PeriodicTable

(1)

The Periodic Table

and the Elements

Adapted from a Powerpoint by Dr. Fred Omega Garces

(2)

The Periodic Table and the

Elements

What is the periodic table ?

What information is obtained from the table ?

How can elemental properties be predicted based on the Periodic Table?

(3)

Dmitri Mendeleev

(1869)

_{In 1869 Mendeleev (Russia) and Lothar}

In 1869 Mendeleev (Russia) and Lothar

Meyer (Germany) published nearly identical

classification schemes for elements known

at the time. The periodic table is based on

the similarity of properties and reactivities

exhibited by various elements. Later, Henri

Moseley ( England,1887-1915) established

that each element has a unique atomic

number, which is how the current periodic

table is organized.

(4)

The Periodic Table

A map of the building block of matter.

1

IA VIIIA18

1 _H1 1.00797

2

IIA

Periodic Table

IIIA13 IVA14 VA15 VIA16 VIIA17 He2

4.0026

2 _Li3

6.939 4 Be 9.0122 5 B 10.811 6 C 12.0112 7 N 14.0067 8 O 15.9994 9 F 18.9984 10 Ne 20.179

3 _Na11

22.9898 12

Mg

24.305

3

IIIB IVB4 VB5 VIB6 VIIB7 8 VIIIB9 10 11IB IIB12 Al13

26.9815 14 Si 28.086 15 P 30.9738 16 S 32.064 17 Cl 35.453 18 Ar 39.948

4 _K19

39.102 20 Ca 40.08 21 Sc 44.956 22 Ti 47.90 23 V 50.942 24 Cr 51.996 25 Mn 54.9380 26 Fe 55.847 27 Co 58.9332 28 Ni 58.71 29 Cu 63.54 30 Zn 65.37 31 Ga 65.37 32 Ge 72.59 33 As 74.9216 34 Se 78.96 35 Br 79.909 36 Kr 83.80

5 _Rb37

85.47 38 Sr 87.62 39 Y 88.905 40 Zr 91.22 41 Nb 92.906 42 Mo 95.94 43 Tc [99] 44 Ru 101.07 45 Rh 102.905 46 Pd 106.4 47 Ag 107.870 48 Cd 112.40 49 In 114.82 50 Sn 118.69 51 Sb 121.75 52 Te 127.60 53 I 126.904 54 Xe 131.30

6 _Cs55

132.905 56 Ba 137.34 57 La 138.91 72 Hf 178.49 73 Ta 180.948 74 W 183.85 75 Re 186.2 76 Os 190.2 77 Ir 192.2 78 Pt 195.09 79 Au 196.967 80 Hg 200.59 81 Tl 204.37 82 Pb 207.19 83 Bi 208.980 84 Po [210] 85 At [210] 86 Rn [222]

7 _Fr87

[223] 88 Ra [226] 89 Ac [227] 104 Ku [260]

105 106 107 108 109

(5)

Periodic Table Expanded

View

The Periodic Table can be

arranged by energy sub levels

The s-block is Group IA and & IIA,

the p-block is Group IIIA - VIIIA.

The d-block is the transition

metals, and the f-block are the

Lanthanides and Actinide metals

The way the periodic table usually

shown is a compressed view. The

Lanthanides and actinides (F

block)are cut out and placed at

the bottom of the table.

(6)

Periodic Table:

Metallic

arrangement

Layout of the Periodic Table: Metals vs. nonmetals

1

IA VIIIA18

1 _IIA2 _IIIA13 _IVA14 _VA15 _VIA16 _VIIA17

2

3 _IIIB3 _IVB4 _VB5 _VIB6 _VIIB7 8 _VIIIB9 10 11_IB _IIB12

4

5

6

7

Metals

(7)

Periodic Table: The three broad

Classes

Main, Transition, Rare Earth

(8)

Reading the Periodic Table:

Classification

(9)

Across the Periodic

Table

Periods:

Periods: Are arranged horizontally across the Are arranged horizontally across the periodic periodic table (Rows 1-7)

table (Rows 1-7)

These elements have the same number of valence shells.

1

IA VIIIA18

2

4

5

6

7

2nd Period

(10)

Down the Periodic

Table

Families

Families are arranged vertically down the periodic table are arranged vertically down the periodic table (columns or group, 1- (columns or group, 1- 18 or 1-8 A,B)

18 or 1-8 A,B)

These elements have the same number of electrons in the outer most energy level , known These elements have the same number of electrons in the outer most energy level , known as the valence shell.

as the valence shell.

1

IA VIIIA18

2

4

5

6

7

Alkali Family:

1 e- in the valence shell

Alkali Family:

1 e- in the valence shell

Halogen Family:

7 e- in the valence shell

Halogen Family:

(11)

Notable Families of the Periodic

Table

Notable families of the Periodic Table and some important members:

1

IA VIIIA18

2

4

5

6

7

Alkali

Alkaline

(earth)

Transition Metals

Noble Gas

Halogen

Chalcogens

(12)

1

IA VIIIA18

2

4

5

6

7

Important Elements of Various

Groups

Individual members of selected groups & their characteristics

H

He

Li

Na

K Ca

Mg

Fe

I

Cl

F

P

S

Si

O

N

C

Al

Zn

Cu

Ag

(13)

Periodic Table

e

--

configurations are inherent in the

_{configurations are inherent in the}

periodic table

B 2p 1 1

IA VIIIA18

2

4 5 6 7 H 1s1 Li 2s1 Na 3s1 K 4s1 Rb 5s1 Cs 6s1 Fr 7s1 Be 2s2 Mg 3s2 Ca 4s2 Sr 5s2 Ba 6s2 Ra 7s2 Sc 3d1 Ti 3d2 V 3d3 Cr 4s1_3d5

Mn 3d5 Fe 3d6 Co 3d7 Ni 3d8 Zn 3d10 Cu

4s1_3d10

B 2p1 C 2p2 N 2p3 O 2p4 F 2p5 Ne 2p6 He 1s2 Al 3p1 Ga 4p1 In 5p1 Tl 6p1 Si 3p2 Ge 4p2 Sn 5p2 Pb 6p2 P 3p3 As 4p3 Sb 5p3 Bi 6p3 S 3p4 Se 4p4 Te 5p4 Po 6p4 Cl 3p5 Be 4p5 I 5p5 At 6p5 Ar 3p6 Kr 4p6 Xe 5p6 Rn 6p6 Y 4d1 La 5d1 Ac 6d1 Cd 4d10 Hg 5d10 Ag

5s1_4d10

Au

6s1_5d10

Zr 4d2 Hf 5d2 Rf 6d2 Nb 4d3 Ta 5d3 Db 6d3 Mo 5s1_4d5

W 6s1_5d5

Sg 7s1_6d5

(14)

Periodic Table: Electron

behavior

The periodic table can be classified by the behavior of their electrons

1

IA VIIIA18

1 _IIA2 _IIIA13 _IVA14 _VA15 _VIA16 _VIIA17 2

3 _IIIB3 _IVB4 _VB5 _VIB6 _VIIB7 8 _VIIIB9 10 11_IB _IIB12 4

5

6

7

West (South)

Mid-plains

East (North)

METALS

Alkali Alkaline Transition

METALLOID NON-METALS

Noble gas Halogens Calcogens These elements

tend to give up e-_{and form}

CATIONS

These elements will give up e-_or

accept e

-These elements tend to accept

e-_{and form}

(15)

2. Trend in

Atomic Radius

_{Atomic Radius}

Atomic Radius:

(16)

3. Trends in

Ionization

Energy

Ionization energy:

(17)

4. Trend in

Electron Affinity

_{Electron Affinity}

Electron Affinity:

The energy

released when an

electron is added

to an atom. The

electron affinity is

highest among the

elements of the

upper right corner

of the periodic

table (excluding

the noble gases)

since these atoms

have a great

(18)

Summary of Trends

Periodic Table

and Periodic Trends

1. Electron Configuration

_{3. Ionization Energy: Largest toward upper right}_{3. Ionization Energy: Largest toward upper right}

4. Electron Affinity: Most favorable upper right

(19)

Summary

Periodic Table

:

Map of the Building blocks of matter

Types

:

Metal, metalloid and Nonmetal

Blocks:

S,P, D, and F

Representative or main = S and P Blocks Transition = D Block

Lanthanide/Actanides = F Block

Families

Elements in the same column have similar

or Groups:

chemical properties because of similar numbers and types of valence electrons

Alkali metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Chalcogens,

Halogens, Noble gases

Periods

:

Elements in the same row have valence electrons in