Electrostatic Electrostatic
==
22
F = electrostatic force, N F = electrostatic force, N
E = Electric field intensity / strength , NC
E = Electric field intensity / strength , NC -1-1 , Vm , Vm-1-1
Q
Q = = Charges Charges , , C C q q = = Charges Charges , , CC r = distance / displacement , m
r = distance / displacement , m V = potential difference, V , JC V = potential difference, V , JC -1-1
U = Electric potential energy , J
U = Electric potential energy , J ‘’can be assume as‘’can be assume as work donework donealso’ also’
ɛɛ00= 8.85 x 10-= 8.85 x 10-1212 F m F m-1-1 k = 1/4πɛ k = 1/4πɛ00= 9 x 10= 9 x 1099 C C -2-2 N m N m22
=
=
00
==
= Charge Density , C m = Charge Density , C m-2-2
Gauss Law Gauss Law
A = area , m
Capacitor
= =
0
=
ɛ
C = capacitance , F , C V -1
In air / vacuum / no dielectric
0
=
8.85 x 10-12 F m-1In the medium / have dielectric
ɛ = ,
−
=
0
ɛr= dielectric constant , has no unit.
d = distance between plate
R= resistance, Ohm , C = Capacitance , Farad e is exponent (log / ln / exp) calculator!!
Current
=
= nAve , Ampere =
, N = no of charge , V= volume v = drift velocity , ms-1A = area , for wire
=
4
, d =diametertotal charge Q = Ne , e = 1.6 x 10-19 C Current Density (A m-2 ) ,
=
==
=
E = electric field strength , NC -1 , Vm-1
= resistivity , Ω m , = conductivity , Ω-1 m-1
= = 1
R = resistance , Ω
,=
, t = time collision , s . Me = mass of electronD.C current
=
=(+)
V t = terminal potential difference / voltage , volt , ɛ = e.m.f , volt , r = internal
resistance , Ohm.
R = resistance of resistor , Ohm , I = current , A
* travel is the loop u draw, look at the terminal and the direction of current to determine the sign
Potential divider
0r If Resistor change to wire .. R = L (length of wire)
Wheatstone brigde
Magnetic F orce
F on moving charge ,
=sin
F on carrying conductor (wire)
=sin
ɵvb= angle between v and Bɵ IB= angle between I and B
q = charge, Coulomb , v = velocity of charge, ms-1 ,
B = magnetic flux density , Tesla , L = length of conductor, m Magnetic flux density on straight wire,
=
2
Magnetic flux density on circular shape wire,
=
2
Magnetic flux density on solenoid,
=
=
0
µ0= 4π x 10-7 H m-1 , I = current , l = length , N=no of turns
n = N/l =Turns per unit length , r =R =radius F on two wires,
=
2
, d = distance between 2 wiresVelocity of equilibrium charge in E.Field , M.Field
=
Velocity of charge between 2 plates
= √
2
e / m determination
=
,
=
2
K = kinetic energy in eV, 1 eV =1.6 x 10-19 Joule m = mass of charge / electron
V = potential different, volt , B = magnetic flux density , E =electric field strength , r = radius
Hall effect
Electromagnetic
, = = ∅
∅=cos, ()
electric flux ,Φ ≠ magnetic flux
∅
(different unt)magnetic flux linkage (solenoid) = N
∅
, N= no of turnsemf in linear conductor
=sin
Rotating coil ,
∅=cos
, ɵ=ωtSelf inductance
∅ =
L = self inductor, Henry (H) , I = current , N = no of turns
=
Mutual inductance
Energy Stored in inductor U = ½ LI 2
Alternating Current
Z = impedance Power in resistor
Power in inductor ,capacitor P=0 Capacitive reactance
f= frequency , C =capacitance , F Inductive reactance
L =induction , H
10. a. hypothesis : zinc dipped in sodium chloride solution can produce electric current.
b. i) aim :to study two different metals dipped in electrolyte solution produce electric current.
ii. manipulated variable : The type of metal
responding variable : the reading of voltmeter or production of electric current
constant variable ;the volume of sodium chloride solution
iii. materials and apparatus :zinc plate, copper plate, iron plate, sodium chloride solution, beaker, voltmeter, crocodile clips , wires
iv procedure : 1. Apparatus is set up as shown above. 2. result recorded and tabulated.
v . tabulation :
MV (type of metal) RV the reading of voltmeter
Zinc + copper Iron + copper
Page 69
Statement : Melting points of atomic subtances and molecular subtances are different
Hypothesis :( MV RV) Lead powder and sulphur powder have different melting point.
Aim : to study the melting point of lead powder and sulphur powder Manipulated variable : the type of subtances (lead powder and
Responding variable : The melting point of substance (lead powder & sulphur powder)The reading of thermometer
Constant variable: the volume of substance, The mass of substance , the amount of substance
Materials and apparatus : lead and sulphur powder, crucible, tripod stand, thermometer, bunsen burner.
Procedure : 1. The apparatus is set as shown above/below 2. the result is recorded and tabulated
Tabulation
MV the type substance RV melting point OC
Lead powder Sulphur powder
