolts.

Figure 35. Machine bolts

c. Carriage Bolts. Carriage bolts are like machine bolts except for the heads, which are round (Figure 36). The shank of the carriage bolt has a square portion, which is drawn into the wood to prevent the bolt from turning as the nut is tightened. A washer is used under the nut, but not under the head of this bolt.

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d. Toggle Bolts. Toggle bolts are used to fasten fixtures to hollow walls. The two types of toggle bolts are the pivot type and the spring-wing type. Both types have heads similar to those of ordinary wood screws. Both come in various sizes.

 Pivot-Type. The pivot-type has a bent-steel channel with the nut slightly off-center so that one end of the channel is heavier than the other. A hole is drilled into the hollow wall or block. The heavy end of the nut drops down at a right angle to the bolt when it is inserted into the hole. The nut will pull up tight against the drywall or block as the bolt is tightened.

Figure 37. Pivot-type toggle bolt

 Spring-Wing Type. Spring-wing type toggle bolts are made like the pivot type except that the wing is hinged in the center. It is held open with a small spring and is closed while inserting it into the hole. It snaps open when it enters the hollow cavity of the wall.

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SELF- CHECK NO. 1.1-2

Check your mastery in material specifications by completing the tasks below.

IDENTIFICATION: Identify the type of materials identified in the following

statement. Choose your answer from the items below.

Wood screws Anchor bolts

drive screws Pivot-type

4ftx8ft Carriage bolts

No. 1 common Grade A lumber

Finishing nail Common nail

1. This type of lumber is suitable for natural finishes and is practically clear

2. This type of common lumber is suitable for use without waste, it is sound and tight knotted, and it may be considered watertight lumber.

3. Plywood is usually of this size and varies from 1/8 to 1 inch in thickness.

4. The head of this nail is only slightly larger in diameter than the body of the nail so that it can be embedded (set) into the surface of the wood.

5. This nail has a thick flat head used for most phases of building construction.

6. Screws made of iron, bronze, brass, copper, or other metals, some are coated with nickel or chrome to match special-finish hardware. 7. Special screws, made to be driven with a hammer

8. This is used to fasten sills to masonry foundations.

9. Bolts that are like machine bolts except for the heads, which are round

10. This bolt has a bent-steel channel with the nut slightly off-center so that one end of the channel is heavier than the other.

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ANSWER KEY 1.1-2

1. Grade A lumber 2. No. 1 common 3. 4ftx8ft 4. Finishing nail 5. Common nail 6. Wood screws 7. drive screws 8. Anchor bolts 9. Carriage bolts 10. Pivot-type

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JZGMSAT QA SYSTEM

INFORMATION SHEET NO. 1.1-3

BOARD FOOT COMPUTATION

Upon completing this section, you should be able to compute for board foot from a given dimensions.

The amount of lumber required is measured in board feet. A board foot (BF) is a unit measure representing an area of 1 foot by 1 foot, 1 inch thick. Thus, a board that is 1 inch thick, 1 foot wide, and 1 foot long

measures 1 board foot. A board that is 1 inch thick, 1 foot wide, and 12 feet long measures 12 board feet.

A. Methods of computing BF

1. Rapid Estimate. You can estimate BF rapidly by using Table 5. For example, reading the table, you can see that if a 2-inch by 12-inch board is 16 feet long, your board feet would be 32.

Table 5. Board feet

2. Arithmetic Method. To determine the number of BF in one or more pieces of lumber use the following formula:

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NOTE: If the unit of measure for length is in inches, divide by 144 instead of 12.

Sample Problem 1: Find the number of BF in a piece of lumber 2 inches thick, 10 inches wide, and 6 feet long (Figure 40).

Sample Problem 2: Find the number of BF in 10 pieces of lumber 2 inches thick, 10 inches wide, and 6 feet long.

Sample Problem 3: Find the number of BF in a piece of lumber 2 inches thick, 10 inches wide, and 18 inches long.

Figure 39. Lumber dimensions

3. Tabular Method. The standard Essex board measure table (Figure 40) is a quick aid in computing BF. It is located on the back of the blade of the framing square. In using the board measure table, make all

computations on the basis of 1-inch thickness. The inch markings along the outer edge of the blade represent the width of a board 1 inch thick. The third dimension (length) is provided in the vertical column of figures under the 12-inch mark.

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Date Developed: October 22, 2010 Document No. Issued by: Page 32 of 71 Developed by: Glenn F. Salandanan Revision # ____ Figure 40. Essex board measure table

Sample Problem: To compute the number of BF in a piece of lumber that is 8 inches wide, 14 feet long, and 4 inches thick-

1. Find the number 14 in the vertical column under the 12-inch mark.

2. Follow the guideline under number 14 laterally across the blade until it reaches the number on that line that is directly under the inch mark matching the width of the lumber.

Example: Under the 8-inch mark on the guideline, moving left from 14, the numbers 9 and 4 appear (9 and 4 should be on the same line as 14). The number to the left of the vertical line represents feet; the number to the right represents inches.

3. The total number is 37 1/3 BF. BF will never appear in a decimal form.

Example solution: 1" x 4" x 8' x 14' Feet Inches

NOTE: 1" x 4" = Always multiply the number of pieces by the thickness and multiply the feet and inches by the sum of pieces and thickness.

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JZGMSAT QA SYSTEM

SELF- CHECK NO. 1.1-3

Check your mastery in board foot computation by completing the tasks below.

A. Compute for the board foot of the given measurements.

Board Foot Size (BF) Board Foot Size (BF)

1. 1” x 4” x 6’ = ____ 7. 2” x 6” x 8’ =____ 2. 2” x 4” x 12’ = ____ 8. 2” x 6” x 6’ =____ 3. 1” x 10” x 8’ =____ 9. 1” x 4” x 12’ =____ 4. 2” x 6” x 16’ =____ 10. 1” x 14” x 10’ =____ 5. 4” x 4” x 8’ =____ 11. 4” x 4” x 12’ =____ 6. 6” x 6” x 6’ =____ 12. 6” x 6” x 16’ =____

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JZGMSAT QA SYSTEM

ANSWER KEY 1.1-3

1. 2 sq.feet 2. 8 sq.feet 3. 6.67 or 7 sq.feet 4. 48 sq.feet 5. 10.67 or 11 sq.feet 6. 18 sq.feet 7. 8 sq.feet 8. 6 sq.feet 9. 4 sq.feet 10. 11.67 or 12 sq.feet 11. 16 sq.feet 12. 48 sq.feet

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JZGMSAT QA SYSTEM

LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 2 Establish lay-out of wall/floor and ceiling pattern CONTENTS: • Flooring • Wall Sheating • Ceiling ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

1. Wall/floor and ceiling patterns are laid-out according to job specifications

2. Materials are cut and fitted according to required size with + 3mm for squareness, plumbness, levelness and dimensions

3. Finished materials are laid-out in correct positions

4. Unexpected situations are responded to in line with work place requirement

5. Housekeeping is performed according to safety regulations 6. Appropriate PPE are used according to OSHC regulations CONDITIONS:

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Learning Experience

ESTABLISH LAY-OUT OF WALL/FLOOR AND CEILING PATTERN Learning Activities Special Instructions

1. Read Information Sheet No. 1.2-1 on Flooring 2. Answer Self-Check No.

1.2-1

No. 1.2-2 on Wall Sheating 4. Answer Self-Check No.

1.2-2

No. 1.2-3 on Ceiling

6. Answer Self-Check No. 1.2-3

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JZGMSAT QA SYSTEM

INFORMATION SHEET NO. 1.2-1

FLOORING

Upon completing this section, you should be able to identify the different parts of flooring and its types.

Flooring consists of the subfloor, underlayment and finish floor. Depending upon the type of finish floor or subfloor used, underlayment may not be required. Where 25/32-inch tongue and grooved wood strip flooring is used, it may be laid directly over the subfloor, Figure 42. Where lesser thicknesses of wood strip flooring are used, the thickness and grade of subflooring must be adequate to support end joints at full design load, unless they occur over joists. Underlayment is normally applied over the sub-floor where resilient tile, sheet vinyl or carpet is used as the finish floor surface.

Figure 41. Wood strip flooring

A. Subfloors - The sub-floor usually consists of plywood, particleboard or other wood structural panels, or board lumber. Lumber sub-flooring is typically laid diagonally to permit wood strip finish flooring to be laid either parallel with or at right angles to, the floor joists. End-joints in sub-flooring are cut to occur over joists.

Wood structural panels are typically installed with the long dimension at right angles to the joists and with the panel continuous over two or more spans. Spacing between panels should be approximately 1/8 inch.

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B. Underlayment - Underlayment panels are applied over sub-flooring to provide a smooth surface for application of carpeting and other resilient floor coverings. Application of finish floor coverings is generally by

specialists who follow the manufacturer’s installation instructions for the carpet, resilient tile or vinyl products.

C. Finish Floors - these are usually applied to a structural base but may form part of the floor structure as in the case of floor boards. Most finishes are chosen to fulfill a particular function such as:

 Appearance - chosen mainly for their aesthetic appeal or effect but should however have reasonable wearing properties. Examples are carpets; carpet tiles and wood blocks.

 High Resistance - chosen mainly for their wearing and impact resistance properties and for high usage areas such as kitchens. Examples are quarry tiles and granolithic paving.

 Hygiene - chosen to provide an impervious easy to clean surface with reasonable aesthetic appeal. Examples are quarry tiles and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sheets and tiles.

1. Wooden Floors. Wooden floors must be framed with one main purpose in mind they must be strong enough to carry the load. The type of building and the use for which it is intended

determines the general

arrangement of the floor system, thickness of the sheathing, and approximate spacing of the joists.

Figure 42. Methods of nailing tongue-and-grooved flooring

Types of Wood Flooring

 Strip Flooring - Hardwood finish flooring; narrow tongue-and-groove strips; commonly maple, mahogany, oak, etc.

 Plank Flooring – Flooring made of long, wide, square-sawn thick piece of timber called planks; the specifications vary, but often the minimum width is 8” (200 mm), and the minimum thickness is 2” to 4” (50 to 100 mm) for softwood and 1” (25 mm) for hardwood.

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 Parquet Flooring – Inlaid wood flooring usually set in simple geometric patterns.

 Parquet Tile Flooring – parquet units glued to paper to form tiles for flooring. The tiles are glued to the cement floor face down; when dry, paper is wet and stripped off the tile surface; sanded and primed to finish.

Figure 43. Types of wood flooring

2. Concrete Floors. Concrete floors may be constructed for shops which earthen or wooden floors are not suitable, such as in repair and

assembly shops for airplanes and heavy equipment and in any kinds of warehouses. These floors are made by pouring the concrete on the ground after the earth has been graded and tamped. This type of floor is likely to be damp unless protected. Drainage is provided, both for the floor area and for the area near the floor, to prevent flooding after heavy rains. The floor should be reinforced with steel or wire mesh. Where concrete floors are to be poured, a foundation wall may be poured first and the floor poured after the building is completed. This gives protection to the concrete floor while it sets and eliminates the waiting period before construction of the building.

3. Miscellaneous Floors. These types of floors include earth, adobe

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conventional materials are unavailable or where there is a need to save time or labor. Such floors may be used if facilities are temporary or if required by the special nature of a structure. Selection of material is usually determined by availability.

Duckboard is widely used for shower flooring. Earthen floors are common; they conserve both materials and labor if the ground site is even without extensive grading. Rush or thatch floors are primarily an insulating measure and must be replaced frequently.

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JZGMSAT QA SYSTEM

SELF- CHECK NO. 1.2-1

Check your mastery in flooring by completing the tasks below.

A. IDENTIFICATION. Read the statement carefully. Identify what is being described in the statement below. Write your answer on the space provide.

_______________________1. Usually consists of plywood, particleboard or other wood structural panels, or board lumber and is typically laid

diagonally to permit wood strip finish flooring to be laid either parallel with or at right angles to, the floor joists.

_______________________2. Applied over sub-flooring to provide a smooth surface for application of carpeting and other resilient floor coverings.

_______________________3. Chosen mainly for their aesthetic appeal or effect but should however have reasonable wearing properties.

_______________________4. Flooring made of long, wide, square-sawn thick piece of timber, the specifications vary, but often the minimum width is 8” (200 mm), and the minimum thickness is 2” to 4” (50 to 100 mm) for softwood and 1” (25 mm) for hardwood.

_______________________5. Inlaid wood flooring usually set in simple geometric patterns.

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JZGMSAT QA SYSTEM

ANSWER KEY NO. 1.2-1

1. Subfloor

2. Underlayment 3. Appearance 4. Plank flooring 5. Parquet flooring

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JZGMSAT QA SYSTEM

INFORMATION SHEET NO. 1.2-2

WALL SHEATHING

Upon completing this section, you should be able to identify the Application of wallboard to various types of ceiling and types of ceiling coverings

After completing the framework of a building, fasten a covering, known as sheathing, to it. Sheathing includes exterior wall sheathing, finish siding, and interior wall sheathing.

1. Exterior Wall Sheathing. Sheathing is nailed directly onto the

framework of the building. It is used to strengthen the building; provide a base wall to which finish siding can be nailed; act as insulation; and, in some cases, be a base for further insulation. Some common types of sheathing include wood, gypsum board, and plywood.

a. Wood Sheathing. Wood sheathing may be nailed on horizontally or diagonally. However, diagonal application adds much greater strength to the structure. If the sheathing is to be put on horizontally, start at the foundation and work toward the top. If it is to be put on

diagonally, start at the corner of the building and work toward the opposite wall.

Figure 44. Horizontal and diagonal sheating

b. Gypsum Board. The long edges of the 4 by 8 boards are tongue-and-grooved. Gypsum board can be nailed (together with the wood siding) directly to the studs. Gypsum sheathing is fireproof, water resistant, and windproof. It does not warp or absorb water and does not require the use of building paper.

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c. Plywood. Plywood is highly recommended for wall sheathing because of its weight, strength, and structural properties. Plywood is most commonly used because it adds a lot more strength to the frame than using diagonally applied wood boards. It comes in 4-feet-wide and 5- to 8-feet-long sheets, 1/4 to 3/4-inch thick. Install the sheets with the face grain parallel to the studs (see Figure 45). It is usually applied vertically from the floor to the ceiling. When plywood is correctly applied (with flush joints), the joints do not need to be concealed. However, to improve wall appearance, joints may be covered with

moldings. These may be battens fastened over the joints or applied as splines between the panels. Less-expensive plywood can be covered

with paint or covered in the same way as plastered surfaces.

Figure 45. Gypsum and plywood sheathing

2. Finish Siding. Finish siding is the outside wood finish of the wall. Only board siding made of long, narrow boards will be covered in this section. a. Vertical Wood Siding. Vertical wood siding is nailed securely to girts

with 8d or 10d nails. The cracks are covered with wood strips called

battens. To make this type of wall more weatherproof some type of tar

paper or light-roll roofing may be applied between the siding and the sheathing.

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JZGMSAT QA SYSTEM

b. Horizontal Wood Siding. Horizontal wood siding is cut to various patterns and sizes to be used as the finished outside surface of a structure. It should be well-seasoned lumber. Siding is made in sizes ranging from 1/2 inch to 1 inch by 12 inches. Two types of siding are beveled and drop.

Figure 47. Horizontal wood siding

 Beveled Siding. Beveled siding is made with beveled boards, thin at the top edge and thick at the butt. It is the most common form of wood siding It comes in 1 inch for narrow widths and 2 inches and over for wide types. It is nailed to solid sheathing, over which building paper has been attached.

Figure 48. Beveled siding

 Drop Siding. Drop siding is used as a combination of sheathing and siding or with separate sheathing. It comes in a wide variety of face finishes and is either shiplapped or tongue-and-grooved. When sheathing is not used, the door and window casings are set after the siding is up. If sheathing is used and then building paper is added, drop siding is applied with beveled siding, after the window and door casings are in place.

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3. Interior Wall Coverings. Interior wall coverings are divided into two general types: wet wall material (such as plaster) and drywall material (including wood, sheetrock, plywood, and fiberboard).

a. Drywall. Sheetrock, fiberboard, and plywood usually comes in 4-foot-wide and 5- to 8-footlong sheets, 1/4 to 3/4 inch thick. Drywall is applied in either single or double thicknesses with panels placed as shown in Figure 10. When covering both walls and ceilings, always start with the ceilings. Use annular ringed nails when applying finished-joint drywall to reduce nail pops.

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JZGMSAT QA SYSTEM

SELF- CHECK NO. 1.2-2

Check your mastery in wall sheating by completing the tasks below.

A. IDENTIFICATION. Read the statement carefully. Identify what is being

described in the statement by choosing your answer below. Write your answer on the space provide.

Beveled siding Finish siding Drywall

Drop siding Sheating Plywood

________________1. After completing the framework of a building, fasten a covering, known as ________________.

________________2. This is highly recommended for wall sheathing because of its weight, strength, and structural properties.

________________3. This is the outside wood finish of the wall.

________________4. It is made with beveled boards, thin at the top edge and thick at the butt. It is the most common form of wood siding.

________________5. It is made from either sheetrock, fiberboard, or plywood that usually comes in 4-foot-wide and 5- to 8-footlong sheets, 1/4 to 3/4 inch thick and is applied in either single or double thicknesses.

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JZGMSAT QA SYSTEM

ANSWER KEY NO. 1.2-2

1. Sheating 2. Plywood 3. Finish siding 4. Beveled siding 5. drywall

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JZGMSAT QA SYSTEM

INFORMATION SHEET NO. 1.2-3

CEILINGS

Upon completing this section, you should be able to identify the different kinds of sheating, finish siding, and interior wall covering

A. Introduction

Ceilings may be constructed of wood or wallboard. Wood ceilings present day practice utilizes 4 by 8 foot plywood, sheets in ¼-inch thicknesses. Normal ceiling joist spacing 16 and 24 inches on center is sufficient for nailing support. Plywood may be exposed, covered with wood molding, bevel and utilize metal divider strip molding.

The size and shape of the ceiling will largely determine of three methods of applying wallboard will be used, as shown in figure 51. In all cases, the facelayer is applied at right angle in the direction of the first layer. When the number of pieces with their sizes have been determined, proceed as follows:

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Date Developed: October 22, 2010 Document No. Issued by: Page 50 of 71 Developed by: Glenn F. Salandanan Revision # ____ B. Ceiling Coverings

In current construction, sheetrock, plywood, and fiberboard are used instead of laths and plaster to cover ceilings.

a. Sheetrock - Cut the panels and treat the joints the same as for walls and partitions, making sure that joints break on the centers of ceiling joists. A brace may be constructed and used to raise and hold a sheet in place when fitting and nailing the sheet to the ceiling joists. Nail sheets with the lengths going across ceiling joists to prevent sagging.

b. Plywood - Plywood is hung the same on ceilings as on walls and partitions.

c. Fiberboard - Fiberboard sheets are 1/2 to 2 inches thick. For a smooth cut on these sheets, use a utility knife. Fiberboard sheets are attached directly to the joists. To improve ceiling appearance, cover the joints between the sheets with batten strips of wood or fiberboard. Smaller pieces of fiberboard (tiles) require furring strips (wooden strips nailed across joints). Fiberboard sheets also come in small (rectangular or square) pieces called tiles, which are often used for covering ceilings. They may be made with a lap joint, which permits blind-nailing or stapling through the edge. They may also be tongue-and-grooved, fastened with 2d box nails driven through special metal clips. For fiberboard tiles that need solid backing, place furring strips at right angles across the bottom of the joists. Place short furring pieces along the joists between the furring strips. Nail metal channels to furring strips and slide the tiles horizontally into them. In lowering ceilings (usually in older buildings), metal channels are suspended on wire. Some large (2 x 4 foot) tile panels are installed in individual frames.

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JZGMSAT QA SYSTEM

SELF- CHECK NO. 1.2-3

Check your mastery in ceiling by completing the tasks below.

MATCHING TYPE. Match column A with column B by writing your answer on

the space provided.

COLUMN A

_______1. May be constructed in wood or wallboard

_______2. Normal ceiling joist spacing _______3. Wood ceiling thickness

_______4. Angle of facelayer when applied to first layer

_______5. Fiberboard sheet thickness

COLUMN B a. ½ to 2 inches b. ¼ inches c. 16 and 24 inches d. 90 degrees e. 4x8 feet f. Ceiling

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JZGMSAT QA SYSTEM

ANSWER KEY NO. 1.2-3

1. Ceiling

2. 16 and 24 inches 3. ¼ inches

4. 90 degrees 5. ½ to 2 inches

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JZGMSAT QA SYSTEM

LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 3 Install architectural ceiling, wall/ sheats/panels and floor finishes according to job requirements

CONTENTS:

 Finish Flooring

 Installing Wall Sheats  Paneling the Ceiling  Moldings

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

1. Finished materials are aligned, tacked and nailed according to lay-out 2. Installed finished materials connections, levelness, smoothness are

checked according to job requirements

3. Work area is cleaned and made safe according to OHS regulation 4. Final checks are made to ensure that work conforms with instructions

and to requirements

5. Completion report is prepared and submitted to appropriate officer 6. Unexpected situations are dealt with according to company rules and

regulations CONDITIONS: