IGC-2 Notes

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NEBOSH IGC Summary – week 2

Element

1 :- Workplace hazards & risk

control

Hazards to pedestrians

Slips, trips and falls (on same level) Falls from height

Objects moving, flying or falling Collisions with moving vehicles

Causes of slips, trips & falls (accidents on walkways or Staircases)

Old age

2- Sensory impairment e.g. Poor eyesight 3- Unsuitable foot wear

4- Slippery surface e.g. polished floor 5- Spillage e.g. oil on floor

6

During the floor cleaning

7- Poor lighting / limited vision because of the dust or fog 8- Uneven surface

9- moving from one kind of floor surface to another 10- Carrying heavy / large loads

11- Poor physical condition / ill health / consciousness problems 12- Rainy weather without suitable drainage system

13- Poor housekeeping / Obstacles on the walkway (e.g. protrusions) 14- Bad organisation or layout of the work place

15- Lack of attention / distractions 16- Alcohol & drugs

17- Fatigue & exhaustion 18- Loose / Untied shoe laces

19- Poor emergency procedures: people crowding, panicking & rushing to evacuate

20- Not using the handrails

21- Not keeping 3 points of contact 22- Walking backwards e.g. banks man 23- Broken steps / different heights 24- Running, jumping & Horseplay

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Working

at

height

Hazards of working at height

Fall of people Fall of objects

Collapse Overturn

Contact with overhead services

Precautions & Control measures:

- Avoid working at height by using long tools or machines - Reduce height as much as possible

- Reduce duration & frequency of working at height - it is

- Using proper working platform, carrying out pre use inspection & regular maintenance

- PPE e.g. safety harness, fall arrestors & helmets with strap - Edge protection & Safety net

- Ensure Safe access & egress to the work place

Precautions & Control measures of working on ANY roof:

The above precautions PLUS: - Using crawl boards

- Locating & covering the lights on the roof (if any)

Hazards of ladders

Fall of people Fall of objects

Collapse Overturn

Precautions & Control measures:

- Ladder resting with both feet on a levelled firm floor - Distance between the ladder & the wall in the ratio 1 : 4 - Rested & fixed against solid surface

- Suitable for the task, approved, inspected & in good condition - Fixed & secured at the top

- 3 steps extra length at the top - Only one person at a time - Keeping 3 points of contact

- PPE e.g. gloves,safety shoes, coveralls & helmets with straps - Clean firm non-slip steps

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- Should only be used as a mean of access NOT as a working platform

(4)

Independant tied Scaffold

Draw and label key parts of an independent Tied Scaffold

Control measures & precautions

- Designed, erected, inspected, altered & maintained by competent certified people

- Should be suitable for the job & certified

- Inspected before each shift & after any accident, incident or adverse weather conditions

- Avoid overloading or exceeding SWL - Use of guard rails & toe boards

- Stop work in adverse weather conditions e.g. strong wind - it is

- PPE e.g. helmets with strap & safety harness

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Mobile Tower Scaffold Hazards Fall of people Fall of objects Collapse Overturn

Precautions & control measures

Above precautions for independant tied scaffold PLUS: - Positioned on firm ground

- Use of outriggers to broaden base & locking the wheels - Braced & tied to permenant structure

- People and materials removed before moving

Mobile Elevated Work Platforms (MEWP) Hazards

- Fall of people - Fall of objects - Collapse - Overturn

- Contact with overhead services

- Crushing between carrier and a fixed structure or inbetween the Scissors lift

Accidetns, Collapse or overturning of MEWP caused by

Equipment failure

Unsuitable ground conditions Defective or unused outriggers

Unsuitable MEWP or in bad condition (lack of maintenance) Overloading

Struck by load or vehicles Incompetent operator

Interference with controls by others Strong wind / storms

Precautions & control measures = Same like Tower scaffold

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Suspended access cradle Hazards Fall of people Fall of objects Collapse Overturn

Crushing between carrier and a fixed structure

Precautions & control measures = Same like Tower scaffold

Excavations

Main hazards

- Fall of people

- Fall of objects e.g. tools or fluids causing flooding - Collapse of the excavation (Caving)

- Overturn of vehicles close to edge

- Contact with underground services (electrical cables, gas pipes, sewage, telephone)

- Access and egress (being a confined space: Difficults access & egress, Hazardous atmospheres

- Contamination (sewage, spores) - Type of soil

- Removal of soil

- Undermining foundations

Precautions & control measures

Plan the job using location maps

Locate & avoid underground cables e.g. CAT (cable avoidance tools) Issue permit to work

Safe digging procedures (follwoing SSOW) Use competent workers – it is

PPE e.g. coveralls, helmets & safety shoes

Improving evironmental factors such as lighting & ventillation Ensure safe access & egress

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Demolition

Methods of Demolition

 Hand-held tools

 Machine

 Chemical agents (Explosives) Hazards of Demolition

Safety hazards:

Fall of People Fall of objects Premature collapse

Contact with underground & overhead services Fire & Explosion

Electricity

Health hazards;

Gases, fumes and vapours Asbestos Lead Silica Noise Vibration Ionising radiation Biological hazards

Control measures & Precautions:

Pre-demolition surveys & area maps

Safe method of demolition & safe organized demolition sequence Competent workers

Evacuating near buildings if needed

PPE e.g. helmets, reflective vest , steel toe safety shoes Safe access & egress

Issue pertmit to work & other legislative documents

Site Precautions for children

- Fencing & barriers all around the site - Security guards & patrols

- Monitoring the area with CCTV Cameras - Warning signs & Posters

- Visit schools & provide information to the people in charge - Take children to site on visits (arranging class trips to the site) - Lock the vehicles & remove the keys

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- Remove ladders & prevent access to scaffolds - Lock away hazardous chemicals

- Cover holes & excavations - Reduce heights of materials

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Element

2 : Transport hazards and

risk control

Hazards of vehicles including fork lift trucks (General)

- Overturning - Overloading - Loss of loads

- Collision with pedestrians, buildings or other vehicles - Fire and Explosions

Additional hazards of electric – battery fork lifts

- Hydrogen gas released during battery charging - Inhalation of fumes

- Corrosives leading to burns - Electricity problems

- Manual handling of battery during recharging - They are quiet (People may not hear them coming)

Procedures to follow when parking fork lift trucks

- To be parked in the designated parking area (on a levelled surface not Blocking Walkways or exits)

- Switch off engine, lights, radio, etc...

- Remove the key & keep it with the responsible person / place. - Put gears (controls) in neutral position.

- Apply the handbrake and the wheel chock to prevent rolling away - Forks to be resting on the floor

- Mast slightly tilted forward

-Surround the forklift with cones & barriers to prevent trips over the Forks.

Driver selection

Suitable age

Medical examination & Routine medical checks at regular intervals Assessment after prolonged absences

Competence (KATE, Proper qualifying training & Refresher training)

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 Safety of pedestrians in vehicle moving areas

 Precautions to prevent collision between vehicles and pedestrians

 Precautions to ensure safety of vehicles operation

- Setting & enforcement of site traffice rules, proper signs & Floor marking

- Segregation between vehicular route & pedestrian route - Suitable designated parking areas

- Proper environmental conditions e.g. adequate lighting & reduced noise

- Avoid sharp or blind bends

- Vision panels in doors or transparent doors

- Sufficiently wide entrances, gateways & traffic routes

- Vision aids e.g. CCTV cameras or mirrors on vehicles & at blind corners

- Setting speed limits for cars e.g. 20 km/h

- Designated marked crossing points for pedestrians - FOPS

- ROPS

- PPE e.g. steel toe safety shoes & High visibility jackets - Driver training & qualification

- Using ground guides in reversing (Signallers / Banks men) - Avoid reversing if possible e.g. One-way systems, drive through

parking, circling the vehicles

- Reversing alarms (audible & visual) - Refuges & Barriers in loading docks

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Element

3 :- Musculoskeletal

hazards & risk control

Ergonomics: The relation & interaction between the work & the worker;

how to fit the work to the worker.

In other words, Ergonomics is the study of designing equipment and

devices that fit the human body, its movements, and its cognitive abilities.

Causes of WRULDs

Repetitive movements of fingers, hands or arms Twisting movements

Squeezing Hammering

Pushing, pulling or over reaching movements

Symptoms

Numbness & tingling in fingers Pain in hands or arms

Restriction of joint movement Soft tissue swelling

Examples for WRULDs

 Tendonitis  Epicondylitis

 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Risk factors to consider

Force exerted

Duration & frequency of operation

Repetition of movement without rest or recovery time (frequent breaks) Awkward Posture

Vulnerability e.g. smokers or existing medical condition Constraints on space

Environment (low temperature)

Control measures: Improve or fix above

plus:-Automate or mechanise task Use correct tools and equipment it is

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051-4303707,03355033003-4 Page10

Health effects of DSE use (Display Screen Equipment)

Upper limb disorders (WRULDs) Eye and eyesight effects

Epilepsy

Facial dermatitis

Electro magnetic radiation effect on pregnant women Fatigue, stress & Discomfort

Workstation requirements

Adequate lighting (general & local lighting) Minimum noise

Suitable legroom

Suitable screen at eye level Keyboard at suitable distance Suitable software

Organized work surface Footrest if necessary Document holder if needed Suitable work chair 

Characters of the Suitable Seat

Good lumbar support

Comfortable material with good width and depth Adjustable (Ability to adjust seat back and height)

Stable base (5 legs or 5 points of contact with the ground) Ability to swivel

Provision of arm rests

Other control measures:

- Adequate breaks (regular & mini breaks) - Eye sight testing & medical checkup - it is

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Manual

Handling

Manual Handling Injuries

External: Cuts, bruises (Contusions), abrasions, Burns

Internal: Fractures, slipped disc (Disc prolapsed), Muscle Sprains, Tendon tears, ligaments tears, joint dislocation, Hernia

Activities at risk

- Handling excessive loads

- Repetitive handling without adequate breaks or recovery time - Prolonged handling of loads especially if including excessive:

Bending, stooping, twisting & over reaching

Factors affecting the manual handling: Load

Weight, Size, Shape Rigidity, Difficulty to grasp Stability (centre of gravity) Sharp edges

Hot / cold surface

Contents (hazardous or not)

Individual

Gender

Physical capability, energy, Stamina, Height, pregnancy or illness

Competence (Manual handling Training, physical abilities & experience) PPE

Task

Number of boxes needed to be lifted Duration & frequency of the job

Vertical & Horizontal distance where the load will be lifted to. Job rotation / sufficient rest or recovery (breaks)

Team lifting

Any need for excessive pulling, pushing, twisting, bending & over- reaching.

Environment

Constraints on posture / Space

Floor condition & type of floor surface Level of housekeeping

Hot/Cold/ humid conditions or strong wind Environmental factors e.g. Lighting

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Hierarchy of control to reduce manual handling injuries:

- Avoid manual handling (automate or mechanise the job by using forklifts, cranes, hoists or conveyors)

- Team lifting

- Mechanical aids e.g. trolley

- Dividing the load into smaller packages (less weight) - Reduce duration & frequency of manual handling tasks - PPE e.g. gloves & safety shoes

- it is (manual handling training , etc..)

- Follow safe system of work (safe handling technique) 

Kinetic Handling Technique (safe way of lifting a box)

- Assess the load - Check the route

- Get as Close as possible to the load with suitable feet position - Ensure secure & firm grip with PPE

- Lift the load keeping the back straight & bending only the knees - Keep the Load close to the body while walking

- Walk Smoothly avoiding jerky movements - Put down the load then slide into position

Mechanical

lifting

equipment

- Forklifts - Conveyors - Cranes - Hoists

CONVEYORS

Hazard Control measures & Precautions

Entanglement Guards, No loose clothing

Drawing in Pop out rollers, nip guards

Sharp edges Edge protection, eliminate edges

Items jamming conveyor Adequate design, guards

Fall of objects Edge guards, barriers

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Impact with objects Helmets

Noise Ear plugs

Manual handling Mechanical handling & it is

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Hazards of CRANES

Fall of people Fall of objects Collapse Overturn

Types of CRANES Mobile Tower Gantry Overhead Gantry Types of HOISTS Chain hoist Goods hoist

Patient hoist (rescue hoist)

Safe use of Cranes (Precautions for ANY safe mechanical lifting)

- Suitable certified crane

- Suitable certified, color coded lifting accessories & correct slinging technique

- Competent crane operators & banks men using good means of communications & agreed signals

- Suitable ground conditions (firm levelled surface) - Use of outriggers

- Clear pathway avoiding any obstructions

- Avoiding overhead services such as power lines

- Segregation of working area by barriers & warning signs so one could walk under the load

- Visual & Audible alarms to warn that lifting is taking place - Load to be lifted vertically and to correct height & kept near

ground when travelling

- Ensure load is secured, balanced & guided by tag lines - Avoid exceeding of the SWL

- Ensure Good visibility with adequate lighting & reduced nosie - Ensure suitable weather conditions and stop the lifting operation

in adverse weather conditons e.g. strong wind

- PPE e.g. Gloves, steel toe safety shoes and reflective jackets - When the load is placed on the ground; Release the tension first

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Element

4 :- Work equipment

hazards & risk control

Suitability of the work equipment

- Initial integrity - Purpose for use - Place of use

Precautions for maintenance Work

- Issue permit to work if the job is high risk or non-routine as example if the whole body or the whole arm of the worker will be inside the machine

- Isolation of power source (disconnection & lock out tag out) - Dissipation of stored energy e.g. release stored pressure,

earthing for electricity or leaving the hot surface to cool down - Segregation of the work place by means of barriers & warning

signs Safe means of access

- Use suitable PPE e.g. safety shoes, coveralls and safety glasses - Ensure that all workers doing the job are Competent enough - Ensure safe environmental conditions e.g. adequate lighting &

good ventilation

- Emergency procedures / SSOW

Mechanical Hazards of Machinery (ENTICE) Entanglement

Traps (drawing in – crush / shear) Impact

Contact (stab/puncture – cuts – abrasions – burns – etc.) Ejection

Draw labelled diagram of each one

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Traps (Crush / shear) Imapct

Contact (puncture / stab) Contact (cuts)

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Non-Mechanical Hazards of Machinery

Chemical / biological hazards Ergonomics / Manual Handling Electricity / Noise

Fire / Explosion

Vibration / Radiation / Ultra violet radiation Temperature extremes

Dust and fumes

Office machinery: - Photocopier and document Shredder Manufacturing / Maintenance Machinery: Bench top grinder

and Pedestal drill

Agricultural Machinery: - Cylinder mower & trimmer

Retail Machinery:- Waste Compactor & Checkout Conveyor Construction Machinery:- Cement Mixer, Circular Saw & petrol

chainsaw

Machinery Hierarchy of Controls (FIAT) Fixed guards

Interlocking guards, Adjustable guards & Automatic sweep guards. Appliances (Holders / Push Sticks) & Protection devices (Trip device,

safety trip wire, photo electric cells, pressure sensitive mats and two hand control system)

Training, Information, Instruction, and Supervision (it is) and PPE

Fixed Guards:- A physical barrier, kept at its place at all times, has no

moving parts, not linked to the machine controls and usually requires a tool to remove it.

Advantages Disadvantages

Minimal maintenance Not linked to machine controls Only defeated by deliberate act No protection when removed Visual inspection is enough Full access to dangerous

parts when removed May protect against other hazards

e.g. noise, dust, ejection of materials

More difficult to remove: not practical when frequent access required

Tends to be left unfixed when frequent access required

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Interlocking Guard: - Linked to the machine controls so that the worker

can’t gain access when the machine is in a dangerous condition ALSO opening the guard causes the machine to become safe

Allow safe access for feeding materials (frequent opening)

Increase the complexity of the machine

Convenient to use Difficult to test and maintain Less likely to be

deliberately defeated

May need a brake or time delay Speeds up operations May fail to danger

Regular maintenance required

Adjustable Guards the length of the guard could be adjusted

(changed) according to the length of the material being used, two types of this guard: 1) Manual (fixed) type and 2) Automatic type

Automatic Sweep Guard Where the guard pushes the worker away

from the danger zone

Protection Appliances:- such as holders & push sticks

Protection devices:- such as Trip device, safety trip wire, photo

electric system, pressure sensitive mat & two hand control device

iT is: on how the machine is operated safely, how & when to be

maintained, who is authorized to use it, etc.

PPE: such as

- coveralls for chemical splash & entanglement - goggles for ejected material

- ear plugs for noise

- steel toe safety shoes for crush injuries - hair nets for hair entanglement

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Element

5 :- Electrical Safety

Hazards of Electricity Be SAFE Burns Shock

Arcing Fire

Explosions

 B urns

Internal burns to the body organs & external burns to the skin 3 degrees

Melting any worn metals e.g. watches or rings  S hock

electric shock (Electrocution)

Factors affecting / influencing severity of electrical shock

- Voltage

- Current (amperes) - Time

- Conductivity or resistance of the body - Current path through the body

- Nature of contact (grip or touch)

- Individual factors (age, general health condition, children with thin skin)

Emergency action on finding someone in contact with electricity

- Isolate the supply if possible or move the person away from the source of electricity using an insulating material e.g. wood - Call for help

- Check ABC

- Apply CPR if needed - Treat burns if any

- Remain with casualty till emergency services arrive  A rcing

When electricity has sufficient potential to jump across insulating material such as air

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 F ire

Causes of Electrical Fires

Inadequate circuits

Overloading electrical circuits Incorrect fuses

Damaged insulation Loose connections

Using flammable materials too close to electrical equipment Overheating of cables on coils

Inadequate ventilation for electrical equipment & cables  E xplosion

Ignition of gas

Secondary Effects of Electricity

Falls from height

Throw off (away from the source of electricity) Unintentional movement of machine

Failure / De-activation of control measures & security systems Loss of information

Tripping over cables

Loss of corporate reputation

Health effects of Electricity on the body

External burns to the skin

Internal burns to the body organs Irregular heartbeat (Fibrillation)

Stopping of the heart (cardiac arrest)

Stopping of breathing (Respiratory paralysis) Muscular contractions

Damage to nervous system

Precautions to ensure safety of portable electrical equipment

 Ensure competence of workers : KATE  PPE e.g. insulating gloves & safety shoes  Avoid overloading circuits

 Regular preventive maintenance for the electrical equipment including thermographic tests

 Safe correct routing of cables to avoid being ran over by vehicles, dragged over rough surface, trapped in machinery or getting in contact with chemicals or hot surface

 Pre use visual inspection to ensure good insulation and that wiring and casing are free from damage

 Using approved suitable equipment & in good condition  Avoid home made or temporary connections

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 Always pull the plug NEVER the Lead & Avoid continous flexing  Use the suitable protective systems such as 

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051-4303707,03355033003-4 Page20

Protective systems:

Fuse:- A weak link designed to melt, breaking the circuit at excessive

currents

 Cheap and readily available  Does not protect the individual from shock

 Protects equipment  Slow to operate

 Inaccurate

 Unsuitable or wrong fuse may be used  Easy to override

 Could need tools to replace

Circuit Breakers:- Electromagnetic device which perform the same

function as fuses i.e. break the circuit at excessive current although slightly faster

 Automatically switch or trip under fault

conditions

 Does not protect the individual from shock

 No tools to reset  Not easy to override  No reset until fault cleared  Protects against overload

Earthing:- Electricity will always try reach earth and earthing means

providing a path to earth lower than the human body

 May prevent indirect shock by providing a very low resistance path

 Specialist testing and maintenance,

professional installation

 Readily identified  Protection defeated

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Isolation:- The disconnection and separation of the electrical

equipment from every source of electrical equipment in such a way that the disconnection and separation is secure (Lock out & Tag out)

 Safest option as it eliminates electricity

 May isolate other equipment

 May be physically locked off  May be reconnected unless locked off

 Prevents live fault finding

Battery operated tools:- Using battery instead of electrical wires

 Minimal risk during normal use

 Limited battery capacity  Range not restricted

by cable

 Limited power output  No trailing cable = No tripping hazards or overheating  Precautions need to be followed during mains charging  Heavier  More expensive

Reduced voltage systems:- By reducing the voltage present system

the consequences of electrical shock can be greatly reduced

 Available voltage difference is 55V ac - injury is highly unlikely

 Specialist equipment

required for 110 V  Colour coded cabling

system for easy recognition

 Lead from supply to transformer at higher voltages and will need protection with a RCD

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Residual Current Device (RCD):- It compares the current flowing into

the system with the current flowing out. When the level differs by a preset value the RCD will open rapidly and interrupt the supply

 Rapid and sensitive  May isolate crucial equipment if one RCD covers a

number of distribution points, e.g. freezers  Difficult to defeat  Mechanical device,

which could fail

 Easy to use, test and reset  Only protects against earth leakage faults (no overload protection)  Cannot be reset with a

fault on the circuit

Double Insulation:- Covering live parts by two separated layers of

insulation

 Two layers of

insulation prevent user contact with any live

 Physical damage may defeat double

insulation

 No earth required  No earth provided in

double insulation extension leads, therefore defeats protection if used with

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Element

6 :- Fire safety

The fire

triangle:- Fuel (Combustible material)  Heat (Source of ignition)  Oxygen (air)

Causes of fire

Arson

Smoking & smokers’ materials

Oil/gas heating equipment and portable heaters Unsafe storage of flammable materials

Use of flammable liquids or gases in unsuitable areas Hot work: welding, cutting, etc.

Mechanical heat (Sparks/friction)

PLUS causes of electrical fires page 19

Flash point :- The temperature at which gas & vapour will ignite

momentarily by an external source of ignition e.g. spark

Fire point :- The temperature at which gas & vapour will sustain a flame

when ignited by an external source of ignition e.g. spark

Auto-Ignition (Self ignition) :- The temperature at which gas & vapour

will ignite without any external source of ignition.

Methods of Heat Transfer

Direct burning:- The flame and a combustible fuel are in direct contact

and the fuel heats up and eventually ignites.

Radiation:- Heat is radiated through the air causing heating of a

materials at a distance from the fire.

Conduction: Heat travels within solid material from the hot part to

cooler part

Convection:- Hot air current rises up to replace cooler air , causing the

build up of hot and unburned gases under ceilings etc. and allows fire to spread from one room to another.

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Classes of fire

A Carbonaceous material (Combustible solids)

EXAMPLE: Wood & paper

B Flammable liquids EXAMPLE: Alcohol & Petrol

C Flammable gases EXAMPLE: Butane, methane & propane

D Metals EXAMPLE: Aluminium & Magnesium

F Cooking oil EXAMPLE: Vegetable oil & animal fats

Electrical Classified according to the source of ignition rather than fuel Source

Types of fire extinguishers

For class A Water, Dry powder or Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF)

For class B Dry powder, AFFF or CO2

For class C Dry powder or CO2

For class D Special powder or dry sand

For class F Wet chemicals

For Electrical Dry powder or CO2

 Wet Chemicals (potassium acetate, carbonate, or citrate) extinguishes the fire by forming a soapy foam blanket over the burning oil and by cooling the oil.

 In the UK the use of Halon gas is now prohibited except under certain situations such as on aircraft and in the military and police

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Precautions to prevent & control risk of fire AND to minimise the risk to people in the event of fire

- Eliminate / reduce the amount of flammable materials - Segregate fuel & ignition sources

- Good level of housekeeping to prevent accumulation of waste paper

- Good security measures to prevent arson - Safe storage of flammable material

- Compartmentation: dividing the building into isolated units

(compartments) by means of fire doors & fire walls so that any fire in any of these units will be contained there & won’t spread to the rest of the building

- Proper regular maintenance for all types of equipment - Electrical safety

- it is & following SSOW

- Suitable fire alarms & fire detectors.

- Fire marshals to guide the employees during the evacuation - Suitable means of fire fighting such as water sprinklers, whose

reels and fire extinguishers

- Unobstructed means of escape with reasonable travel distances, fire doors, exit signs, Emergency lighting & illuminating signs - Assembly points (Muster points)

- Regular drills & practices on evacuation

Precautions to ensure safe evacuation in the event of fire

- Adequate fire detection equipments e.g. smoke detectors - Good means of raising alarms (visual & audible)

- Automatic contact with the emergency services & fire department - Roll calls

- Safe evacuation plan.

- Special consideration for disabled people, pregnant women, etc. - Regular drills & practices on evacuation

- Unobstructed means of escape with reasonable travel distances fire doors, exit signs, Emergency lighting & illuminating signs - Muster point / assembly point (clearly identified & proper location) - Closing the windows & fire doors after leaving

- Adequate fire fighting equipment such as: Fire extinguishers, sprinklers, hose reels

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Element

7 :- Chemical & biological

health hazards & risk control

Respiratory defences (Body defences against dust)

- The hair in the nose acting as a filter to purify the air from the dust particles

- wetness of the nose (mucus) so the dust would stick to it & will be trapped and will go no further inside the lung

- The change of direction to the larynx so the dust particles in the air would stick to the nasal wall

- Sneezing and coughing which would expel the dust outside the respiratory system

- Turbulent motion of the air in the nose and the centrifugal force which will throw the dust to the sides sticking to the mucus - The hair cells in the respiratory tract (Ciliary escalator) pushing

the dust upwards till it reach the throat where it could be removed from the body

- The immunity system of the body: White Blood Cells (WBC) in the alveoli

- Fibrosis of the lung: isolating the affected non-functioning part from the rest of the healthy lung

- Tears and blinking of the eyes (not part of the respiratory defences)

Digestive defences (Body defences against ingested substances)

- Digestive juices & enzymes, the useful bacteria and the strong acid (HCL) which will destroy the harmful substances inside the stomach.

- Vomiting & diarrhoea which get rid of the toxins and the harmful substance out of the body.

- Smell & taste protecting the person from eating or drinking harmful substances or bad food.

Skin defences

- Sweating: Cooling down the skin and killing harmful organisms - Keratin: Forming the protective hard layer of the skin

- Melanin: responsible for the pigmentation of the skin, more

melanin makes the skin darker providing more protection from the sun and ultra violet light

- Sebum: the oily substance secreted by the skin to prevent it from dryness

- Hair: protecting and filtering the skin

- Sensory serves: the sense of touch in the skin

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Other defences

- Tears & Blinking of the eye - Pain

- Hormones e.g. Adrenalin

Types of Dermatitis:

1- Irritant / Contact 2- Allergic / Sensitive

Symptoms: - Irritation of the skin, Inflammation, Blisters, rash, swelling,

redness, hotness, Dryness and cracking of skin, and in severe cases: Ulcers & infections

Protective measures against dermatitis (Precautions)

Eliminate the substance

Substitution by a less hazardous one

Reduce duration & frequency of exposure to the substance Medical checkup for the workers

Good hygiene practices

PPE e.g. gloves and coveralls Barrier creams

Extractor fans & LEV it is

Dose-response relationship

All substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison; The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy.

Target Organs : The part / parts of the body which could be affected by

an external substance

Example: Inhalation of asbestos fibres will affect the lung causing cancer (asbestosis) SO the target organ of the asbestos is the lung

Other examples: Mercury, Lead brain & nervous system

Ammonia eyes, skin & lungs Organic solvents liver, skin & lungs

Also see examples page 34

 Local effect: The effect of the substance happens at the same

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 Systemic effect: The effect of the substance happens away from

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 Acute effect: Adverse health effects resulting from single or short term exposure to a large dose of the harmful substance

producing an immediate or rapid effect, it is usually reversible. EXAMPLE: Alcohol intoxication due to consuming large amount of alcohol in short time.

 Chronic effect: Adverse health effects resulting from prolonged & repeated exposure to a small dose of the harmful substance

producing a gradual & latent effect which usually stays

unrecognized for several years, it is usually irreversible

EXAMPLE: Liver damage (cirrhosis) caused by consuming small amount of Alcohol for many years.

Occupational Hygiene & Health hazards 1- Identification of health hazards 2- Measurement of health hazards 3- Assessment of health hazards 4- Control of health hazards 1- Identification of health hazards:

 Forms of chemical agents:

- Dust: Total inhalable & Respirable dust (0.5 – 7.0 micron) - Fume

- Mist - Smoke - Vapour

 Forms of biological agents: - Fungi

- Bacteria - Viruses

Routes of entry into the body (chemical agents)

- Inhalation - Ingestion

- Direct entry (open wounds) - Injection

(36)

Classification of Hazardous Substances

Irritant: Non-corrosive substances which through immediate, prolonged

or repeated contact with skin or mucous membrane may cause inflammation (Dermatitis)

Example: Petrol, cement, weak acids & alkalis

Corrosive: Substances which on contact with living tissue may destroy

it by burning

Example: acids (sulphuric acid) and alkalis (caustic soda)

Harmful: Substances which if swallowed, inhaled or penetrated the skin

may cause damage to health (cause diseases – ill health) Example: Petrol, cement

Toxic: A poisonous substance which may cause acute or chronic

damage to health or DEATH Example: Arsenic

Very Toxic: A poisonous substance which may cause acute or chronic

damage to health or DEATH even in low quantity Example: Cyanide

Carcinogenic: Substances which cause disorders to cell growth that

may lead to cancer (malignant tumours) Example: Asbestos

Mutagenic: Substances which cause changes to the chromosomes

(DNA / genetic material) leading to hereditary defects in the offspring of the affected person.

Example: Bromine & Benzene

Teratogenic: Substances which cause harmful effects to the embryo

(baby) inside the uterus of the pregnant woman. Example: Drugs & medications

(37)

051-4303707,03355033003-4 Page30

Material Safety Data sheet (MSDS) = Information on hazard data sheet 1- Identification of the substance & Manufacturers’ information

2- Composition & information on ingredients 3- Hazard identification

4- First aid measures

5- Fire fighting measures 6- Accidental release measures

7-Handling & Storage

8- Exposure control & Personal protection 9- Physical & Chemical properties

10- Stability & Reactivity 11- Toxicological information 12- Ecological information 13- Disposal consideration 14- Transport information 15- Regulatory information 16- Other

Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL)

• Long-term exposure limit (LTEL) 8 hour • Short-term exposure limit (STEL) 15 minute

Limits are expressed in:

– ppm (parts per million) for gases and vapours – mg/m3 for airborne particles such as dust and fume 2- Measurement of health hazards:

THREE survey

techniques:-1) Initial appraisal: Gathering information such as OEL, details of

the substances used, people affected, types of hazards, risks, and precautions; from different sources such as MSDS, manuals, experts, etc.

2) Basic survey:

 Qualitative observations: Smoke tube & Dust lamp

(38)

Diagram of Chemical stain tube detector (Grab Sampler)

Glass tube Direction of flow READ

1 2 3 5 1020

Fused tip Pre-layer

Porous granules, e.g. silica gel,

chemical reagent Scale divisions

Fused tip

Low cost Inaccurate

Takes little time Positioning of tube affects reading

Immediate result Only a snap shot

Little training needed Inefficient

Information during spillage Chemical use only Good for coarse indication Substance specific

3) Full survey:

 Direct reading instruments: such as Carbon dioxide gas

analyzer

 Indirect reading instruments:

 Passive (by diffusion) such as radiation badge / film badge  Active (powered by mechanical pump) such as H2S detector

3- Assessment of health hazards: Risk assessment (5 STEPS AS USUAL)

(39)

4- Control of health hazards:

Eliminate: remove the substance, or avoid the activity or process e.g.

pressure jetting a blocked drain instead of using dissolving chemicals

Reduce: reduce the risk by

- reducing the duration / frequency of exposure to the hazard - substituting the material with a less hazardous one e.g. using

water based paint instead of solvent based paint OR using granular material instead of powder

Isolate:

- Total Enclosure of the machine inside a glove box - Worker to be isolated inside a ventilated control room

Control

- Engineering Control: LEV & adequate maintenance for equipment - Administrative control: Change the work pattern or method, job

rotation, adequate breaks, good levels of Hygiene and housekeeping & providing the needed it is

PPE:

- Respiratory protection such as breathing apparatus to protect from chlorine or ammonia

- Hand & skin protection such as gloves to protect from detergents or solvents

- Eye protection such as goggles to protect from corrosives or ammonia

- Protective clothing such as chemical splash suits to protect from acids & biological agents

- Barrier creams

(40)

Labelled diagram of Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV)

LEV becomes inefficient because

of:-- Failure of operators to use it properly - Lack of proper maintenance

- Unauthorised modifications - Incorrect settings

- Hood damaged or not well positioned - Blocked / damaged ducts

- Full / damaged dust collection bags - Blocked / damaged filter

- Wear & tear of fan blades - Increased contaminant level

- Poor design of the LEV (inadequate capacity)

(41)

Examples of chemical agents (hazardous substances) & Target Organs  Ammonia

Strongly corrosive alkaline colourless gas with a pungent odour. Affecting the skin, eyes & the lungs.

Leading to eye irritation, dermatitis, inflammation of the lungs and in the large concentrations can cause blindness and fluid in the lungs

(emphysema)

Eye protection and respiratory protection are essential.  Asbestos

Affecting the lungs causing Asbestosis (Lung cancer)

 Carbon Dioxide CO2

Colourless and odourless gas which is heavier than air.

Affecting the lungs increasing the rate of respiration and high levels depress the rate of respiration leading to unconsciousness and even death

 Carbon Monoxide CO

More toxic than CO2, Colourless and odourless and tasteless gas. Found where incomplete combustion occurs e.g. boilers, vehicle exhausts

Affecting the lungs & the blood casuing headache, drowsiness, flushed “pink” appearance and ultimately asphyxiation and death

 Chlorine

A greenish toxic gas with a pungent smell.

Affecting the eyes & the respiratory system casuing severe irritation.

 Lead

A heavy, soft and easily worked metal. Can enter body by eating contaminated food or by breathing fumes or dust.

Affecting the brain & the nervous system casuing acute lead poisoning Resulting in nausea, headaches, nervous problems and in severe cases causing death.

 Organic Solvents

These dissolve other substances & are also used as cleaning & degreasing agents. They are volatile & evaporate quickly at room temperature so their vapours can be breathed easily.

Affecting the skin, nasal passages, throat, lungs, eyes, & the liver. Effects may be headaches, nausea, dizziness & loss of consciousness and in extreme cases leading to death.

(42)

 Isocyanates

Organic compounds widely used in industry for products such as spray painting of vehicles and production of polyurethane rubbers and foams. Affecting the nasal passages, throat & the lungs leading to lung

Inflammation & asthma.  Silica

Found in sand, granite & glass

Affecting the lungs as breathing silica could lead to serious lung disease “silicosis”

 Dust

Affecting the respiratory system causing asthma, bronchitis,

emphysema and conditions such as asbestosis or Silicosis if the dust contains asbestos or silica.

Dust Identification:

- Visual signs of dust in the air or deposited on surfaces or clothes - Results of monitoring using dust lamps or smoke tube

- Poor visibility or excessive tears & blinking of the eyes

- respiratory problems: coughing, sneezing, breathing difficulty - Maintenance problems e.g. abnormal blocking of filters

Control measures for dust:

- Elimination of dusty operation (outsourcing) - Bringing pre-formed components

- Substitution e.g. granules or paste instead of powders - Enclosure of the dusty operation or machines

- Extractor fans & Local exhaust ventilation (LEV) - Vaccuming instead of sweeping

- Damping down the dust by spraying water

- Reduce duration & frequency of exposure to dust - Reduce duration & frequency of the dusty operations - Reduce number of workers exposed to dust

- Respiratory protective equipment e.g. dust mask

- Medical check up & Health survillance with medical treatment for any health problem

(43)

Biological Agents

Leptospirosis (Weil’s disease)

Bacterial infection transmitted to humans by ingesting contaminated rat urine.

The most common source is in construction sites, water sports, river water, swimming pools, sewers, etc.

Symptoms: Flu like symptoms (Fever, sneezing, coughing & headache), Pneumonia, meningitis & Jaundice.

Fatal in 20% of the cases (Attacks the kidneys & liver)

Precautions & Control measures: pest control, covering damaged skin, it is, good hygiene & housekeeping

Legionella (Legionnaire’s disease)

Bacterial infection transmitted to humann by inhaling airborne bacteria found in water sources such as air conditioning systems, cooling towers, stagnant water etc.

Symptoms: Flu like symptoms (Fever, sneezing, coughing & headache), Pneumonia & difficulty in breathing

Fatal in 20% of the cases.

Those at greatest risk are smokers or old people with chest problems. Precautions & Control measures : Temperature control and monitoring, avoiding stagnation & avoiding “dead legs” in pipe work, biocide

treatment and effective cleaning and maintenance.

Hepatitis A, B and C

Viral inflammation of the liver caused by viral infection transmitted through ingesting food contaminated with faeces (hepatitis A) Or by blood & body fluids (hepatitis B & C)

Symptoms: Inflammation of the liver, fever, nausea, malaise & jaundice. Precautions & Control measures : Vaccination, disinfection, it is,

Avoiding sharp implements, Proper disposal of contaminated waste and good hygiene practices.

Routes of entry into the body (Biological agents)

- Inhalation - Ingestion

(44)

- Direct entry (open wounds) - Injection

(45)

Precautions for safe storage of waste

- Choosing a Suitable location - Sufficient storage area

- Labelled & individual containers - Ensure storage area is well secured - Store different types of waste separately - Never store incompatible waste together - Select appropriate containers

- Keep quantities of waste to a minimum - Protect waste from the elements

- Protection form adverse weather conditions

(46)

Element

8 :- Physical & psychological

hazards

Noise:

is any unwanted sound

Frequency:- Measuring the pitch / tone of the sound waves, measured

in cycles per second or Hertz (Hz)

Human range is 20 Hz – 20 KHz

Intensity:- Measuring the loudness / amplitude of the sound waves

measured in decibel (dB)

Safe limit is 80 dB Rule of 3

Every 3 dB increases means doubling the intensity i.e. 83 dB is double the intensity of 80 dB

Health effects of noise

Acute Chronic

Stress, Irritability, nervousness , increased heart rate and

insomnia

Temporary threshold shift Permanent threshold shift (Noise Induced Hearing Loss)

Temporary tinnitus Permanent tinnitus

Trauma e.g. Burst eardrum Presbycusis Blast deafness

Factors affecting the risk from Noise

- Frequency in Hz - Loudness in dB

- Duration & frequency of exposure to noise - Use of PPE

- Distance between the source of noise & the person exposed to it - The nature of the place

Noise control measures / precautions Source:

Eliminate or reduce the noise from the source by - Improving the design of the machine - Damping

(47)

- Isolation

(48)

Path:

Prevent/reduce transmission of noise through air or structures by using - Screens and barriers

- Enclosure - Absorption - Silencer

The Person:

- Increase the distance between the worker & the source of noise - Reduce the duration & frequency of exposure to the noise - it is

- PPE such as ear plugs & ear muffs

Hand-Arm

Vibration

Health Effects

Acute: Numbness & Tingling in the hands and extremities Chronic: - Permanent Numbness & Tingling

- Blanching of the fingers (Vibration White Fingers) - Swollen painful joints

- Reduction in manual dexterity - Reduction in the sensation of touch

Risk Factors

- Frequency of the vibrating tools ( in Hz) - Force exerted

- Duration & frequency of exposure - Low temperature

- Individual factors e.g. age & health condition

Control Measures for hand-arm vibration

- Automate or mechanise the job to elimination the use of vibrating tools

- Select the suitable tool with low vibration

- Reduce the degree of vibration as much as possible - Select ergonomically designed equipment

(49)

- Reduce the force exerted & the strength of grip with work equipment

- Reduce the duration of exposure to the vibration

- Health surveillance & treatment of any medical problem - Use PPE such as Gloves and heated pads

(50)

051-4303707,03355033003-4 Page40

Work

in

Hot

&

Cold

environment

Physiological effects of heat Stress (in foundries, glass works & laundries) Skin burns Cataracts Dehydration Heat cramps Raised heart rate Headaches

Confusion & Loss of concentration Vomiting

Fainting

Sun stroke & Heat stroke

Physiological effects of cold Stress (cold stores, food preparation area, big freezers & open air during winter)

Lowered heart rate Hypothermia

Shivering

Confusion & Loss of concentration Frost bite

Increased risk of strains & sprains

Risk factors

- Body activity & health condition - Type & amount of clothes

- Duration & frequency of exposure

- Ambient temperature & weather conditions - Source of heat / cold temperature

Control measures

- Acclimatisation

- Health surveillance & medical checkup - Hot / cold drinks

- Reduce duration & frequency of exposure - Temperature control

(51)

051-4303707,03355033003-4 Page41

(52)

Radiation

Non-Ionising

Type Use in Industry

Infrared Heating and brazing

Lasers Cutting, Bar code readers

Microwaves Food preparation, Signal transmission

Ultra-violet Welding

Radio waves Radar and communications

Health effects of non-ionizing radiation

Burns

Erythema (Reddening of the skin) Cataract

Arc eye Retinal burn Temporary sterility

Risk factors & Control measures of non-ionizing radiation:

• Duration & frequency of exposure

• Distance between the source & the worker • Shielding

• it is

• Proper maintenance & inspection of equipment (source) • PPE, e.g. eye protection

• Skin creams

Ionising Radiation

Type Use in Industry

Alpha Smoke detectors & anti static devices Beta Thickness testing & sterilisation of material Gamma Non-Destructive Testing & Radio therapy

X-Ray NDT & Radio diagnosis

Health effects of ionizing radiation

Acute health effects (high dose) Chronic health effects (small dose)

Erythema (Reddening of the skin) Carcinogenic effect (Cancer) Radiation sickness (Nausea

& Vomiting)

Mutagenic effect (Hereditary defects)

(53)

Diarrhoea Sterility , erythema & cataract

(54)

Risk factors & Control measures ofionizing radiation

- Duration & frequency of exposure

- Distance between the radioactive material & the people - Proper shielding (Lead or thick concrete)

- Using suitable PPE e.g. radiation suit - Correct disposal of radioactive materials - half life of the radioactive material

- Good hygiene practices - it is

- Monitoring exposure using film badges & Geiger counters

Violence

at

work

 Verbal abuse / threats AND Physical attacks

 Internal AND external violence

Occupations at risk

Taxi drivers , Health care professionals, Schools, Cash transactions Delivery/collection of money, Representing authority e.g. policemen & enforcement officers

Control measures

- it is: on absorbing anger, how to recognise aggressive behaviour & how to deal with it wisely

- Providing information on delays - Proper queue management

- Welcoming environment & nice decor - Checking visitors’ credentials (IDs)

- Safe & secure design of workplace e.g. wide counters, coded locked doors & physical barriers

- Security officers & CCTV cameras

- Good means of Communication & alarm systems - Regular removal of cash from the workplace

- Avoid Lone working; safe precautions for lone workers - Reporting, recording and investigating violent incidents - Zero tolerance of aggressive behaviour

(55)

(56)

Stress

Physical Effects Psychological effects

Headaches Increased anxiety

Dizziness Reduced concentration

Aching neck and shoulders Irritability & nervousness

Skin rash Panic attacks & Sudden mood

changes

Prone to infections Inability to cope Raised heart rate &

Increased blood pressure

Reduced work output / performance

Diabetes Increased use of alcohol, drugs,

pain killers & tobacco

Heart disease Insomnia (Poor sleep patterns)

Stomach & mouth ulcers

Causes

of

stress:

1. Culture of the organisation: how it approaches work-related

stress, e.g. communication, consultation, staff support systems, and working hours;

2. Demands: workload too high or too low, shift work and unsocial

hours, excessive overtime, and exposure to violence and bullying;

3. Control: how much control the person has in the way they do

their work, e.g. work planning, use of acquired skills, repetitive or monotonous work;

4. Relationships between employees: physical violence, threats

or verbal abuse e.g. repeated shouting and swearing, malicious gossip; unjustified picking of faults, prevention of career

development; sexual harassment; & discrimination due to gender, race or disability;

5. Change: how organisational change is managed and

communicated in the organisation, e.g. new technology, restructuring, redundancies, and unclear objectives;

6. Role: job insecurity, fear of redundancy, being unclear about

roles, responsibilities and expectations, conflicting roles, e.g. the conflict of different job demands such as working for more than one manager;

7. Individual: skills not matched to the task, inadequate training,

unclear job description, and fair and open feedback on the work and role, illness, financial worries, family commitments; and

8. Environment: inadequate lighting, problems with glare, cramped

or untidy working conditions, security problems, extremes of temperature and / or humidity, inadequate ventilation, draughty conditions, high noise and vibration levels, inadequate welfare facilities and poor weather conditions for those working outside.

(57)

Identification of

Stress

Stress within the organisation may be identified by:

 informal observation & conversation with workers & supervisors;

 performance appraisal with an opportunity for open discussion of problems;

 monitoring of attendance records and conducting ‘return to work’ interviews;

 sickness absence / ill-health trends;

 reduced productivity of the employees

 High staff turnover.

The end of week 2

G O O D L U C K

(58)

Examination

rules

&

tips

- Each question MUST be answered on a separate page (sub- sections of the same question should be answered in the same page, ONLY a NEW question should be on a new separate page) - The number of the question must be mentioned in the box at the

top of the page

- All answers must be Specific , complete & meaningful sentences - The handwriting should be CLEAR enough

- Use the regular blue pen & in the drawings use a pencil

- In General: 8 mark question = 8 points answer, 6 mark = 6 points etc.

- In General: the answer of 8 mark question should be about half a side of A4 page and the answer of 20 mark question should be about one side & half of A4 pages

- The exam starts at 9:00 am SHARP - Bring your passport or ID

- The exam is 2 hours ; If your mother tongue is not English (according to the nationality registered in the exam) you will be given extra 30 minutes, so the exam will be 2 & half hours instead of 2 hours but ONLY if you bring a non-technical bilingual dictionary (regular book not electronic one)

- Nothing else is alowed as it’s a closed book exam

 Time of the exam is enough but just enough , don’t waste your time

 Read the question 3 times carefully before starting the answer  If you run out of time , answer in the form of list

 Don’t cross any answer as there’s no negative marking  As much as possible; Structure your answer into separate

headings e.g. external & internal / short term & long term etc.

Action Verbs in exam questions:

o Explain, Describe or Outline: Give a detailed word picture ;

Give a clear account of, or reasons for o List / Identify / Give / state : Select & name: Provide without

explanation nor details

o Define: Provide a generally recognised or accepted definition

PLUS an appropriate example