Meaning & Definit
Meaning & Definition
ion
A research
A research design is design is defined as defined as “a logical “a logical and systematand systematic plan ic plan prepared for prepared for directing directing a research study. It specifies the objectives of the study; the methodologies and a research study. It specifies the objectives of the study; the methodologies and techniques to be adopted the achieving the objective.”
techniques to be adopted the achieving the objective.”
-- PliPli lili papas s Bernad.Bernad.
“Research design actually constitutes the blue print for the collection, measurement “Research design actually constitutes the blue print for the collection, measurement and the analysis of the data.”
and the analysis of the data.”
-- David & David & NachmiasNachmias..
“Research design is the plan, structure, strategy and means of investigation “Research design is the plan, structure, strategy and means of investigation
conceive
conceived sd so as o as to obtaito obtai n ann ansswewerr s s of of rr eesseearar ch quch queesstiti ons. Ions. I t it i s s a plan a plan or or an ovean overr alall l
scheme or a programme of research.” scheme or a programme of research.”
-- JognJogn. W. Bes. W. Best.t.
Thus it is obligatory for a researcher to undertake research design. The research Thus it is obligatory for a researcher to undertake research design. The research design is the ground plan for conducting the research investigation. It provides design is the ground plan for conducting the research investigation. It provides guidelines to r
guidelines to researcher to help esearcher to help him to keep him to keep a track of hia track of his actions ans actions and to know that d to know that hehe is moving in the right direction in collecting the data. Whatever may be the nature of is moving in the right direction in collecting the data. Whatever may be the nature of research problems, all research designs should contain answers to the following research problems, all research designs should contain answers to the following questions:
questions:
What the study is about?What the study is about?
Why the study is undertaken?Why the study is undertaken?
What are the types of data required?What are the types of data required?
Where data can be found?Where data can be found?
What techniques of gathering data will be adopted?What techniques of gathering data will be adopted?
Th
Th e rese reseeararch desch desiign gn must imust inclnclude the fude the folloll owinowin g asg aspepectscts: : 1.
1. A clear statement of the research problem. A clear statement of the research problem. 2.
2. The purpose or objectives of the research.The purpose or objectives of the research. 3.
3. The time period of research study.The time period of research study. 4.
4. The sources of collection data.The sources of collection data. 5.
5. The procurers and techniques of collection data.The procurers and techniques of collection data. 6.
6. The universe of research design.The universe of research design. 7.
7. The sample size of respondents, if any.The sample size of respondents, if any. 8.
8. The area where research to be conducted.The area where research to be conducted. 9.
9. The methods or techniques of data processing.The methods or techniques of data processing. 10.
10. The resources required to conduct the research.The resources required to conduct the research.
What is research Design
What is research Design
How
How is is the the term term `research `research design' design' to to be be used used in in this this book? book? An An analogy analogy might might help.help. When constructing a building there is no point ordering materials or setting critical When constructing a building there is no point ordering materials or setting critical dates for completion of project stages until we know what sort of building is being dates for completion of project stages until we know what sort of building is being constructed. The first decision is whether we need a high rise office building, a factory constructed. The first decision is whether we need a high rise office building, a factory for
for manufacturing manufacturing machinery, machinery, a a school, school, a a residential residential home home or or an an apartment apartment block.block. Until this is done we cannot sketch a plan, obtain permits, work out a work schedule Until this is done we cannot sketch a plan, obtain permits, work out a work schedule or order materials.
or order materials.
Similarly, social research needs a design or a structure before data collection Similarly, social research needs a design or a structure before data collection or analysis can commence. A research design is not just a work plan. A work plan or analysis can commence. A research design is not just a work plan. A work plan details what has to be done to complete the project but the work plan will flow from details what has to be done to complete the project but the work plan will flow from the project's research design. The function of a research design is to ensure that the the project's research design. The function of a research design is to ensure that the evidence obtained enables us to answer the initial question as unambiguously as evidence obtained enables us to answer the initial question as unambiguously as possible. Obtaining relevant evidence
possible. Obtaining relevant evidence entails specifying the type of entails specifying the type of evidence needed toevidence needed to answer the research question, to test a theory, to evaluate a programme or to answer the research question, to test a theory, to evaluate a programme or to accurately describe some phenomenon. In other words, when designing research we accurately describe some phenomenon. In other words, when designing research we
need to ask: given this research question (or theory), what type of evidence is needed need to ask: given this research question (or theory), what type of evidence is needed to answer the question (or test the theory) in a convincing way?
to answer the question (or test the theory) in a convincing way? Research
Research design design `deals `deals with with a a logical logical problem problem and and not not a a logistical logistical problem' problem' (Yin, 1989: 29). Before a builder or architect can develop a work plan or order (Yin, 1989: 29). Before a builder or architect can develop a work plan or order materials they must first establish the type of building required, its uses and the needs materials they must first establish the type of building required, its uses and the needs of the occupants. The work plan flows from this. Similarly, in social research the of the occupants. The work plan flows from this. Similarly, in social research the issues of sampling, method of data collection (e.g. questionnaire, observation, and issues of sampling, method of data collection (e.g. questionnaire, observation, and document analysis), and design of questions are all subsidiary to the matter of `What document analysis), and design of questions are all subsidiary to the matter of `What evidence do I need to collect?'
evidence do I need to collect?'
Too often researchers design questionnaires or begin interviewing far too early Too often researchers design questionnaires or begin interviewing far too early –
– before thinking through what information they require to answer their researchbefore thinking through what information they require to answer their research questions. Without attending to these research design matters at the beginning, the questions. Without attending to these research design matters at the beginning, the conclusions drawn will normally be weak and unconvincing and fail to answer the conclusions drawn will normally be weak and unconvincing and fail to answer the research question.
research question.
Literature Review
Literature Review
Once a researcher has chosen a specific topic, the next step in the planning phase of a Once a researcher has chosen a specific topic, the next step in the planning phase of a research study is reviewing the existing literature in that topic area. If you are not yet research study is reviewing the existing literature in that topic area. If you are not yet familiar with
familiar with the process the process of conducting of conducting a litera literature rature review, it eview, it simply means simply means becoming becoming familiar
familiar with with the the existing existing literature literature (e.g., (e.g., books, books, journal journal articles) articles) on on a a particular particular topic. Obviously, the amount of available literature can differ significantly depending topic. Obviously, the amount of available literature can differ significantly depending on the topic area being studied, and it can certainly be a time-consuming, arduous, on the topic area being studied, and it can certainly be a time-consuming, arduous, and difficult process if there has been a great deal of research conducted in a and difficult process if there has been a great deal of research conducted in a particular
particular area. area. Ask Ask any any researcher researcher (or (or research research assistant) assistant) about about conducting conducting literature reviews and you will likely encounter similar comments about the length of literature reviews and you will likely encounter similar comments about the length of time that is spent looking for literature on a particular topic.
time that is spent looking for literature on a particular topic. Fortunately,
Fortunately, the the development development of of comprehensive comprehensive electronic electronic databases databases hashas facilitated
individual electronic databases have been developed for several specific fields of individual electronic databases have been developed for several specific fields of study.
study. For For example, example, medical medical researchers researchers can can access access existing existing medical medical literatureliterature through Medline; social scientists can use PsychINFO (see Rapid Reference 2.2) or through Medline; social scientists can use PsychINFO (see Rapid Reference 2.2) or PsychLIT;
PsychLIT; and and legal legal researchers researchers can can use use Westlaw Westlaw or or Lexis. Lexis. Access Access to to most most of of thesethese electronic database services is restricted to individuals with subscriptions or to those electronic database services is restricted to individuals with subscriptions or to those who are affiliated with university-based library systems. Although gaining access to who are affiliated with university-based library systems. Although gaining access to these services can be expensive, the advent of these electronic databases has made the these services can be expensive, the advent of these electronic databases has made the process of
process of conducting tconducting thorough lithorough literature reviews erature reviews much easier much easier and more and more efficient. Noefficient. No longer are researchers (or their student assistants!) forced to look through shelf after longer are researchers (or their student assistants!) forced to look through shelf after shelf of dusty scientific journals.
shelf of dusty scientific journals.
The importance and value of a well-conducted and thorough literature review The importance and value of a well-conducted and thorough literature review cannot be overstated in the context of planning a research study (see Christensen, cannot be overstated in the context of planning a research study (see Christensen, 2001). The primary purpose of a literature review is to help researchers become 2001). The primary purpose of a literature review is to help researchers become familiar
familiar with with the the work work that that has has already already been been conducted conducted in in their their selected selected topic topic areas.areas. For
For example, example, if if a a researcher researcher decides decides to to investigate investigate the the onset onset of of diabetes diabetes among among thethe elderly, it would be important for him or her to have an understanding of the current elderly, it would be important for him or her to have an understanding of the current state of the knowledge in that area.
state of the knowledge in that area. Literature
Literature reviews reviews are are absolutely absolutely indispensable indispensable when when planning planning a a researchresearch study
study because because they they can can help help guide guide the the researcher researcher in in an an appropriate appropriate direction direction byby answering several questions related to the topic area. Have other researchers done answering several questions related to the topic area. Have other researchers done any work in this topic area? What do the results of their studies suggest? Did previous any work in this topic area? What do the results of their studies suggest? Did previous researchers encounter any unforeseen methodological difficulties of which future researchers encounter any unforeseen methodological difficulties of which future researchers should be aware when planning or conducting studies? Does more researchers should be aware when planning or conducting studies? Does more research need to be conducted on this topic, and if so, in what specific areas? A research need to be conducted on this topic, and if so, in what specific areas? A thorough literature review should answer these and related questions, thereby helping thorough literature review should answer these and related questions, thereby helping to set the stage for the research being planned.
to set the stage for the research being planned.
Often, the results of a well-conducted literature review will reveal that the Often, the results of a well-conducted literature review will reveal that the study
study being being planned planned has, has, in in fact, fact, already already been been conducted. conducted. This This would would obviously obviously bebe important to know during the planning phase of a study, and it would certainly be important to know during the planning phase of a study, and it would certainly be beneficial to be aware of this fact sooner rather than later. Other times, researchers beneficial to be aware of this fact sooner rather than later. Other times, researchers
may change the focus or methodology of their studies based on the types of studies may change the focus or methodology of their studies based on the types of studies that have already been conducted. Literature reviews can often be intimidating for that have already been conducted. Literature reviews can often be intimidating for novice researchers, but like most other things relating to research, they become easier novice researchers, but like most other things relating to research, they become easier as you gain experience.
as you gain experience.
Need & Import
Need & Importance
ance
Research
Research design design is is vital vital to to researchers, researchers, as as it it enables enables to to collect collect the the right right data data toto achieve the research objectives. The importance of research design is stated as achieve the research objectives. The importance of research design is stated as follows:
follows: 1.
1. GuGuiidedelliinnees s to thto the e ReResseeararcher: cher:
Research design provides guidelines to the researcher in respect of: Research design provides guidelines to the researcher in respect of:
When to start and when to complete the research work?When to start and when to complete the research work?
What data to be collected?What data to be collected?
From where the data to be collected? From where the data to be collected?
How the data be collected? Etc. How the data be collected? Etc.
The above questions provide necessary guidelines to the researcher. Therefore, the The above questions provide necessary guidelines to the researcher. Therefore, the researcher will be able to collect the right data from right sources at the right time. researcher will be able to collect the right data from right sources at the right time. 2.
2. OrOr ganigani zziinng Rg Reessourour cecess: : Research
Research design design facilitates facilitates organizing organizing of of resources resources for for collecting collecting the the data. data. TheThe resources include:
resources include:
Funds required for collecting the data. Funds required for collecting the data.
The equipments/instruments and materials required to conduct the researchThe equipments/instruments and materials required to conduct the research
(especially in the case of physical sciences like physical, chemistry, etc) (especially in the case of physical sciences like physical, chemistry, etc)
The research design enables the researcher to make proper arrangement of the The research design enables the researcher to make proper arrangement of the resources which in turn will help the researcher to conduct the research effectively, so resources which in turn will help the researcher to conduct the research effectively, so as to achieve the research objective.
as to achieve the research objective. 3.
3. DDiirr eections to thctions to th e Ree Resseearch arch SStafftaff : :
The research design provides necessary directions to the research staff. This is The research design provides necessary directions to the research staff. This is because; the research design provides necessary guidelines in respect of:
because; the research design provides necessary guidelines in respect of:
Sources of data.Sources of data.
Techniques for collecting data.Techniques for collecting data.
Area/place where the research is to be conducted. Area/place where the research is to be conducted.
Resources to be utilized. Resources to be utilized.
Time frame of research work.Time frame of research work.
Due to the above factors, the researcher ca
Due to the above factors, the researcher can provide proper diren provide proper directions to the researchctions to the research staff, so that they collect relevant data to achieve research objectives.
staff, so that they collect relevant data to achieve research objectives. 4.
4. SSeelleectiction of Ton of T eechnchn iiquesques: : Research
Research design design helps helps to to select select appropriate appropriate techniques techniques both both for for data data collection collection and and data analysis. There are various methods of data collection such as:
data analysis. There are various methods of data collection such as:
Survey or interview.Survey or interview.
Observation.Observation.
Experimentation. Experimentation.
For
For instance, instance, observation observation method method may may be be used used for for studying studying buyers‟ buyers‟ behavior. behavior. To To get get feedback from the customers, the firm may use survey or interview method.
feedback from the customers, the firm may use survey or interview method. There are also various methods of data analysis such as:
There are also various methods of data analysis such as:
Measures of Central Tendency (Mean, Median, Mode) Measures of Central Tendency (Mean, Median, Mode)
Time series (Simple Moving Average, Weighted Moving Average)Time series (Simple Moving Average, Weighted Moving Average)
5.
5. CollColl eection of ction of rreelleevant datavant data: : Research
Research design design helps helps to to collect collect the the relevant relevant data data and and that that too too within within a a certain certain timetime frame. For instance, the research design indicates:
frame. For instance, the research design indicates:
The area of research.The area of research.
Universe of research.Universe of research.
Sample size, etc.Sample size, etc.
Therefore, the researcher or his staff will be able to collect relevant data from the Therefore, the researcher or his staff will be able to collect relevant data from the right area, from the proper universe and from the appropriate number of respondents. right area, from the proper universe and from the appropriate number of respondents. 6.
6. ObjObj eecticti veves s of of ResReseearar ch: ch: Research design
Research design helps to helps to achieve research achieve research objectives. This objectives. This is because; is because; the researcher the researcher will collect the right data at the right time and from the right source. Also, due to the will collect the right data at the right time and from the right source. Also, due to the use of proper techniques of analysis the researcher will be able to analyze the data use of proper techniques of analysis the researcher will be able to analyze the data properly,
properly, and and then then take take appropriate appropriate measures measures or or action, action, which which in in turn turn will will help help toto attain the research objectives.
attain the research objectives. 7.
7. MM onitorionitori ng ong of Expef Expenditurnditur ee: : Research
Research design design helps helps to to monitor monitor research research expenditure. expenditure. Research Research design design providesprovides guidelines
guidelines regarding regarding the the amount amount of of resources resources or or funds funds to to be be utilized utilized for for researchresearch activity. In the case of commercial research, the researcher would get the funds activity. In the case of commercial research, the researcher would get the funds approved from the sanctioning authority. Accordingly, the researcher will utilize the approved from the sanctioning authority. Accordingly, the researcher will utilize the funds
funds as as per per the the research research budget. budget. Therefore, Therefore, there there will will be be proper proper control control over over thethe funds in respect of research activity.
funds in respect of research activity. 8.
8. ExEx eecution cution of of rreesseearch arch WorkWork : : Research
Research design design helps helps in in timely timely execution execution of of the the research research work. work. This This is is because;because; research design indicates the start time and the completion time research activity, if research design indicates the start time and the completion time research activity, if research design does not indicate the time frame, there is every possibility of the research design does not indicate the time frame, there is every possibility of the
research work getting delayed and the researcher may not be able to archive the research work getting delayed and the researcher may not be able to archive the objective.
objective. 9.
9. MM otivaotivation tion to the to the SStafftaff : : A
A systematic systematic research research design design motivates motivates the the staff staff to to collect collect the the right right data data from from right right source. A
source. Also lso due due to to the the timely timely completion completion of of research research activity, activity, the the research research staff staff maymay be rewarded with monetary and non-monetary incentives. For instance, research be rewarded with monetary and non-monetary incentives. For instance, research design will enable proper conduct of research activity. Proper analysis of research design will enable proper conduct of research activity. Proper analysis of research work enables the organization to take suitable action, which in turn would bring work enables the organization to take suitable action, which in turn would bring higher returns. As a result of higher returns, the research staff may be adequately higher returns. As a result of higher returns, the research staff may be adequately rewarded.
rewarded. 10.
10. II mprovemprovemement in Dnt in D eeciscisionion -M-M akiaki ng: ng:
Systematic research design facilitates proper collection of data. Also, the selection of Systematic research design facilitates proper collection of data. Also, the selection of suitable
suitable data data analysis analysis techniques techniques facilitates facilitates proper proper analysis analysis of of data; data; therefore, therefore, thethe researcher can arrive at proper decision-making, especially in the case of commercial researcher can arrive at proper decision-making, especially in the case of commercial research.
research.
Essentials of good Research
Essentials of good Research Design
Design
The make research design more effective, the researcher must consider certain The make research design more effective, the researcher must consider certain guidelines or essentials:
guidelines or essentials: 1.
1. FF ocus on Objocus on Objeecticti vevess: :
The research design must focus on the research objectives. The research objectives The research design must focus on the research objectives. The research objectives must be very clear to the researcher as well as to the research staff. The research must be very clear to the researcher as well as to the research staff. The research objectives differ depending upon the type of research. For instance, the research objectives differ depending upon the type of research. For instance, the research objective of commercial research will be based on commercial angle, and that of objective of commercial research will be based on commercial angle, and that of social research will have the objective based on social welfare.
Example of Commercial
Example of Commercial research Objective:research Objective: „To increase market share from current „To increase market share from current 10% to 20% within a period of 5 years.‟
10% to 20% within a period of 5 years.‟
Example of Social research Objective:
Example of Social research Objective:„To reduce poverty of the weaker sections.‟ „To reduce poverty of the weaker sections.‟
2.
2. Flexibility: Flexibility:
The research design should not be rigid. The research design must be flexible The research design should not be rigid. The research design must be flexible depending upon the situation. For instance, a research design indicates a particular depending upon the situation. For instance, a research design indicates a particular time frame to complete the research work. But the research staff may not be in time frame to complete the research work. But the research staff may not be in position
position to to collect collect the the relevant darelevant data ta within within the the time time frame. frame. In In such such situation, situation, the the timetime frame can be increases.
frame can be increases. 3.
3. PiPillot Sot Study: tudy: It is
It is always advisable always advisable to conduct to conduct a pilot a pilot study fstudy for finalizing or finalizing the rethe research design. search design. Pilot Pilot study
study is is a a research research activity activity undertaken undertaken on on a a small small segment segment of of the the research research universe.universe. The pilot study is conducted to find out whether or not the researcher would be in a The pilot study is conducted to find out whether or not the researcher would be in a position
position to to collect collect the the relevant relevant data data from from the the sources sources or or areas areas so so selected, selected, and and whether or not the collected data would be relevant to solve the problem, if the pilot whether or not the collected data would be relevant to solve the problem, if the pilot study indicates a
study indicates a favourable response, favourable response, the researcher the researcher may go ahead may go ahead with the researchwith the research design. Otherwise, he may make necessary changes in the research design with design. Otherwise, he may make necessary changes in the research design with respect to:
respect to:
Sources of data.Sources of data.
Area of data collection. Area of data collection.
Techniques of data collection, etc.Techniques of data collection, etc.
4.
4. Acceptance: Acceptance:
The research design must be acceptable to the persons concerned. For instance: The research design must be acceptable to the persons concerned. For instance:
In the c In the case of ase of commercial research, commercial research, the research the research design must design must be acceptable be acceptable to theto the
higher authorities. This is because; the higher authorities are required to approve higher authorities. This is because; the higher authorities are required to approve it and accordingly sanction the resources to conduct the research activity.
In In the the case case of of academies academies research, research, the the research research design design must must be be acceptable acceptable to to thethe
research guide, as he needs to approve the research design before the research research guide, as he needs to approve the research design before the research activity starts.
activity starts.
In case o In case of social f social research, the research, the research design research design must be must be acceptable to acceptable to the social the social or or
other organizations that are going to finance or sponsor the research activity. other organizations that are going to finance or sponsor the research activity. 5.
5. Suitability: Suitability:
The research design must be suitable to achieve research objectives. Certain factors The research design must be suitable to achieve research objectives. Certain factors to be considered while finalizing the research design as follows:
to be considered while finalizing the research design as follows:
The availability of funds.The availability of funds.
The availability of time.The availability of time.
The availability of manpower.The availability of manpower.
The methods of data collection and analysis, etc.The methods of data collection and analysis, etc.
Depending upon the
Depending upon the funds and otfunds and other resources, the research her resources, the research may take suitable may take suitable action.action. For instance,
For instance, a researcher a researcher may not may not plan for plan for an exhaustive an exhaustive research work, research work, if there if there areare constraints relating to money, manpower or time.
constraints relating to money, manpower or time. 6.
6. Simplicity: Simplicity:
The research design should be simple and easy to understand. The language used in The research design should be simple and easy to understand. The language used in the research deign must be clear and simple. Wherever required, research design the research deign must be clear and simple. Wherever required, research design must be supported by footnotes. Technical jargons must be avoided. The use of simple must be supported by footnotes. Technical jargons must be avoided. The use of simple language would enable the approving authorities to approve the research design and language would enable the approving authorities to approve the research design and accordingly sanction the funds, especially in the case of commercial research. accordingly sanction the funds, especially in the case of commercial research. Simplicity of research design would also enable the research staff to collect the Simplicity of research design would also enable the research staff to collect the relevant inform nation, and also to analyze the data properly.
relevant inform nation, and also to analyze the data properly. 7.
7. Cost-Effective: Cost-Effective:
The research design should be cost-effective. In a commercial research, the research The research design should be cost-effective. In a commercial research, the research work based on research design must bring benefits to the organization. The research work based on research design must bring benefits to the organization. The research design should enable proper collection and analysis of data which in turn should design should enable proper collection and analysis of data which in turn should
facilitate
facilitate proper proper decision-making. decision-making. The The benefits benefits on on account account of of sound sound decision-making decision-making must be more than the cost incurred on research activity.
must be more than the cost incurred on research activity. 8.
8. EasEase in e in II mplemplemementation: ntation:
The research design should facilitate proper implementation of the research activity. The research design should facilitate proper implementation of the research activity. As
As far far as as possible, possible, the the research research design design should should avoid avoid complicated complicated procedures procedures and and techniques which are difficult to adopt/follow. The research work should not techniques which are difficult to adopt/follow. The research work should not overburden the research staff, as the quality of research work may get adversely overburden the research staff, as the quality of research work may get adversely affected. Also sufficient time must be given to the staff for collecting and analyzing the affected. Also sufficient time must be given to the staff for collecting and analyzing the data.
data. 9.
9. TrTr ainain iing to the reng to the resseearch Staarch Staffff : :
To conduct effective research proper training must be given to the research staff. To conduct effective research proper training must be given to the research staff. Training helps to improve: knowledge, attitude, skill and social behavior. The Training helps to improve: knowledge, attitude, skill and social behavior. The research staff not only required knowledge and skills to conduct proper research but research staff not only required knowledge and skills to conduct proper research but also the right attitude towards the research work, and good social behavior when they also the right attitude towards the research work, and good social behavior when they interact with team mates and with the respondents.
interact with team mates and with the respondents. 10.
10. SSeelleection ction of of RighRigh t Tt T eechnchniiquequess/M/M eethodsthods: :
There are various methods of collecting data such as: There are various methods of collecting data such as:
Survey/interview.Survey/interview. Observation.Observation. Experimentation. Experimentation.
There are also various methods of data analysis such as: There are also various methods of data analysis such as:
Measures of Central Tendency (mean, Median, Mode) Measures of Central Tendency (mean, Median, Mode)
Time series, such as moving averages.Time series, such as moving averages.
Correlation techniques, etc.Correlation techniques, etc.
Depending
Depending upon upon the the types types of of research, research, the the researcher researcher should should select select the the appropriateappropriate methods for data collecting and analysis.
Scope/Areas of research Design
Scope/Areas of research Design
The important areas of design making in research design are as follows: The important areas of design making in research design are as follows: 1.
1. SSourour ce ce of Dof D ata: ata:
The researcher needs to take a proper decision on sources of data. The sources of The researcher needs to take a proper decision on sources of data. The sources of data can be broadly divided in two groups:
data can be broadly divided in two groups:
Primary sources. Primary sources.
Secondary sources.Secondary sources.
Normally,
Normally, the the researcher researcher must must consider consider the the secondary secondary source source as as it it is is less less timetime consuming and less expensive. However, of the problem cannot be solved by consuming and less expensive. However, of the problem cannot be solved by secondary data,
secondary data, then the then the researcher can researcher can opt for opt for primary sources primary sources of data, of data, at times, at times, thethe researcher may use both the sources.
researcher may use both the sources. 2.
2. MM eethods thods of of Data CollData Coll eection: ction:
The researcher has to decide on the methods of data collection. There are various The researcher has to decide on the methods of data collection. There are various methods of data collection, especially in the case of primary data. Some of the methods of data collection, especially in the case of primary data. Some of the important methods of primary data include:
important methods of primary data include:
Interview/survey. Interview/survey. Observation.Observation. Experimentation. Experimentation.
Simulation (creating artificial environment).Simulation (creating artificial environment).
Projective techniques. Projective techniques.
The researcher should select the right methods depending upon the type of research, The researcher should select the right methods depending upon the type of research, the time available, the funds required, etc.
3.
3. MM eethods thods of Dof D ata Analata Anal ysysiiss: :
One of the important decision-making areas of research design is in respect of the One of the important decision-making areas of research design is in respect of the methods of data analysis. It required a good deal of judgment and skill on the part of methods of data analysis. It required a good deal of judgment and skill on the part of the researcher to select appropriate methods of data analysis. There are various the researcher to select appropriate methods of data analysis. There are various methods of data analysis such as measures of central tendency, correlation methods of data analysis such as measures of central tendency, correlation techniques, time series etc. proper selection to analysis will enable the researcher to techniques, time series etc. proper selection to analysis will enable the researcher to analyze the data properly, which in turn will help to research to make proper analyze the data properly, which in turn will help to research to make proper recommendations to solve the research problem.
recommendations to solve the research problem. 4.
4. ArAr eeas as of Colof Col lleect Data: ct Data:
The researcher must decide in respect of the areas from which the data to be The researcher must decide in respect of the areas from which the data to be collected. The decision on areas depends upon several factors such as: funds collected. The decision on areas depends upon several factors such as: funds available, the time factor, objectives of research etc. for instance, if the researcher available, the time factor, objectives of research etc. for instance, if the researcher has lot of funds for conducting research, he may consider a wider area to collect data has lot of funds for conducting research, he may consider a wider area to collect data from several respondents.
from several respondents. 5.
5. DDeecicissiion on on on Physical Physical ReRessourour cecess: :
The researcher requires physical resources such as computers for data analysis. Also The researcher requires physical resources such as computers for data analysis. Also in the case of physical
in the case of physical sciences, like physical, chemistry, medicine, etc., the researcher sciences, like physical, chemistry, medicine, etc., the researcher may require certain equipments or materials to conduct experiments or some other may require certain equipments or materials to conduct experiments or some other aspect of research work. Therefore, the researcher must decide well in advance aspect of research work. Therefore, the researcher must decide well in advance regarding the availability of physical resources.
regarding the availability of physical resources. 6.
6. DecDeciission ion on Mon M anpoanpowewerr: :
The researcher must take a decision in respect of manpower. The number and quality The researcher must take a decision in respect of manpower. The number and quality of manpower depends upon the type of research. For instance, in the case of pilot of manpower depends upon the type of research. For instance, in the case of pilot study,
study, the the manpower manpower required required would would be be very very less. less. But But in in the the case case of of descriptivedescriptive research over larger areas, the manpower requirement would be more. Decision may research over larger areas, the manpower requirement would be more. Decision may also be taken in respect of training to be manpower so as to improve its quality.
7.
7. DecDeciission ion on fon f undsunds: :
The research must decide on the funds required to undertake research activity. The The research must decide on the funds required to undertake research activity. The availability of funds will affect the various aspects of research design such as the availability of funds will affect the various aspects of research design such as the research area size, period of research, number of field staff, etc.
research area size, period of research, number of field staff, etc. 8.
8. TiTi me me FF rrameame: :
The researcher must consider the time frame required to undertake research. Time The researcher must consider the time frame required to undertake research. Time frame depends upon certain factors such as:
frame depends upon certain factors such as:
Availability of funds. Availability of funds.
Availability of manpower. Availability of manpower.
Type of research, etc.Type of research, etc.
For
For instance, instance, if if the the type type of of research research is is highly highly complicated, complicated, longer longer time time frame frame may may bebe considered for completing the research work. However, if the research work is simple considered for completing the research work. However, if the research work is simple in nature, shorter time frame may be considered. It is to noted that it larger amount of in nature, shorter time frame may be considered. It is to noted that it larger amount of funds
funds are are available available for for research research work, work, then then the the manpower manpower may may be be increase increase and and therefore, the time frame ban be reduced.
therefore, the time frame ban be reduced. 9.
9. UUnini veverrsse e of of ReResseearar ch: ch:
The researcher has to make an important decision in respect of the universe for the The researcher has to make an important decision in respect of the universe for the research activity. The universe refers to the type of population that can be used for research activity. The universe refers to the type of population that can be used for collecting data. For example: if the researcher is undertaking the research work collecting data. For example: if the researcher is undertaking the research work relating to trends in fashion, he may select teenagers and young adults as the relating to trends in fashion, he may select teenagers and young adults as the universe. And if the researcher is undertaking the researcher work relating to universe. And if the researcher is undertaking the researcher work relating to readership habits of college students, then the universe will be college students.
readership habits of college students, then the universe will be college students. 10.
10. SamplSampl e e SizeSize: :
The researcher must also consider the sample size for collecting data. The sample size The researcher must also consider the sample size for collecting data. The sample size refers to the number of respondents that would be selected to conduct the research refers to the number of respondents that would be selected to conduct the research activity. The sample size depends upon number of factors such as: type of research, activity. The sample size depends upon number of factors such as: type of research,
funds available, time fr
funds available, time frame, etc. for instance, if the research ame, etc. for instance, if the research work has good amount of work has good amount of funds and time available, the sample size can be large.
funds and time available, the sample size can be large.
Steps in Research Design
Steps in Research Design
The main steps in research design are as follows: The main steps in research design are as follows: 1.
1. DDeeffiine the ne the problprobl eem: m:
The repeater must clearly define the problem. Clearly of the problem will help the The repeater must clearly define the problem. Clearly of the problem will help the researcher to decide on the research objectives. For instance, in the case of researcher to decide on the research objectives. For instance, in the case of ccommercial research, the research problem may be stated as „ ommercial research, the research problem may be stated as „ Decline Decline in in Sales‟ Sales‟ .. Therefore, the objective of the research will be „
Therefore, the objective of the research will be „ To increase the Sales‟ To increase the Sales‟ .. In
In case case of of academic academic research, research, proper proper definition definition of of the the problem problem will will enable enable thethe researcher to develop hypothesis, which needs to be tested with the help of research. researcher to develop hypothesis, which needs to be tested with the help of research. 2.
2. SSourour ceces s of of DData: ata:
The researcher must decide about the sources of data. The sources of data depend The researcher must decide about the sources of data. The sources of data depend upon the research problem. The sources of data are broadly divided into two groups: upon the research problem. The sources of data are broadly divided into two groups:
Primary sources. Primary sources.
Secondary sources.Secondary sources.
Normally,
Normally, the the sources sources of of data data can can be be secondary secondary as as they they are are less less time time consuming consuming and and less expensive. The researcher may consider primary sources, if the problem cannot less expensive. The researcher may consider primary sources, if the problem cannot be solved with the help of secondary data.
be solved with the help of secondary data. 3.
3. TecTechnhn iiqueques s of data Collof data Coll eectionction: :
The researcher must decide about the techniques of data collection. The techniques The researcher must decide about the techniques of data collection. The techniques depend upon certain factors:
depend upon certain factors:
Nature of problem. Nature of problem.
Resources available. Resources available.
There are various methods of data collection such as interview method. Observation There are various methods of data collection such as interview method. Observation methods, etc.
methods, etc. 4.
4. DDeecision on cision on UnUn iiveverr ssee: :
The researcher must state the universe for conducting the research work. Universe The researcher must state the universe for conducting the research work. Universe refers to the type of population from which the research information can be collected. refers to the type of population from which the research information can be collected. For
For example, example, if if the the research research is is conducted conducted on on baby baby foods, foods, then then the the universe universe will will bebe mother with little kids.
mother with little kids. 5.
5. SamplSampl e e SizeSize: :
The researcher must state the sample size. The sample size depends upon certain The researcher must state the sample size. The sample size depends upon certain factors
factors such such as as time time frame, frame, funds funds availability, availability, nature nature of of problem, problem, etc. etc. for for instance, instance, if if the Government conducts a census of population, all households in the country will be the Government conducts a census of population, all households in the country will be covered under the sample size. But if it is an academic research, the sample size may covered under the sample size. But if it is an academic research, the sample size may be very small, say about 500 respondents.
be very small, say about 500 respondents. 6.
6. ArAr ees s of of Data CollData Coll eection: ction:
The researcher must state the areas from which the data to be collected. The selection The researcher must state the areas from which the data to be collected. The selection of area depends upon:
of area depends upon:
Location of respondents. Location of respondents.
Nature of problem, Nature of problem,
Time factor, etc.Time factor, etc.
For
For instance, instance, a a company company selling selling only only in in one one local local market market will will conduct conduct research research onlyonly in that local area. But if the company sells its products throughout the country, then it in that local area. But if the company sells its products throughout the country, then it may select respondents from all over the country.
may select respondents from all over the country. 7.
7. MM eethods thods of Dof D ata Analata Anal ysysiiss: : Depending
Depending upon upon the the type type of of research, research, the the researcher researcher should should select select the the most most appropriate methods for data analysis. There are various methods of data analysis appropriate methods for data analysis. There are various methods of data analysis such as measures of central tendency, time series methods, etc.
8.
8. DDeecicissiion on ron on r eessourour cecess: :
The most important decision in research design is in respect of resources required to The most important decision in research design is in respect of resources required to conduct research work. Resources include:
conduct research work. Resources include:
Physical resources. Physical resources.
Manpower. Manpower.
Money or funds. Money or funds.
The researcher should make proper arrangement of recourses so that the research is The researcher should make proper arrangement of recourses so that the research is conducted effectively, which in turn will help to achieve the research objectives.
conducted effectively, which in turn will help to achieve the research objectives. 9.
9. PePerr iiod/ tiod/ times mes ffrr ame ame of Rof Reesseearar ch: ch:
The researcher has to make an important decision regarding the time frame of the The researcher has to make an important decision regarding the time frame of the research activity. Time frame depends upon certain factor such: availability of research activity. Time frame depends upon certain factor such: availability of manpower, type of research, etc.
manpower, type of research, etc.
For instance, in the case of highly complicated research, the resear
For instance, in the case of highly complicated research, the resear cher may require acher may require a longer time frame to conduct the research activity, and vice versa.
longer time frame to conduct the research activity, and vice versa. 10.
10. PrPreeparatiparati on of on of ReResseeararch Dch D eessiign: gn:
The researcher must prepare the research design after following the above steps. The The researcher must prepare the research design after following the above steps. The research design should clearly include the following aspects:
research design should clearly include the following aspects:
Statement of the research problem.Statement of the research problem.
The objectives of research.The objectives of research.
Sources of data.Sources of data.
Time frame of research activity.Time frame of research activity.
Universe of research.Universe of research.
Same size of respondents.Same size of respondents.
Areas of data collection. Areas of data collection.
Resources required. Resources required.
11.
11. ApprAppr ovaoval l of of ReResseeararch Dch D eessiign: gn:
The researcher may get the research design approved from concerned authorities. For The researcher may get the research design approved from concerned authorities. For instance:
instance:
In In the the case case of of commercial commercial research, research, the the research research design design may may be be approved approved by by thethe
top management. top management.
In In case case of of academic academic research, research, the the research research design design would would be be approved approved by by thethe
research guide. research guide.
For For social social research, research, the the approved approved of of research research design design may may be be required required from from thethe
sponsoring agency. sponsoring agency. After
After approval, approval, the the researcher researcher may may make make modifications modifications in in the the research research design, design, if if soso required.
required.
Types of Research Design
Types of Research Design
The types of research design can be broadly divided into two groups: The types of research design can be broadly divided into two groups:
TYP
TYPES
ES OF
OF RES
RESEA
EA CH
CH DE
DE S
SII GN
GN
Exploratory Research
Exploratory Research
Conclusive Research
Conclusive Research
Description Research
II ..
E
Expl
xpl or
oratory
atory Re
Res
se
ear
arch
ch
It is conducted to explore information ab
It is conducted to explore information about the nature or causes of research problem.out the nature or causes of research problem. It
It is is conducted conducted when when the the causes causes of of the the research research problem problem are are not not known known to to thethe researcher. For instance, management may conduct exploratory research to find out researcher. For instance, management may conduct exploratory research to find out the causes of declining sales in the past few months. The sales may have declined due the causes of declining sales in the past few months. The sales may have declined due to number of factors such as:
to number of factors such as:
Problem in quality of the product. Problem in quality of the product.
Increase in competition. Increase in competition.
Ineffective promotion-mix. Ineffective promotion-mix.
Poor management of channels of distribution. Poor management of channels of distribution.
Incompetence of the sales farce, etc. Incompetence of the sales farce, etc.
There may be a possibility of some cause of the problem and the exact cause is not There may be a possibility of some cause of the problem and the exact cause is not known to the researcher, then in such a situation an exploratory research may be known to the researcher, then in such a situation an exploratory research may be conducted to find out the most likely cause(s) that lead to reduction in sales.
conducted to find out the most likely cause(s) that lead to reduction in sales. Exploratory research can be conducted for the following purposes:
Exploratory research can be conducted for the following purposes:
To define the problem more clearly.To define the problem more clearly.
To develop hypothesis.To develop hypothesis.
To identify alternate courses of action.To identify alternate courses of action.
To isolate key variables and to develop relationships among the variable for To isolate key variables and to develop relationships among the variable for
further examination. further examination.
To establish priorities for further research.To establish priorities for further research.
F
F eeaturatur ees s of of ExEx plorplor atory Reatory Resseearcharch: : 1.
1. Unstructured: Unstructured:
Generally, exploratory research does not have a formalized set of objective, sample Generally, exploratory research does not have a formalized set of objective, sample plan
plan or or questionnaire. questionnaire. It It is is conducted conducted when when a a researcher researcher dies dies not not know know much much about about the problem and needs additional information. The researcher may collect the data the problem and needs additional information. The researcher may collect the data from any sources
2.
2. Flexible: Flexible: Exploratory
Exploratory research research is is systematic systematic but but it it is is very very flexible. flexible. It It allows allows researcher researcher toto investigate the problem from whatever sources he/she desired. The extent of investigate the problem from whatever sources he/she desired. The extent of information also depends upon the researcher.
information also depends upon the researcher. 3.
3. Informal: Informal:
Often exploratory research conducted at the outset of a research project. Exploratory Often exploratory research conducted at the outset of a research project. Exploratory research aimed at gaining additional information about a topic and generating research aimed at gaining additional information about a topic and generating possible hypotheses. Therefore, it is described as informal.
possible hypotheses. Therefore, it is described as informal. U
Ussees s of Eof E xplxpl ororatorator y Rey Resseearar ch: ch: 1.
1. BacBackground kground II nfnf ormatormation: ion:
When title information known from the existing data, the researcher may conduct When title information known from the existing data, the researcher may conduct research to gain background information. For instance, a doctor may obtain research to gain background information. For instance, a doctor may obtain background information about the patient before treatment. In the case of commercial background information about the patient before treatment. In the case of commercial research, the researcher may obtain background information of the past performance research, the researcher may obtain background information of the past performance of the firm, the competitors, the practices of the firm, and so on. This will help the of the firm, the competitors, the practices of the firm, and so on. This will help the research to probe the problem properly.
research to probe the problem properly. 2.
2. DDeevevellopmeopment of nt of HH ypothesypothesiiss: : Exploratory
Exploratory research research may may be be required required to to develop develop suitable suitable hypotheses hypotheses relating relating to to thethe research problem. A hypothesis is a proposition, which can be put to test to determine research problem. A hypothesis is a proposition, which can be put to test to determine its validity.
its validity. 3.
3. ReResseeararch Prch Pr iioriori titi eess: : Exploratory research
Exploratory research may be may be conducted to conducted to establish establish priorities priorities for research for research work. For work. For example an exploratory review of customer complaints may indicate the product(s) example an exploratory review of customer complaints may indicate the product(s) that required urgent attention on the part of management to take appropriate action. that required urgent attention on the part of management to take appropriate action. M
1.
1. SSeecondarcondar y Data Any Data Analalysysiiss: :
The researcher may analyze the relevant secondary data for gaining information to The researcher may analyze the relevant secondary data for gaining information to solve a particular problem.
solve a particular problem. 2.
2. EExperixperi eence Snce Surur veveysys: :
The survey may be conducted to get responses from those experienced problems or The survey may be conducted to get responses from those experienced problems or difficulties. For instance, experience surveys may be conducted on the students who difficulties. For instance, experience surveys may be conducted on the students who have faced difficulties or problems during the examination.
have faced difficulties or problems during the examination. 3.
3. CasCase Ane An alalysysiiss: :
The researcher may analyze former situations similar to the present one, so as to The researcher may analyze former situations similar to the present one, so as to arrive at suitable solution to solve the present problem.
arrive at suitable solution to solve the present problem. 4.
4. FF ocus ocus GrGroupsoups: :
Small groups of people discuss a problem
Small groups of people discuss a problem – – its causes and its effects. The focus groupits causes and its effects. The focus group discussion is monitored by a moderator.
discussion is monitored by a moderator. 5.
5. PrPr ojojeectictive ve TechnTechniiquesques: :
The projective techniques help to gain insights into problems or situations. The The projective techniques help to gain insights into problems or situations. The researcher may explore information from group of participants. They may be given researcher may explore information from group of participants. They may be given incomplete sentences to complete, which may help to gain insight into the problem. incomplete sentences to complete, which may help to gain insight into the problem. For instance, the sentence may be: Mr. A does not attend the lectures because ……….. For instance, the sentence may be: Mr. A does not attend the lectures because ……….. II II ..
D
De
es
scr
criipti
ptive
ve rre
es
se
ear
ar ch:
ch:
It
It is is conducted conducted to to obtain obtain descriptive descriptive information information about about certain certain aspects aspects of of a a problem.problem. For
For instance, instance, a a researcher researcher may may like like to to know know detailed detailed information information about about studentsstudents appearing for M.com Part
appearing for M.com Part IIII of University of Mumbai in respect of age, income,of University of Mumbai in respect of age, income, gender, occupation, etc.
gender, occupation, etc.
A descriptive research may be undertaken for commercial purpose. A marketer may A descriptive research may be undertaken for commercial purpose. A marketer may try to find answers for questions like:
Who the customers are? (Firm‟s/Competitors)Who the customers are? (Firm‟s/Competitors)
What they buy? (Quantity, Quality, size)What they buy? (Quantity, Quality, size)
Where they buy? (PlaceWhere they buy? (Place – – departmental stores, malls, etc)departmental stores, malls, etc)
When they buy? (Time/season)When they buy? (Time/season)
How they buy? (Cash/credit/installments) How they buy? (Cash/credit/installments)
How they use the product? How they use the product?
Through descriptive research, it would be difficult to answer the question “Why”. To Through descriptive research, it would be difficult to answer the question “Why”. To answer the question “Why” –
answer the question “Why” – people buy certain itemspeople buy certain items – – causal research in required.causal research in required. T
Typeypes s of of DDeececeptipti ve ve rreesseearar ch: ch: 1.
1. CrCr ososss-Se-Sectictional onal SStutudidieess: : Measure
Measure population population aspects aspects at at only only one one point point of of time. time. For For exampleexample – – sample surveysample survey by a magazine publisher of magazine readers.
by a magazine publisher of magazine readers. 2.
2. LL ongitudiongitudi nal nal SStudiestudies: : Measure
Measure repeatedly repeatedly the the same same population population over over a a period period of of time. time. For For example, example, aa marketer may undertake panel surveys.
marketer may undertake panel surveys. I I I .
I I I . Causal (DCausal (D iiagnostic) Resagnostic) Reseeararch ch
Causal Research investigates cause/effect relationship between two or more variables. Causal Research investigates cause/effect relationship between two or more variables. For
For instance, instance, a a research research may may be be conducted conducted to to find find out out the the relationship relationship betweenbetween advertising and sales. For example, a marketer sold the product in two periods sat advertising and sales. For example, a marketer sold the product in two periods sat Period 1 (January
Period 1 (January to March) and to March) and Period 2 Period 2 (April to June). (April to June). The sales in The sales in Period 2 havePeriod 2 have increased. In Period 2, the marketer had also increased advertising. Therefore, the increased. In Period 2, the marketer had also increased advertising. Therefore, the manufacturer (through causal research) may like to know whether advertising had manufacturer (through causal research) may like to know whether advertising had caused
caused the increased sales in Period 2.the increased sales in Period 2. Obj
Obj eectictiveves of s of Causal RCausal Reesseearar ch: ch: 1.
