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The ﬂagship publication of The Institution of Structural Engineers

June 2016

Volume 94 | Issue 6 Volume 94 | Issue 6

The award-winning de

sign of the

world’

s largest

observation wheel in Las Vegas

WHEEL OF FORTUNE

NON�INVASIVE APPRAISAL

OF HISTORIC STRUCTURES

PROFILE: ANNE FULLER

PARTIAL DEFENCES TO

PI CLAIMS

PLATES AND SHELLS: AN ERROR

IN TIMOSHENKO’S TEXT

FEMALE�FRIENDLY

WORKPLACES?

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PAGE 40

PAGE 40 NON-INVASIVE STRUCTURAL APPRAISAL NON-INVASIVE STRUCTURAL APPRAISAL

Upfront

5

5 _Editorial_Editorial

6

6 _Institution_Institution_news:_news:

Institution

Institution AGM AGM noticenotice

Benevolent

Benevolent Fund Fund AGM AGM noticenotice

8

8 _{Institution news:}_{Institution news:}_Are_Are_we_we_{giving you}_{giving you}_what_what_you_you_want?_want?

10

10 _{Institution news: Do}_{Institution news: Do}_{you know}_{you know}_{your Husband}_{your Husband}_Prize_Prize

from your Oscar Faber Award?

Features

14

14 _{Getting nostalgic about}_{Getting nostalgic about}_{the future}_{the future}_for_for_wood_wood

Project focus

22

22 _{The V}_{The V}_{egas High Roller}_{egas High Roller}_{observation wheel}_{observation wheel}

Profe

ssional gui

dance

30

30_Engineer_Engineer_{’s Guide}_{’s Guide}_{to PI Claims. P}_{to PI Claims. P}_{art 5: Defence}_{art 5: Defence}

arguments – partial defences

32

32 _{Managing Health & Safety}_{Managing Health & Safety}_{Risks No. 5}_{Risks No. 5}_1:_1:

Hazards from gas

34

34 _{Conﬁdential Reporting on}_{Conﬁdential Reporting on}_{Structural Safety}_{Structural Safety}

(CROSS)

Technical

36

36 _{An error}_{An error}_{in Timoshenko’s}_{in Timoshenko’s}_{“Theory of Plates}_{“Theory of Plates}

and Shells”

40

40_{Conservation compendium. Part}_{Conservation compendium. Part}_{18: Non-invasive}_{18: Non-invasive}

quantitative appraisal of historic ﬂoor structures

Opinion

46

46 _{Proﬁle: Anne}_{Proﬁle: Anne}_Fuller_Fuller

48

48 _{Viewpoint: What do}_{Viewpoint: What do}_{women want?}_{women want?}

50

50_{Conservation compendium. Epilogue: The future}_{Conservation compendium. Epilogue: The future}_of_of

conservatio

conservation n engineeringengineering

52

52 _{Viewpoint: Inspiring the}_{Viewpoint: Inspiring the}_next_next_generation_generation

55

55_Verulam_Verulam

At t

he back

58

58 _Diary_Diary_dates_dates

59

59 _Spotlight_Spotlight_on_onStructuresStructures

60

60_And_And_ﬁnally…_ﬁnally…

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61 _Products_Products_&_&_Services_Services

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63 _Services_Services_Directory_Directory

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64_{TheStructuralEngineerJobs}_{TheStructuralEngineerJobs}

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are required to sign the Institution’s ‘Licence to publish’ form.

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Volume 94 | Issue 6

Front cover:

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BIM and 3D Modelling in Light

Steel Construction (P407)

This information sheet highlights how BIM

and 3D modelling are

and 3D modelling are used extensivelyused extensively

in the light

in the light steel construction sectorsteel construction sector. The. The

use of

use of computeriscomputerised production methodsed production methods

for the components has meant that light

steel producers have been early adopters

of BIM. A

of BIM. A general overview of the differentgeneral overview of the different

BIM levels is also provided.

Light Steel Load-Bearing

Walls (P408)

    

of light steel load-bearing walls are

explained in this information sheet,

such as speed of construction and

    

considerations are described, including

load resistance and the

load resistance and the provisioprovision ofn of

vertical bracing systems incorporated into

load-bearing light steel walls.

    

Construction (P409)

Speed of construction, light-weight and

quality are generally the three over-riding

     

    

(e.g. reduced waste and safety) are

introduced in this technical information sheet.

      

from construction projects and comparisons

with other methods of construction.

         

     

@SCIsteel

steel-construction-institute

These information sheets

are produced with the

Light Steel Forum

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www.steel-sci.com

Light Steel Construction

Have you considered light steel construction?

It can offer

you speed, cost ef

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as quality assurance.

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Members of Light Steel Forum are:

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5 Upfront

Upfront

Editorial Editorial � �

used for a range of applications. James Miller then wraps things up

(page 50)

(page 50) by looking back over topics covered and encouraging those by looking back over topics covered and encouraging those

working with historic structures to consider becoming accredited

with the Conservation Accreditation Register for Engineers (CARE).

We hope you have found the series informative and that it remains a

useful resource in

useful resource inThe Structural Engineer The Structural Engineer online archive. online archive.

Elsewhere, in the Upfront section, we summarise the results from

our reader survey

our reader survey(page 8)(page 8). By and large, you seem to be pleased. By and large, you seem to be pleased

with what

with whatThe Structural Engineer The Structural Engineer oﬀers; our intention is to use the oﬀers; our intention is to use the

results to build on that oﬀering to ensure that the magazine continues

to be relevant to members. With the Institution’s annual People and

Papers Awards coming up on 8 June, we also oﬀer a brief guide to the

“papers” side of things

“papers” side of things(page 10)(page 10). This potential for recognition is a. This potential for recognition is a

great reason to submit an article to

great reason to submit an article toThe Structural Engineer The Structural Engineer or entry to or entry to

one of the other awards.

In Features, we consider the potential of engineered timber from an

unusual perspective: Metsä Wood’s “Plan B” is a reimagining of iconic

structures from the past using this sustainable material

structures from the past using this sustainable material(page 14)(page 14)..

In Project focus, authors from Arup describe the design of The

Vegas High Roller – the world’s largest observation wheel

Vegas High Roller – the world’s largest observation wheel(page 22)(page 22)..

In Professional guida

In Professional guidance, the series fnce, the series from Griﬃ rom Griﬃ ths & Armour movesths & Armour moves

on from last month’s article about complete defences to examine

partial defences to professional indemnity claims

partial defences to professional indemnity claims(page 30)(page 30)..

In Technical, Angus Ramsay and Edward Maunder bring to light

an error in Timoshenko’s

an error in Timoshenko’sTheory of Plates and ShellsTheory of Plates and Shells and discuss its and discuss its

signiﬁcance to the practising engineer

signiﬁcance to the practising engineer (page 36) (page 36)..

June 2016 June 2016 www.thestructuralengineer.org www.thestructuralengineer.org

Upfront

A

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o

everyone

What makes engineering – and structural engineering in particular –

an attractive career choice? And why is it less so for women? With

23 June marking National Women in Engineering Day in the UK,

Margaret Cooke, director of a ﬁrm where 50% of the technical staﬀ

are female, draws on her own experience to consider what makes a

practice appealing to women

practice appealing to women(page 48)(page 48). While recognising that (as. While recognising that (as

a generalisation) there are diﬀerences in approaches between men

and women, she concludes that young engineers – whether male or

female – are motivated by the same things: interesting work, training,

career prospects and remuneration. However, as their careers

progress, ﬂexibility becomes increasingly important for women.

Margaret’s views are echoed by Anne Fuller, the subject of this

month’s Proﬁle

month’s Profile(page 46)(page 46), who also sees flexible working as a key, who also sees flexible working as a key

factor. In Anne’s words, “We need to change construction to be a

better place for everyone; when that happens it will automatically be

a place for women to want to work.”

While increasing the number of women who enter – and remain in

– the profession is one way to close the skills gap in the UK, another

is to encourage young people from a wider range of backgrounds to

do likewise. In our other Viewpoint this month, three young engineers

from AKT II describe a project to introduce students at a London

sixth-form college to structural engineering

sixth-form college to structural engineering(page 52)(page 52)..

This month also sees the end of the

This month also sees the end of the Conservation compendium,Conservation compendium,

with the ﬁnal article in the series looking at non-invasive appraisal

of historic structures

of historic structures(page 40)(page 40). While author, Jon Avent, focuses. While author, Jon Avent, focuses

principally on ﬂoor structures, the techniques discussed can be

Robin Jones

Robin JonesManagingManagingEditorEditor

The Structural Engineer

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Institution AGM

Notice is hereby given

that the

that the107th Annual General Meeting of the Institution of Structural107th Annual General Meeting of the Institution of Structural

Engineers

Engineers will be held at 47–58 Bastwick Street, London EC1V 3PS, United will be held at 47–58 Bastwick Street, London EC1V 3PS, United

Kingdom, on

Kingdom, onThursday 21 July 2016 at 4:00pmThursday 21 July 2016 at 4:00pm for the t for the transaction, by Votingransaction, by Voting

Members, of the business set out below.

1)

1) TTo o read read the the notice notice convening convening the the meeting.meeting.

2)

2) TTo ro read, conﬁrm ead, conﬁrm and sign and sign the minutes the minutes of of the 106th the 106th Annual Annual GeneralGeneral

Meeting held on 23 July 2015 (published in

Meeting held on 23 July 2015 (published in The Structural Engineer The Structural Engineer ,,

September 2015).

3)

3) TTo ro receive the eceive the ﬁnancial ﬁnancial statements statements and balance and balance sheet sheet for for the yearthe year

2015, together with the auditors’ report thereon, and the report of the

Board for 2015.

4)

4) TTo appoint o appoint auditors for auditors for the the ensuing year ensuing year and to and to ﬁx ﬁx their rtheir remuneration.emuneration.

(The Board recommends BDO LLP, chartered accountants and

registered auditors, at a fee to be agreed w

registered auditors, at a fee to be agreed with them by the Board.)ith them by the Board.)

5)

5) TTo o consider consider and, and, if thoughif thought t ﬁt, to ﬁt, to adopt adopt the the following following motion:motion:

THA

THATT, in accordance w, in accordance with the provisions of ith the provisions of Regulation 3.1, and in conﬁrmationRegulation 3.1, and in conﬁrmation

of proposals of the Board, annual subscriptions with eﬀect from 1 January

2017, and until otherwise determined, shall be:

Fellow

Fellow £405£405

Member,

Member, Associate Associate £318£318

Associate-Member

Associate-Member £208£208

T

Technician echnician Member Member £161£161

Graduate,

Graduate, Companion, Companion, Student Student (working) (working) £156£156

By order of the Board

D M POWELL

Chief

Chief Executive Executive 1 1 June June 20162016

Explanatory Note 1

Explanatory Note 1 – Regulation – Regulation 5.75.7..1 deﬁnes ‘Voting Member’ as 1 deﬁnes ‘Voting Member’ as aa

Chartered or an Incorporated Structural E

Chartered or an Incorporated Structural Engineer or a ngineer or a TTechnician Member orechnician Member or

a Graduate whose subscription and other membership payments have been

paid.

Explanatory Note 2

Explanatory Note 2– The ﬁnancial statements and balance sheet, the– The ﬁnancial statements and balance sheet, the

auditors’ report and the report of the Board are on t

auditors’ report and the report of the Board are on the website (www.istructe.he website (www.istructe.

org/

org/about-us/about-us/governance/governance/annual-report-and-accounts); copies annual-report-and-accounts); copies may may bebe

obtained on application to the Chief

obtained on application to the Chief Executive at the Institution of StructuralExecutive at the Institution of Structural

Engineers, 47–

Engineers, 47–58 Bastwick Street, London EC1V 3PS58 Bastwick Street, London EC1V 3PS

Explanatory Note 3

Explanatory Note 3– Under Regulation 5.8, unless a – Under Regulation 5.8, unless a poll is demanded, apoll is demanded, a

motion put to the vote of the

motion put to the vote of the meeting shall be decided on a show of hands meeting shall be decided on a show of hands byby

a majority of the Voting Members present in person and voting.

Explanatory Note 4

Explanatory Note 4 – In accordance with Regulation 5.3, only the business – In accordance with Regulation 5.3, only the business

speciﬁed in this notice may be considered at the meeting.

Explanatory Note 5

Explanatory Note 5 – The rates of subscription paid – The rates of subscription paid by retired membersby retired members

are set by the Board under Regulation 3.

are set by the Board under Regulation 3.5. The rates for 2017 will be: Retired5. The rates for 2017 will be: Retired

Fellow with

Fellow withThe Structural Engineer The Structural Engineer £82; Retired other grades with £82; Retired other grades withTheThe

Structural Engineer

Structural Engineer £68, Retired without £68, Retired withoutThe Structural Engineer The Structural Engineer £36. £36.

Charity registered in England & Wales number 233392 and in Scotland

number SC038263

Benevolent Fund AGM

Notice is hereby given

that the

that the21st Annual General Meeting of21st Annual General Meeting of

members

memberswill be held at 47–58 Bastwick Street,will be held at 47–58 Bastwick Street,

London EC1V 3PS, United Kingdom on

London EC1V 3PS, United Kingdom onThursdayThursday

21 July 2016 at 4:15pm

21 July 2016 at 4:15pm (or immediately following (or immediately following

the conclusion of the Annual General Meeting

of The Institution of Structural Engineers at

4:00pm) for the transaction of the business set

out below.

1)

1) TTo o read read the the notice notice convening convening the the meeting.meeting.

2)

2) TTo o read, read, conﬁrm conﬁrm and and sign sign the the minutes minutes of of thethe

2015 Annual General Meeting (published in

The Structural Engineer

The Structural Engineer , September 2015)., September 2015).

3)

3) TTo o receive receive and, and, if if thought thought ﬁt, ﬁt, to to adopt adopt thethe

ﬁnancial statements, the directors’ and

trustees’ report and the auditors’ report for

the year ended 31 December 2015.

4)

4) TTo o appoint appoint auditors auditors for for the the ensuingensuing

year and to ﬁx their remuneration. (The

trustees recommend BDO LLP, chartered

accountants and registered auditors, at a

fee to be agreed with them by the trustees.)

5)

5) TTo o appoint appoint trustees. trustees. (Mr (Mr J J M M Allen Allen and and Mr Mr JJ

D Parsons retire as trustees by rotation and

oﬀer themselves for reappointment. The

trustees recommend the appointment as

from 22 July 2016 of Mr N Westwood, who

is willing to be appointed, in place of Mr S

M Craddy whose resignation will take eﬀect

upon the conclusion of the meeting.)

By order of the trustees

DR S M DORAN

DR S M DORAN BSc Eng AKC PhD CEng MICE ACIS BSc Eng AKC PhD CEng MICE ACIS

Secretary

Secretary 1 1 June June 20162016

Note 1

Note 1– The 2015 report and accounts are on the– The 2015 report and accounts are on the

website (www.istructe.org/about_institution/Documents/

benannualreport.pdf) or copies may be obtained on

application to the Secretary, The Institution of Structural

Engineers Benevolent Fund, 47–58 Bastwick Street,

London EC1V 3PS, United Kingdom.

Note 2

Note 2– A member of the Benevolent Fund has a– A member of the Benevolent Fund has a

statutory right to appoint another person as their proxy

to exercise all their rights to attend and to speak and

vote at the Annual General Meeting. A form of proxy may

be obtained from the website (web address in Note 1) or

on application to the Secretary (postal address in Note

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We received a terriﬁc response to

The Structural Engineer

2016 reader survey, with

1614

of you

taking the time to complete the questionnaire. Respondents reﬂected the diverse membership of the

Institution:

68% were based in the UK

and

32% outside the UK

; the largest categories were

Chartered

Members (34%)

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and

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In print

50.25

50.25 %

%

Online

21.93

21.93 %

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Every issue

Most issues

Ocacasionally

Rarely

Both

24.23

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TheStructuralEngineer

10

� �

Upfront

A commemorative Medal awarded to the author

of a paper published in

of a paper published inThe Structural EngineerThe Structural Engineer

who is both a member of

who is both a member of the Institution and notthe Institution and not

more than 40 years of age. Papers prepared

under joint authorship are eligible, provided that all

authors are members of the Institution and none

is more than 40 years of age.

John Guthrie Brown

1892–1976 1892–1976 President: President:1956–571956–57 Gold Medallist: Gold Medallist:19641964

As a senior partner of Sir Alexander

Gibb, John Guthrie Brown specialised

in hydroelectric engineering and

was the ﬁrst British engineer to be President of the

International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD).

Brian Clancy Brian Clancy 1940– 1940– President: President:1996–971996–97

Brian Clancy is a consulting

Brian Clancy is a consulting engineer, advocateengineer, advocate

of members getting involved with their regional

group and the driving force behind the

group and the driving force behind the Institution’sInstitution’s

publications on

publications on Subsidence of low-rise buildings Subsidence of low-rise buildings and and

Guide to surveys and inspections of buildings and

associated structures.

Prof. Joseph Husband

1872–1962 1872–1962 President:

President:1937–381937–38

Joseph Husband established the Engineering Department

at the Univers

at the University of Sheﬃ ity of Sheﬃ eld, which he headed foeld, which he headed for over 40r over 40

years. He set up the consultancy Husband & Co, of which

his son and later

his son and later fellow Institution President, Charles,fellow Institution President, Charles,

became a senior partner.

John Derrington John Derrington 1921–2008 1921–2008 President: President:1979–801979–80

John Derrington was the ﬁrst civil engineering

contractor to be elected Institution President,

having spent his entire working life with Sir

Robert McAlpine & Sons. He had a

Robert McAlpine & Sons. He had a greatgreat

concern for health and safety and was

concern for health and safety and was the ﬁrstthe ﬁrst

President of The Concrete Society.

J

Juunne e 22001166 PPaappeerrs s AAwwaarrddss

Do you know your

Husband Prize from your

Oscar Faber Award?

Murray Buxton Award

An award to the author(s) of a paper of

general interest that has been published in

general interest that has been published inTheThe

Structural Engineer

Structural Engineer . A . A Murray Buxton AwardMurray Buxton Award

may take the form of a Medal or a Diploma and

one or more of each may be

one or more of each may be given each session.given each session.

The award is not restricted to members of the

Institution.

Captain Murray Buxton

Captain Murray BuxtonMCMC 1889–1940

1889–1940 President: President:19401940

A former missionary, Murray Buxton

was awarded the Military Cross for

rescuing his troops in full view of

the enemy at Gaza during World

War I. Early in his term as Institution

President he was killed during an air raid in London,

along with one of his three brothers.

With the Institution’

s annual People and Papers Awards Luncheon taking place on 8

June, we

oﬀer a brief guide to the Papers Awards – and the presidents they are named after. Awards are

made annually at

the discretion of the

Papers Aw

ards Judging Panel.

Guthrie Brown Award

Derrington Construction Award

An award to the author(s) of a paper deemed

to refer to construction and/or health and

safety that has been published in

safety that has been published inThe StructuralThe Structural

Engineer

Engineer . The Derrington Construction Award. The Derrington Construction Award

may take the form of a Medal or Diploma

and one or more of each may be given

each session. The award is not restricted to

members of the Institution.

Husband Prize

A prize for merit to the

author(s) of a paper relating

to bridges that has been

published in

published inThe StructuralThe Structural

Engineer

Engineer . The prize is not. The prize is not

restricted to members of the

Institution.

Clancy Prize

A prize for merit to

A prize for merit to the author(s) of a paperthe author(s) of a paper

published in

published inThe Structural Engineer The Structural Engineer which which

advances the understanding and practice

of the whole-life management of structures.

This includes surveys, investigations, strategic

planning, testing and subsequent works to the

structure. For a paper to be eligible, at least one

author must be a member of the

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11

An award to an author, who is a member

of the Institution, of a presentation of

merit which has won a regional group

prize. The Medal may be awarded jointly

where there is more than one author of a

presentation, provided each is a member

of the Institution; or may be shared when

presentations are adjudged to be of equal

merit. To be eligible, presentations must

merit. To be eligible, presentations must bebe

submitted to HQ by the regional group.

Sir Arnold Waters

Sir Arnold Waters VC VC

1886–1981

President:

President:1933–34 and1933–34 and

1943–44

The only person to have been

Institution President twice, Sir

Arnold Waters was awarded

the Victoria Cross for an act of bravery in

completing the construction of a bridge during

the second Battle of the Sambre near Ors in

France in 1918.

www.thestructuralengineer.org

Kenneth Severn Award

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An award to the author(s) of a

presentation that has been made at

an Ordinary Meeting or Colloquium

of the Institution. An Oscar Faber

Award may take the form of a Medal

or a Diploma and one or more of each

may be given each session. The award

is not restricted to members of the

Institution.

Oscar Faber

Oscar Faber CBE CBE

1886–1956

President:

President:1935–361935–36

Oscar Faber developed the

early theory and practice of

reinforced-concrete design

– his “plastic

– his “plastic yield” theoryyield” theory

was a forerunner to

was a forerunner to limit state design.limit state design.

Faber’s best known structure is the

Faber’s best known structure is the rebuiltrebuilt

Bank of England and he received a CBE for

his work on the rebuilding of the House of

Commons.

An annual essay competition for

An annual essay competition for authorsauthors

under the age of 28 in which the subject

is set by the

is set by the incoming Presidenincoming President. It is t. It is openopen

to both members and non-members of

the Institution. The Kenneth Severn Award

takes the form of a Diploma and

takes the form of a Diploma and carriescarries

a prize of £500. The winning essay is

considered for publication in

considered for publication inThe StructuralThe Structural

Engineer Engineer .. Kenneth Severn Kenneth Severn 1918–2004 1918–2004 President: President:1972–731972–73

A former Captain in the Royal

Engineers, Kenneth Severn

had an international reputation

as an arbitrator and was an

advocate of the importance of education and

training. The Technician Education Council was

founded in 1973 during his term as President,

the Institution having introduced its Technician

Certiﬁcate Scheme in 1970.

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Date

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Price

Gold Medal Address 2016

Join our 2016

Gold Medallist,

Robert Halvorson

, as he discusses

his career as an industry leader in

the design of high-rise buildings.

Robert A. Halvorson leads the

structural engineeri

ng practice of

Halvorson and Partners, a

WSP | Parsons Brinckerhoff Company and has collaborated with notable architects across the globe.

Over the last four decades he has engineered more than sixty buildings of forty storeys or taller,

including the Wells Fargo Plaza (formerly Allied Bank

Plaza).

Lecture will be hosted at 47-58 Bastwick Street

Limited spaces - book now.

www.istructe.org/gold-medal-2016

medal-2016

(13)

06_TSE-Jun16

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Structural

Structural

Engineer

Engineer

The ﬂagship publication of The Institution of Structural Engineers

The ﬂagship publication of The Institution of Structural Engineers

The award-winning de

The award-winning de

sign of the

sign of the

world’

world’

s largest

s largest

observation wheel in Las Vegas

observation wheel in Las Vegas

WHEEL OF FORTUNE

WHEEL OF FORTUNE

NON�INVASIVE APPRAISAL

NON�INVASIVE APPRAISAL

OF HISTORIC STRUCTURES

OF HISTORIC STRUCTURES

PROFILE: ANNE FULLER

PROFILE: ANNE FULLER

PARTIAL DEFENCES TO

PARTIAL DEFENCES TO

PI CLAIMS

PI CLAIMS

PLATES AND SHELLS: AN ERROR

PLATES AND SHELLS: AN ERROR

IN TIMOSHENKO’S TEXT

IN TIMOSHENKO’S TEXT

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WORKPLACES?

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TheStructuralEngineer

TheStructuralEngineer

Contents

Contents

T

T

h

h

e

e

Structural

Structural

Engineer

Engineer

Upfront

Upfront

Features

Features

Project focus

Project focus

Profe

Profe

ssional gui

ssional gui

dance

dance

Technical

Technical

Opinion

Opinion

At t

At t

he back

_Engineer

_Engineer

_Engineer

_Engineer