Histroy Grade 12 &13 Syllabus.pdf

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(1)fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug; gj;jpu cau;ju. tuyhW ghlj;jpl;lk; juk; 12 - 13 (,g; g hlj; j pl; l khdJ 2009 Mk; Mz; b ypUe; J mKy; g Lj; j g; g Lk; ). r%f tpQ; Q hdj; J iw nkhopfs;> khdpltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk; Njrpa fy; t p epWtfk; kfufk 49.

(2) 1.0. mwpKfk;. 2007 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; Gjpa fy;tpr; rPu;j;jpUj;jj;Jf;F mikthf fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug; gj;jpu cau;juj;jpw;fhd ,g;ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ 2009 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J mKYf;F tUfpd;wJ. NkYk; tuyhW ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ Njrpa nfhs;iffSf;F mikthfTk; khztuplj;Nj Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Nfw;wthWk; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ 4 gFjpfis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. mitahtd> 1. tuyhW : ,yq;if tuyhW (tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhye; njhlf;fk; fp.gp. 1978 tiu) 2. tuyhW : ,e;jpa tuyhW (tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; njhlf;fk; fp.gp. 1206 tiu) 3. tuyhW : INuhg;gpa tuyhW (fp.gp. 1500 njhlf;fk; fp.gp. 1989 tiu) 4. tuyhW : etPd cyf tuyhW (fp.gp. 1500 njhlf;fk; fp.gp. 1989 tiu) tuyhw;iwf; fw;Fk; midj;J khztu;fSk; ,yq;if tuyhW ghlj;jpl;lj;ijf; fl;lhak; gapy Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; ,e;jpa tuyhW> INuhg;gpa tuyhW, etPd cyf tuyhW Mfpatw;wpy; tpUg;gj;Nju;tpd; mbg;gilapy; fl;lhak; VjhtnjhU gFjpiaj; njupe;njLj;Jg; gapYjYk; Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf tpla cs;slf;fj;jpYk; khw;wq;fs; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. •. ,yq; i f tuyhW :•. gioa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; “etPd Vfhjpgj;jpa tsu;r;rp” vDk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; kp\dupf; fy;tp Kiw kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyaupd; fy;tpf; nfhs;if (fd;dq;fu rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fs; tiu) kl;LNk fhzg;gl;lJ. Gjpa rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jpd;gb mj;jiyg;G “,ytrf; fy;tpapd; tsu;r;rpp” vDk; cg jiyg;gpd; fPo; 1981 Mk; Mz;L tiuapyhd tsu;r;rpiaAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.. •. Nrhy;gup ahg;G kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; tiuapyhd gioa ghlj;jpl;lk; “Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,yq;if” vDk; Gjpa jiyg;gpd; fPo; Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; Njrpa mgptpUj;jpf;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfs;> 1972 tiu ghuhSkd;w Kiwapd; tsu;r;rp> 1978 epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; nfhz;l [dhjpgjp Ml;rpKiw vDk; jiyg;GfSk; cs;slq;Fk; tpjj;jpy; Gjpaghlj;jpl;lk; tpupthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.. 1.

(3) •. ,e; j pa tuyhW :,jpy; khw;wq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy.. •. •. INuhg; g pa tuyhW :INuhg;gpa ehfupfj;ij khw;wpaikg;gjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa rf;jpfs;> mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;> ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; cyfk; vDk; %d;W Gjpa jiyg;Gfs; cs;slf;fg;gl;L;s;sd. • gioa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd;gb INuhg;gpa tuyhW INuhg;gh etPd fhyj;Js; gpuNtrpg;gJld; Muk;gkhdJ> Mdhy; Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; INuhg;gpa ehfupfj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahlg;gLk;. mjd;gb fpNuf;f> cNuhk> fpwp]j ; t kw;Wk; ,];yhkpa ehfupfq;fs; INuhg;ghit fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; gq;fspgG ; r; nra;Js;s tpjk; Muk;gj; jiyg;ghFk;. • mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; vDk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; mnkupf;fhtpy; Kjypy; FbNawpatu;fs;> FbNaw;wq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;lik> Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;lKk; mjd; tpisTfSk; vDk; tplaq;fs; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. • ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;Jld; Kbtile;j gioa ghlj;jpl;lj;Jf;Fg; gjpyhf “,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; cyfk;” vDk; jiyg;G Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; ,Wjpj; jiyg;ghf mike;Js;sJ. ,jd; fPo; Kjyhspj;Jt> Nrh\ypr mzpfs; kw;Wk; mzpNruh mikg;G> gdpg;Nghu;> nfhs;if Nkhjy;fs;> If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; nraw;ghLfs; Kjypa fhuzpfs; cs;thq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.. •. •. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf Vw;fdNt ,Ue;j jiyg;Gfspd; cs;slf;fq;fspy; khw;wq;fs; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. gioa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l ,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;jy;> N[u;kdpia xw;Wikg;gLj;jy; vDk; jiyg;GfSf;Fg; gjpyhf 1815 ,d; gpd;du; ypguy; thj> Njrpa thj rpej ; idfspdJk; rf;jpfspdJk; tsu;rr ; p vd khw;wg;gl;L ,r; rpej ; idfspd; gpuNahfr; nraw;ghLfspd; fPo; ,j;jhyp If;fpag;gLjy;> N[u;kdp If;fpag;gLjy; vDk; tplaq;fs; cs;thq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.. etPd cyf tuyhW :•. •. ,e;jpah kw;Wk; INuhg;gh vDk; njupTf;Fupa tplag; gug;gpDs; “etPd cyf tuyhW” vDk; Gjpa ghlk; ,q;F mwpKfk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; fPo; 1500 fspd; gpd;du; Mrpa> Mgpupf;f> INuhg;gpa> mnkupf;f tyaq;fspy; epfo;e;j rk;gtq;fs; fw;wYf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,g;ghlj;jpl;lk; 12k;> 13k; juq;fSf;Fupait. mjw;Nfw;g fPo;tUk; mbg;gilapy; ghl cs;slf;fj;ij me;je;jj; juj;jpy; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F xOq;FgLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.. 2.

(4) 2.0. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;. •. fhy xOq;F> %yhjhu tpku;rpg;G> fhuz fhupaj; njhlu;G vd;gtw;wpD}lhff; fl;bnaOg;gLk; gFj;jha;T uPjpahd gapy;itAk; mwpitAk; eilKiw tho;f;ifapy; gad;gLj;jy;.. •. RNjr jdpj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; Njrpa xUikg;ghl;bw;Fk; top mikf;Fk; fhuzpfisg; gFg;gha;jy;.. •. fle;j fhyj;ijf; fw;gjhy; fpilf;Fk; tpsf;fj;ijf; nfhz;L epfo;fhyj;ijg; Gupe;Jnfhs;sy;.. •. fhyj;ijAk; gpuNjrj;ijAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ehfupfq;fspd; tsu;rr ; piaf; fw;W r%fj;jpy; epyTk; gy;tifikapD}lhf ,ioNahLk; nghJthd gz;Gfis mwpe;J nfhs;sy;.. •. Njrpa gpur;rpidfis xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; Muha Kd;tuy;.. 3.

(5) jtizfSf;Fupa cj;Njr Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tplak;. juk; 12. ,yq;if tuyhW. ,e;jpa tuyhW. 1 Mk; jtiz. 1.1> 3.2> 5.2>. 2 Mk; jtiz. 5.4> 5.5> 5.6> 5.7 3.3> 4.1 5.8> 6.1. INuhg;gpa tuyhW. cyf tuyhW. 1.2> 2.1> 3.1> 1.1> 1.2> 2.1> 2.2> 1.1> 1.2> 2.1> 2.2> 1.1> 1.2> 1.3> 1.4> 1.5> 4.1> 4.2> 5.1 3.1> 3.2 2.3> 3.1 2.1 5.3 3.2> 3.3> 4.1> 4.2> 5.1. 2.1> 3.1> 3.2> 4.1> 4.2. 3 Mk; jtiz 6.3> 6.4> 7.1> 7.2> 4.2> 5.1> 5.2> 5.3 6.1> 6.2> 6.3> 7.1>. 4.3> 4.4> 4.5 5.1> 5.2> 5.3> 5.4. 7.3. 7.2> 8.1> 8.2. 1 Mk; jtiz 8.1> 8.2> 9.1> 9.2> 6.1> 6.2> 7.1> 7.2 9.1> 9.2> 10.1> 10.2 7.1> 7.2> 8.1> 8.2> 9.1 9.3> 10.1. juk; 13. 2 Mk; jtiz 10.2> 10.3> 11.1> 11.2> 12.1> 12.2> 13.1> 13.2. 3 Mk; jtiz 14.1> 14.2> 15.1> 16.1> 16.2> 17.1> 17.2. 8.1> 8.2> 8.3> 9.1> 11.1> 11.2> 12.1> 9.2 12.2. 9.2> 10.1> 10.2> 10.3> 11.1> 11.2. 10.1> 10.2> 11.1> 11.2> 11.3> 11.4. 12.1> 12.2> 12.3> 13.1> 13.2> 13.3> 13.4 13.5. 4. 13.1> 13.2> 14.1> 14.2> 15.1> 15.2.

(6) 3.0. ghlj;jpl;lk;. 3.1. juk; 12 ,yq; i f tuyhW (tuyhw; W f; F Kw; g l; l fhye; n jhlf; f k; 1978 tiu) ghl cs; s lf; f k;. ghlNtis. 1.0 fhy xOq;F> %yh 1.1 ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fsp jhu tpku;rpg;G> D}lhf tuyhw;W tplaq; fhuz fhupaj; fisf; fl;bnaOg;gj;jf;f njhlu;G vd;gtw;wpd; tpjj;ijg; gFj;jha;thu;. Clhff; fl;bnaOg; gg;gLk; gFj;jha;T uPjpahd gapy;itAk; 1.2 njhy;nghUspay; %yhjh uq;fspd; Clhf tuyhw;W mwpitAk; eil Kiw tho;f;ifapy; tplaq;fisf; fz;lwpaj; jf;f tpjj;ijj; Njbawp gad;gLj;Jthu;. thu;.. • ,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjw;fhd %yhjhuq;fs; • %yhjhuq;fis tifg;gLj;jy; • ,yf;fpaq;fs; • cs;ehl;L • ntspehl;L. 10. 2.0 cz;zhl;L kw;Wk; 2.1 ,yq; i fapd; ehfupfk; ntsp miktplj;jpw; ,irtiltjpy; Gtpapay; Nfw;g ehl;bd; fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr; tuyhW jPu;khdpf;fg; nrYj;jpa tpjj;ijg; gFj; gLfpwJ vd;gjw;fhd jha;thu;. fhuzpfis Kd; itg;ghu;.. • ,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;iw ,irtiltjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa Gtpapaw; fhuzpfs; • ,yq;ifapd; Gtpapay; miktplk; • Gtpapay; miktplk; tuyhw;wpd; kPJ nrYj;jpa jhf;fk;. Nju; r ; r p. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. • njhy;ypay; • ,bghLfs; • rpyhrhrdk; • ehzak;. 5. 10.

(7) Nju; r ; r p. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. ghlNtis. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. 3.0 ,yq; i f ehfupfj; 3.1 ,yq;iff;F ePzl ; fhy jpd; Muk;gk;> tsu; jdpjJ ; tkhd tuyhw;Wg; r; r p> guk; g y; vd; g gpd;dzp cs;sJ vd; tw; i w Muha; e ; J gij tuyhw;Wf;F tuyhw;wpd; tsu;r;rp Ke;jpa fhyj;jpD}lhf kw; W k; Nghf; F fs; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;. gw;wpa tpsf;fj;Jld; 3.2 ,yq;ifapd; Muk;gf; nraw;gLthu;. FbNaw; w q; f s; gw; w p tpgupg;gjD}lhf fhyj; jpw; F k; miktpw; F k; Vw;g ,yq;ifapd; ehupf tsu;r;rp gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.. • ,yq;ifapd; Guhjd fhyk;. 4.0 xOq; F gLj; j g; g l; l 4.1 rkaj;jpD}lhf xOf; fkhd r%fk; fl;b naOg;gg;gLk; Kiw gw;wpa tplaq;fspy; ftdQ;nrYj;jp> ew;gz;Gfis ghJ 4.2 fhf;f gq;fspg;ghu;.. • ,yq;ifapy; ngsj;j rkak; Muk;gkhjYk; guk;gyil jYk; • kfpej ; Njuupd; tUiff;F Kd; fhzg;gl;l topghL fSk; ek;gpf;iffSk;. ngsj;jj;jpw;F Kw;gl;l fhyj; j py; fhzg; g l; l topghLfSk; ek;gpf;if fSk; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;thu;. ,yq;ifr; r%fk; ngsj;j rkaj;jpD}lhf fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l tpjk; gw;wp jfty;fis Kd; itg;ghu;.. • Muk;gf; FbNaw;wq;fSf;F Kd;ida fhyk; • Muk;gf; FbNaw;wq;fSk; guk;gyiljYk; tp[adpypUe;J Njthdk;gpajp];]d; tiu. •. 06. -. ngsj;j rkak; Muk;gkhjYk; guTjYk; • ,e;jpag; gpd;dzp • ,yq;ifapy; ngsj;j rkak; Muk;gkhjy; • ngsj;j rkak; Muk;gkhd gpd;du; ,yq;ifapy; Vw;gl;l r%f gz;ghl;L NtWghLfs;. 6. 10.

(8) Nju; r ; r p. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. Ml;rpahsu;fspd; Fztp ay; G fspd; mbg; g il apy; murpd; vOr;rpia Ak; tPo;r;rpiaAk; mDuhjGu ,uhrjhdp murpaypd; Clhf tpgupg;ghu;.. • uh[ul;il ehfupfj;jpd; murpay; tsu;r;rp. • mDuhjGu uh[jhdp • gz;Lfhga kd;ddpypUe;J Ie;jhk; k`pe;j kd;dd; tiuapyhd murpay; tsu;r;rp. ntspehl;L nry;thf;F fspD}lhf ehl;bd; tuyhW khw;wkilAk; Kiwapidg; gw; w pa jfty;fis mDuhjGu ,uhrjhdp Clhf Nrfupg;ghu;.. • ntspehLfSld; epytpa njhlu;GfSk; mtw;wpd; nry;thf;FfSk; • murpd; tsu;r;rp • epu;thf Kiw. 5.3. mDuhjGu uhr;rpaj;jpd; vOr;rpf;Fk; tPo;r;rpf;Fk; gq;fspj;j fhuzpfis ju;ff ; uPjpahf Muha;thu;.. • mDuhjGu uhrjhdpapd; rPu;FiyTk; tPo;r;rpAk;. 5.4. ntspehl;L nry;thf;F fspd; fhuzkhf ehl; bd; tuyhW khw;wkil Ak; tpjk; njhlu;ghd jfty; f is nghyd Wit uhrjhdpA+lhfr; Nrfupg;ghu;.. • nghyd;dWit uh[jhdp • Nrhou; Ml;rp. 5.0 ,yq;ifapd; gy;NtW 5.1 fhyfl; l q; f spYk; Vw; g l; l murpay; Njhw; w g; g hLfis mwptjd; %yk; ngw;w mDgtj;jhy; epfo; f hyj; i jAk; vjpu;fhyj;ijAk; tsg;gLj;jpf; nfhs; 5.2 tjw;fhf mtw;iwg; gpuNahrdkhd Kiwapy; gad;gLj; jpf; nfhs;thu;.. 7. ghlNtis 45.

(9) Nju; r ; r p. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. 5.5. Ml;rpahsupd; Fztpay; Gfspd; mbg; g ilapy; murpd; vOr;rp> tPo;r;rp milAk; tpjq; f is nghydWit ,uhrjhdp apD}lhf tpgupg;ghu;.. • Kjyhk; tp[aghF kd;ddpypUe;J fhypq;f khfd; tiuapyhd murpay; tsu;r;rp. 5.6. Guhjd fhyj;jpy; Njhd; wpa ngz;fspd; caupa jiyikj;Jtj;ij kjpg; ghu;.. • ngz;fspd; jiyikj;Jtk;. 5.7. ntspehl;L nry;thf;F fs; %yk; ehl; b d; tuyhW khw;wkilAk; tpjk; njhlu;ghd jf ty;fis nghydWit ,uhrjhdp Clhfr; Nrfupg;ghu;.. 5.8. gyk; k pf; f ,uhrjhdp ahf tpsq;fpa nghyd Witapd; vOr;rp> tP o ; r ; r pf; f hd fhuzq; fis ju; f ; f uP j pahf fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.. • ntspehLfSld; nfhz;bUe;j cwTfSk; mtw;wpd; tsu;r;rpAk; • murpd; tsu;r;rp • epu;thf Kiw. • nghyd;dWit uh[jhdpapd; rPu;FiyTk; tPo;r;rpAk;. 8. ghlNtis.

(10) Nju; r ; r p. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. ghlNtis. • u[ul; i l ehfupfj; j pd; nghUshjhu KiwikAk; r%fKk; • tptrhak;. 40. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. 6.0 u[ul; i l ehfupfj; 6.1 jpd; nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; r%fk; gw;wp EZfp Muha; e ; J Njrpa mUQ; n ry; tq;fisAk; jdpj;J tj;ijAk; ghJfhf;f 6.2 nraw;gLthu;.. 6.3. 6.4. u[ul;il ehfupfj;jpd; capue ; hbahf tptrhak; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l tpjj; i j Muha; e ; J mjd; Kd;khjpupfis epfo;fhyj;Jld; xg;gpl; Lg; ghu;g;ghu;. tws; tyaj;jpw;F ePu;g; ghrdk; gw;wp Muha;e;J Guhjd mUQ;nry;tq; fisg; ghJfhf;f Kd; tUthu;. u[ul;il ehfupfj;jpd; tpahghuk;> ifj;njhopy; kw; W k; njhopy; E l; g k; vd;gd me;ehfupfj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; gq; f spj; j tpjj; i j Muha; e ; J mt; t UQ; nry;tq;fis njhlu;e; Jk; ghJfhf;Fk; tif apy; nraw;gLthu;. u[ul;il ehfupfj;jpd; gz;ghl;L Nkk;ghL gw;wp Njbawpe;J mjd; jdpj; Jtj; i j ghJfhf; F k; tifapy; nraw;gLthu;.. • ePu;g;ghrdk;. • tpahghuKk; ifj;njhopYk; njhopDl;gKk;. • gz;ghl;L tsu;r;rp. 9.

(11) Nju; r ; r p. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. ghlNtis. • u[ul;il ehfupfk; tPo;r;rpaile;j fhyk; njhl;L 16 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gk; tiuapyhd ,yq;if • ,uhrjhdpfs; ,l khw;wkiljy;> jk;gnjdpa> ahg;g$t> FUzhfy;> fk;gis> Nfhl;il • aho;g;ghz ,uhrjhdp. 30. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. 7.0 ,yq;ifapy; gy;NtW 7.1 fhyfl;lq;fspy; epfo;e;j r%f> murp ay; > nghUshjhu tsu;rr ; p gw;wp Muha; e;J mtw;wpy; cs;s K d ; k h j p u p f i s 7.2 jw;fhyk; kw;Wk; vjpu;fhyj;ij ntw;wpailar; nra; ag; gaDWjpkpf; f tifapy; gad;gLj;J thu;.. nghydWit ,uhrjhdp tPo;r;rpaile;j gpd;du; Njhd;wpa ,uhrjhdpfs; gw;wpa jfty;fis Nrfupg;ghu;. nghydWit tPo;r;rpa ile;j gpd;du; Njhd;wpa ,uhrjhdpfs; ntspehL fSld; nfhz; b Ue; j njhlu;Gfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; nry;thf;Ffs; gw;wp tpgupg;ghu;.. •. ntspehLfSld; nfhz; b Ue; j njhlu; G fSk; mtw;wpd; nry;thf;FfSk;. 7.3. nghydWit tPo;r;rpa ile;j gpd;du; Njhd;wpa ,uhrjhdpfsJ r%f> nghUshjhu> gz;ghl;L jfty;fis EZfp Nehf;fp mjd; jdpj;J tj;ij ghJfhf;f gq;fspg;ghu;.. • •. nghUshjhuk; r%fk;> gz;ghL. 10.

(12) 3.2. juk; 12 ,e;jpa tuyhW (Guhjd fhye;njhlf;fk; 1206 tiu) Nju; r ; r p. 1.0 fhy xOq;F> %yh 1.1 jhu tpku;rpg;G> fhuz fhupaj; njhlu;G vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf fl;bnaOg; gg;gLk; gFj;jha;T uP j pahd gapy; i t 1.2 Ak; mwpitAk; eilKiw tho; f ; ifapy; gad; g Lj; Jthu;.. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;f • Kf;fpa tuyhw;W %yhjhuq;fs; spd; JizAld; • ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fs; ,e;jpa tuyhW fl;b naOg; g g; g l; l tpjk; gw;wp Muha;e;jwpthu;. ,e; j pa tuyhw; i wf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; njhy;ypay; %yhjhuq; fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;s tpjk; gw;wp Muha;thu;.. •. 11. njhy;nghUspay; %yhjhuq;fs;. ghlNtis 08.

(13) Nju; r ; r p. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. ghlNtis. • Gtpapay; fhuzpfs; ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa tpjk; • ,e; j pahtpd; Gtpapay; mikT (cs; t hup/ ntspthup) • kj;jpa MrpahtpypUe;J Ntwhf mike;jpUj;jy; • tlNky; fztha;> fbdg; ghij • jiuj;Njhw;wk; • ejpg; gs;sj;jhf;Ffs;> JiwKfq;fs; • kiyj;njhlu;fs; • gPlG+kpfSk; rkntspfSk; • ghiytdq;fs; • njd; ,e;jpahtpd; mikT. 14. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. 2.0 fhyk;> ,lk; Mfpa 2.1 tw; i w mbg; g il ahff; nfhz;L ehfupfj;jpd; tsu;rr ; p ia fw;ifapy; r% fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfspD}lhf ,ioNahLk; nghJg; gz;Gfisg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs; thu;.. ,e;jpahtpd; Gtpapay; mikT mjd; tuyhw; wpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj; j pa tpjj; i j Muha; e ; J tpsf; f k; ngWthu;.. 2.2. ,e;jpahtpd; tprhyj; jd;ikAk; gy;tif ikAk; ,e; j pa tu yhw;wpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;s tpjj; ij Muha;e;jwpthu;.. •. 12. ,e;jpahtpd; tprhyj;jd;ikAk; gy;tifikAk;.

(14) Nju; r ; r p. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. 3.0 rpe;Jntsp ehfupfk; 3.1 kw; W k; itjpfg; gz;Gfspd; Clhf ,e;jpa ehfupfj;jpd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp guprP ypg;ghu;.. njhy;nghUspay; rhd; w pfspd; %yk; rpe;Jntsp ehfupfj; jpd; Njhw;wk;> jd;ik> mjd; tPor ; r ; p Mfpad gw; w pa tuyhw; i wf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.. • ,e;jpa ehfupfj;jpd; Njhw;wk; • rpe;Jntsp ehfupfk; • Muk;gk; (cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L) • tpuptiljy; • rpe;Jntsp ehfupfj;jpd; efu ,ay;G. 3.2. rpe;Jntsp ehfupfkh dJ gpe;jpa ehfupf tsu;rr ; pfF ; g; gq;fspjj ; tpjj;ij Muha;thu;.. • Nkw;gb ehfupfj;jpd; gq;fspg;Gfs; • efuhf;fk; • nghUshjhuk; • gz;ghL. 3.3. ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq; fspD}lhf itjP f ehfupfk; njhlu;ghd tuyhw; i w Muha; thu;.. • itjPfg; gz;Gfs; • ,Uf;F itjPf Afk; • Muk;gf; FbNaw;wq;fSk; gutYk; • r%fk;> nghUshjhuk;> fyhrhuk; • itjPf Afj;Jf;Fk; gpw;gl;l fhyk; • r%fg; nghUshjhu epiy • fyhrhuk;. 13. ghlNtis 20. 20.

(15) Nju; r ; r p. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. ghlNtis. 4.0 ehfupfj;jpd; tsu; 4.1 r;rp gbg;gbahf Xu; fhy xOq;fpy; ,lk; ngWfpwJ vd;gij ,e;jpahtpd; tuyhw; W epfo; T fspd; %yk; fl;b naOg;Gthu;.. Nfhj;jpu Afj;jpypU e;J NguuR Afk; tiuf; F k; ,e; j pa ehfupfk; tpUj; jpaile;j tpjj;ijg; guprPypg;ghu;.. • NguuRk; tiu ,e;jpah • murpay; epiyik • itjPf Afj;jpd; gpd;duhd murpay; epiyikfs; • fp.K. Vohk; Mwhk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; tl ,e;jpahtpy; murpay; epiyik • gjpdhW khngUk; FbNaw;wq;fs; • kfj Nguurpd; Njhw;wKk; guk;gYk;. 30. 4.2. rka kw;Wk; jj;Jtf; fUj; J f; f s; ,e; j pa ehfupfj;ij fl;b naOg; g gq; f spj; j Kiw gw; w p EZfp Muha;thu;.. • ,e;jpa rka kw;Wk; jj;Jtr; rpe;jidfspd; tsu;r;rp • gpuhkzpak;> rkz rkak;> ngsj;j rkak;> NtW rkaq;fs;. 12. 14.

(16) Nju; r ; r p 5.0 nksupa Nguurpd; 5.1 vOr;rp kw;Wk; tPo;r;rp Mfpatw;wp D}lhf munrhd; iw gyk; tha;e;j tifapy; nfhz;L 5.2 nry;tjw;fhf gpd; gw;w Ntz;ba fhu zpfs; gw;wp ftdQ; nrYj;Jthu;. 5.3. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. gyk;tha;e;j nksupa Nguurpid fl;bnaOg; gg; g l; l tpjk; gw; w p gFg; gha;T nra;thu;.. • nksupag; NguuR • nksupa mjpfhu tpupthf;fk;. NguuR xd;wpy; fhzg; gl;l rpwg;ghd gz;G fis nksupa Nguu rpD}lhfg; guPlr ; pg;ghu;.. • epu;thf Kiw • mNrhf ePjp • fyhrhu mgptpUj;jp. gyk;tha;e;j NguuR xd; w pd; tP o ; r ; r papy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj; Jk; fhuzpfis nksupag; NguurpD} lhfg; gFg;gha;T nra; thu;.. • nksupa Nguurpd; tPo;r;rp. 15. ghlNtis 25.

(17) 3.3 juk; 12 INuhg;gpa tuyhW (fp.gp. 1500 Kjy; 1989 tiu) Nju; r ; r p 1.0 gy;NtW rf;jpfspd; 1.1 Mjpf;fj;jpdhy; ehfupfj; i j fl; b naOg;gg;gLk; tpjj; ij INuhg;gpa ehfupfj; j pD}lhf gFg; g ha; T nra; thu;. 1.2. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. ghlNtis. fpNuf;f> cNuhk> fpwp];jt ehfupfq;fs; INuhg; g pa ehfupfj; Jf;F mbg;gilahf mike;j tpjk; gw;wp gFj;jha;thu;.. • INuhg;gpa ehfupfj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa rf;jpfs; • fpNuf;f> cNuhk kw;Wk; fpwp];jt ehfupfk; • fpNuf;f ehfupfk; • cNuhk ehfupfk; • fpwp];jt ehfupfk;. 15. typikkpff ; INuhg;gpa ehfupfj;jpd; kPJ ,]; y hkpa ehfupfj; jpd; jhf; f k; gw; w pg; guprPypg;ghu;.. • ,];yhkpa ehfupfk;. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. 16.

(18) Nju; r ; r p. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. 2.0 INuhg;ghtpy; epfo; 2.1 e;j khw;wq;fs; cyfpy; nry;thf; Fr; nrYj;jpa tpjj; jpidg; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.. khdpa Kiwapd; Kf; f pa gz; G fis Muha;e;J INuhg;gpa ehfupfj;jpd; tsu;r;rp apd; Kf;fpa fl;lkhf mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj; ijg; gFg;gha;T nra; thu;.. • INuhg;gh etPd Afj;jpy; gpuNtrpj;jy; • khdpa KiwAk; mjd; tPo;r;rpAk;. 2.2. INuhg; g pa ehfupfk; etPd Afj;jpw;F gpu Ntrpj;j tpjj;ij kW kyu;r;rp> Gjpa fz;L gpbg; G f; f s; > Njrpa muRfspd; vOr;rp vd; g tw; w pd; %yk; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.. • etPd Afj;jpy; gpuNtrpj;jy; • kWkyu;r;rp • Njrpa muRfspd; vOr;rp • tpQ;Qhdf; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs;. 2.3. ehLfhz; gazq;fs;> INuhg;ghtpd; mjpfh ug; guty; vd;gtw;wpd; Clhfg; NguuRfs; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l tpjj;ijg; guPl;rpg;ghu;.. • ehLfhz; gazq;fSk; INuhg;gpa Mjpf;f tsu;rr ; pAk;. 17. ghlNtis 18.

(19) Nju; r ; r p. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. ghlNtis. • rkar; rPu;jpUj;jq;fSk; Gul;l];jhe;Jf;F vjpuhd rPu;jpUj;jq;fSk;. 20. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. 3.0 t s u ; r ; r p a i l e ; J 3.1 te;j kdpj ehfupfk; gy;NtW jhf;fq;fsp dhy; gue;j khw;wq;f Sf;F cs;shdJ gw;wp tpsq;fp epfo; fhyj;ij vjpu; nfhs;Sk; jpwidg; ngWthu;.. fpwp];jt ehfupfj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L cUthfpap Ue;j INuhg;gpa ehfupfj; j py; > rkar; rP u ; j ; j pUj; j q; f s; Vw; gl;likf;fhd fhuzq; fisg; gFg; g ha; T nra;thu;.. 3.2. Gul;l];jhe;J> Gul;l]; jhe;J vjpu; eltbf; iffshy; INuhg;gpa tuyhw; w py; epfo; e ; j khw;wq;fs; gw;wpa jf ty;fisj; jpul;Lthu;.. • • •. rkar; rPu;jpUj;jq;fSf;Fg; gpd;dzpahf mike; jit Gul;l];jhe;J ,af;fk; Gul;l];jhe;J vjpu; rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fk;. N[u;kdpiag; Nghu;f; fskhf ikag;gLj;jp eilngw;w njhlu; Aj; jq;fs; gw;wp Ma;e;jwp thu;.. •. Kg;gjhz;L Aj;jk;. 3.3. 18.

(20) ghl cs; s lf; f k;. ghlNtis. • gpupj;jhdpag; ghuhSkd;w Kiw • ghuhSkd;w Kiwapd; Muk;gKk; tsu;r;rpAk; tpisTfSk;. 13. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. Nju; r ; r p 4.0 kdpj cupikfisg; 4.1 ngWk; nghUl; L ePz;l fhykhf Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs; sg;gl;l tpjj;ijg; gFj;jha;thu;.. murdpd; mjpfhuj;ij kPwp> ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuj;ij tpup thf; F k; nghUl; L > ,q; f pyhe; J kf; f s; Kd;ndLj;Jr; nrd;w Nghuhl;lk; kdpj ,dj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj; jpwF ; toptFj;j tpjk; gw;wpg; gFj;jha;thu;.. 4.2. ghuhSkd;w Kiwapd; gpujhd ,ay;Gfisg; gpupj;jhdpa Kiwik apD}lhfj; gFj;jha; thu;.. 5.0 ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp> 5.1 kdpj eltbf; i f fs; khw;wkil tjpy; gq; f spj; j tpjk; gw;wpg; gFg; gha;T nra;thu;.. iffshy; nra;j Ntiyfis ,ae;jpuq; fsplk; xg; g ilj; j njhopw; Gul;rpahdJ cyfg; Nghf; i fNa khw;wpaikj;j tpjk; gw;wpa jfty;fisj; jpul;Lthu;.. •. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs; • gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw • fl;rp Kiw • mikr;ruit Kiw. • ifj;njhopy; Gul;r;p • Muk;gk; • tpuptiljy; • tpisTfs;. 19. 13.

(21) Nju; r ; r p. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. ghlNtis. • mnkupf;f Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;lk; • Muk;gf; Fbfs; • INuhg;gpau; mnkupf;fhTf;F tUk;NghJ mq;F tho;ej ; tu;fs; (nrt;tpe;jpau;> m];nlf;> ,d;fh> khah). 12. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. 6.0 $l;lhfr; nraw;gL 6.1 tjd; %yk; jkJ cupikfis ntd; nwLf;f KbAk; vd;gij mnkupf;f Rje; j pu Nghuhl; lj;jpd; %yk; gFg; 6.2 gha;T nra;thu;.. 6.3. mnkupff ; htpy; tho;ej ; Muk; g f; Fbkf; f s; gw;wpa jfty;fisf; Nfhitg;gLj;Jthu;.. jw;fhy cyfk; INuhg; gpa ehfupfj; j pw; F ,ir thf;fk; ngw;w tpjj; ijf; FbNaw;wq;fspd; Njhw;wj;jpD}lhfg; guPl; rpg;ghu;. NguurpypUe; J tpL jiy ngWk; nghUl;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Nghuhl;lk;> epiw Ntw;wpf; nfhz;l murpay; ahg;G vd;g tw;wpdhy; mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghu; cyf tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpaj; Jtk; ngWk; tpjj;ijg; gFj;jha;thu;.. • FbNaw;wq;fs; Njhd;Wjy; • INuhg; g pau; mnkupf; f htpw; F te; j ikf; f hd fhuzq;fs; • INuhg;gpau; (];ghdpau;> gpuhd;rpau;> Mq;fpNyau;) mnkupf;fhtpy; FbNaw;wq;fis epWTjy; • ,q;fpyhe;jpd; mjpfhuj;jpd; fPo; FbNaw;wq;fs; epUtfpf;fg;gl;l tpjk; • Rje;jpug; Nghu; • FbNaw;w thrpfspd; ntw;wpf;fhd fhuzq;fs; • Rje;jpuk; ngwy;> Gjpa murpay; ahg;gpid epiw Ntw;wpf; nfhz;lik.. 20.

(22) Nju; r ; r p. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. 7.0 fLikahd Nghuhl; 7.1 lj;jpd; %yk; ntd; nwLj;j kdpj cup ikfis ghJfhf; Fk; tifapy; nraw;gLthu;.. gy;NtW Vw;wj;jho;Tf shy; Gul;rpfs; cUth Ffpd;wikia gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; mbg; g ilapy; gFj; jha;thu;;.. • gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp • gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; • gpuhd;rpd; gioa Kbahl;rp Kiw • gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;F topNfhypa fhuzpfs; • Gul;rpapd; Muk;gKk; tsu;r;rpAk; • Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpa re;ju;g;gq;fs;. 7.2. gpuhd;rpa kf;fs; Kd;ndLj;Jr; nrd;w Gul; r papd; tpisT fspd; fhuzkhf ngwg;gl;l kdpjdpd; mbg; g il cupikf isg; ghJfhg;gjw;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.. • Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs;. 8.0 tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpa 8.1 khd jdpahl;fsJ eltbf;iffs; tuyhw; i w fl; b naOg;g gq;fspj;j tpjj;ij gFg;gha;T 8.2 nra;thu;.. neg;Nghypadpd; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;> gpuhd;rpa Njrpaj;ij fl;bnaOg;g gq;fspjj ; Kiwia tpsf;Fthu;.. • neg;Nghypad; Nghdghl; kw;Wk; mtdJ NguuR • neg;Nghypad; gyk; ngWtjw;fhd fhuzpfs; • neg;NghypadJ rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; • neg;NghypadJ ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;iffs;. jiyrpwe; j Nguur dhfpa neg; N ghypa dJ Njhy; t pf; f hd fhuzq;fisg; gFg; gha;T nra;thu;.. •. neg; N ghypad; fhuzq;fs;. 21. Njhy; t p. mile; j ikf; f hd. ghlNtis 15. 15.

(23) 3.4. juk; 12 etPd cyf tuyhW (fp.gp. 1500 ,ypUe;J 1989 tiu) Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. Nju; r ; r p 1.0 etPd cyfpd; Njhw; 1.1 wj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dzp ahf ,Ue;j INuhg; gpa rf; j pfisg; gFj;jha;thu;. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. tzpf KjyhspjJ ; tj; jpd; vOr; r p etP d cyfpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F top tFj;j tpjj;ijg; gFj;jha;thu;. kWkyu;rr ; papd; Clhf Gjpa cyfk; Njhw;wk; ngw;w tpjj;ijg; gFj; jha;thu;. kWkyu;r;rpapd; murp ay; vOr;rpia Njrpa muRfspd; vOr;rpapD} lhfg; guprPypg;ghu;. cyfpy; jdpikg;gl;b Ue;j ehLfs; etPd cyfj;Jld; njhlu;G gl; l tpjj; i j ehL fhz; gazq;fs; Clhfg; gFj;jha;thu;. rkar; r P u ; j pUj; j q; f s; etPd cyfpd; Njhw;wj; Jf;Fg; gq;fspg;G ey;fpa tpjj;ij Ma;e;jwpthu;.. ghl cs; s lf; f k; •. etPd cyfpd; Njhw;wk; • khdpa Kiwapd; tPor ; r ; pAk; tzpf Kjyhspj;Jtj; jpd; vOr;rpAk; •. kWkyu;r;rp. •. Njrpa muRfspd; vOr;rp. •. INuhg;gpaupd; ehLfhz; gaz ,af;fKk;> mjd; tpupthf;fKk;. •. rkar; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;. 22. ghlNtis 30.

(24) Nju; r ; r p. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. ghlNtis. 2.0 cyfpd; Vida 2.1 ehLfspy; murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu Kiwapy; khw;wk; Vw;gLtjw;F INuhg;gh vt;thW gq; f spg; G r; nra; Js;sJ vd;gjid gFj;jha;thu;.. INuhg; g htpy; gyk; tha;e;j muRfs;> cyfk; KOtJk; jkJ mjpfhuj; i jg; gug; g pa tpjj; i jg; gFj;jha;thu;.. •. INuhg;gpa Mjpf;f tpupthf;fk; • ];ghdpag; Nguurpd; tpupthf;fk; • Nghu;j;Jf;Nfag; Nguurpd; vOr;rpAk; tpupthf;fKk; • xy;yhe;jpd; (neju;yhe;;J) Mjpf;fg; tpupthf;fk; • gpuhd;rpd; Mjpf;fg; tpupthf;fk; • gpupj;jhdpaupd; Mjpf;fg; tpupthf;fk;. 20. 3.0 Mrpahtpd; tuyhW 3.1 khw; w kiltjw; F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j fhydpj; J t nry; thf;Ffs; gw;wp tpgupg;ghu;. 3.2. njd;dhrpa> njd; fpof; f hrpa ehLfs; fhydpj; J tj; J f; F s; shfpa tpjj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.. •. Mrpahtpy; fhydpj;Jtk; • ,e;jpah> rPdh> ag;ghd; • njd;fpof;fhrpah. 20. fpof;fhrpah KOtJk; fhydpjJ ; tj;jpwF ; cl; glhJ tpbDk; fhydpj; Jt thjpfsJ nry; thf;FfSf;F cl;gl;l Kiwapidg; gFj;jha; thu;.. •. 23. ,e;NjhNdrpah> kyhah> gu;kh (kpad;khu;)> rPak; (jha;yhe;J)> tpal;ehk;> fk;Nghr;rpah> gpypg;igd;];.

(25) Nju; r ; r p. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. ghlNtis 40. 4.0 e t P d c y f p i d 4.1 cUthf;Ftjw;Fj; J}z;Ljyhf mik e;j Gul;rpfs; gw;wp gFj;jha;thu;.. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuj;ij tsu;jJ ; f; nfhs; t jw; F ,q; f p yhe;J kf;fs; Nkw; nfhz; l Nghuhl; l k; khdpl tu; f ; f j; j pd; tsu; r ; r pf; F cjtpa tpjk; gw;wp Mq;fpyg; Gul; r papd; Clhfg; guprPypg;ghu;.. •. etPd cyif khw;wpaikf;f cjtpa Gul;rpfs; • fp.gp. 1688 Mq;fpyg; Gul;rp. 4.2. NguuRthjj;jpw;F vjpuhf Nkw;nfhs;sg; gl;l KjyhtJ Rje; jpug;Nghuhl;lk; vd;w tifapy; mnkupf;fg; Gul; r papd; Kf; f paj; Jtj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.. •. mnkupf;fg; Gul;rp. 4.3. cupikfis ntd; nwLf;Fk; nghUl;Lg; gpuhd;rpau; Nkw; nfhz;l Gul;rpahdJ mbg;gil kdpj cup ikfisg; ghJfhg; gjw;F cjtpa tpjj; ijg; gFj;jha;thu;.. •. gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp. 24.

(26) ghl cs; s lf; f k;. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. Nju; r ; r p 4.4. 4.5. 5.0 ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp 5.1 ahdJ kdpj el tbf;iffis khw; wj;Jf;Fs;shfpa tpjk; gw;wp gFg;gha; thu;. 5.2. 5.3. 5.4. cyf ehfupfj; i jg; Ngh\pg; g jpy; u\; a g; Gul;rpapd; jhf;fj;ijg; gFj;jha;thu;. nghJTlik thjj;jpd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp rPdg; Gul; r papd; Clhfg; guPl;rpg;ghu;.. •. u\;ag; Gul;rp. •. rPdg; Gul;rp. iffshy; nra;j Ntiyfis ,ae;jpuq; fsplk; xg;gilg;gjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa fhuzpfisj; Njbawp thu;. ifj; n jhopy; Gul; r p Clhd njhopDl; g tsu;r;rp gw;wp guprPypg; ghu;. ifj; n jhopy; Gul; r p tpuptile;j tpjk; gw; wpa tplaq; f isj; jpul;Lthu;. kdpj eltbf;iffis ,yFgLj; J tjw; f hf tpUj;jpaile;j ifj; njhopy;kakhf;fj;jpd; tpisTfisg; gFj; jha;thu;.. •. ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpAk; mjd; jhf;fq;fSk; • ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpf;Fg; gpd;dzpahf mike;j fhuzpfs;. •. njhopDl;gj;jpd; tsu;r;rp. •. tpupthf;fk;. •. tpisTfs;. 25. ghlNtis 14.

(27) juk; 13. 26.

(28) 3.1. juk; 13 ,yq;ifapd; tuyhW (Muk;g fhyj;jpypUe;J 1978 Mk; Mz;L tiu) Nju; r ; r p. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. 8.0 ,yq;ifapd; ntt; 8.1 gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,yq;if murpay; NtW fhyfl; l q; f tuyhW njhlu;ghd spy; ,lk; ngw; w jfty;fisj; jpul;Lthu;. murpay; Njhw; w g; ghLfis gjpdhwhk; E}w; w hz; b D}lhfj; E Z f p N e h f ; f p > 8.2 Ml;rpapy; epyTk; Fiw ghLfs;> me;epa Mjpff ; j; mjd; %yk; ngw;w jpwF ; toptFf;Fkhw;iwg; gbg;gpidfis Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; epfo;fhy> vjpuf ; hyq; ,yq;if tUiff; fis ntw;wpfukhd $lhfg; gFj;jha;thu;. jhf;fpf; nfhs;tjw; fhfg; gad; g Lj; J thu;.. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. ghlNtis. • •. gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapd; murpay; tuyhW ,uhrjhdpfs; • Nfhl;il ,uhrjhdp • aho;g;ghz ,uhrjhdp • fz;b ,uhrjhdp • rPjhthf;if ,uhrjhdp. 25. •. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; tUif • Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; tUifAk; mtu;fs; RNjr ,uhrjhdpfSld; nfhz;l njhlu;GfSk; • fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fs; Nghu;jJ ; f;Nfaupd; Ml;rpf; Fl;gLjy;.. 15. 27.

(29) Nju; r ; r p. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. 9.0 ,yq;ifapd; gy;N ; tW 9.1 f z ; b , u h r j h d p i a ts%l;Ltjpy; Ml;rpahs fhy fl; l q; f spy; upd; gq;fspgG ; njhlu;ghd epfo; e ; j murpay; jfty;fisf; Nfhitg; r%f> nghUshjhu gLj;Jthu;. Njhw; w g; g hLfis Muha;e;J mjd; %yk; ngw;w mDg 9.2 fz;b ,uhrjhdp Nghu;j; Jf;NfaUlDk; xy;yhe;j tq;fis epfo;fhyj; UlDk; nfhz; b Ue; j ijAk; vjpu; fhyj; njhlu; G fis xg; g P l ; L ijAk; ntw; w pfu uPjpapy; gFg;gha;T khdjhf;fpf; nfhs;t nra;thu;. jw;Fg; gad;gLj;J thu;. 9.3 fz;b ,uhrjhdp eput ; hf> r%f> nghUshjhu> fyhrhu epiyikfis EZfpaha;e;J jkJ mUQ; n ray; t q; f isg; NgZtjw;F eltbf;if vLg;ghu;.. ghl cs; s lf; f k; • •. fz;b ,uhr;rpak; Kjyhk; tpkyju; k #upa kd; d dpd; Ml; r pf; fhyj;jpypUe;J = tpf;fpuk uh[rpq;f kd;ddpd; Ml;rpf;fhyk; KbAk; tiuahd murpay; tuyhW.. •. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;> xy;yhe;ju; • fz;b ,uhr;rpak; Nghu;jJ ; f;NfaUld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlu;Gfs; • xy; y he; j upd; tUifAk; fz; b ,uhr; r pak; mtu;fSld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlu;GfSk;. •. Ml;rp> r%fk;> nghUshjhuk;> gz;ghL • epu;thf Kiw • r%fk;> nghUshjhuk;> gz;ghL. 28. ghlNtis 30.

(30) Nju; r ; r p. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. 10.1 ,yq;ifapy; Nghu;j;Jf; 10.0 ,yq;ifapy; Nfa> xy;yhe;j Ml;rp Nkiyj; Njaj;jtu; gw; w pa jfty; f isj; fspd; mjpfhu jpul;Lthu;. tpupthf;fj;ijj; njhlu;e;J Vw;gl;l 10.2 Nghu; j ; J f; N faUk; xy; yhe; j Uk; fiuNahug; r%f> murpay;> gpuNjrq;fspy; ifahz;l nghUshjhu khw; nghUshjhu> rkaf; wq;fis EZfp nfhs;iffs; njhlu;ghff; Muha;e;J jkJ; fw;wwpthu;. ehl;bd; jdpj;Jtj; ; f;NfaupdJk; xy; ijf; fhj;J gyk; 10.3 Nghu;jJ yhe;jupdJk; r%f> tha;e;j Njrpakhf gz; g hl; L nry; t hf; F cUthf; F tjw; F g; fisg; gFj;jha;;thu;. gq;fspgG ; r; nra;thu;.. •. fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa> xy;yhe;j Ml;rp. • •. Ml;rp Kiw nghUshjhu> rkaf; nfhs;iffs;. •. r%f> gz;ghl;Lr; nry;thf;F. ; hdpau; ,yq;ifapd; 11.0 ,yq;ifapy; Mq;fp 11.1 gpupjj fiuNahug; gpuNjrq; Nyaupd; mjpfhu fspd; mjpfhuj;ij tpupthf;fj;ij jkjhf;fpf; nfhz;l tpjj; EZfp Muha; e ; J ijg; gFg;gha;thu;. jkJ ehl;bd; ,iw ikia ghJfhg;gjw; 11.2 gpupj;jhdpau; fz;b ,uhr; rpaj; i jf; ifg; g w; w pf; Fupa Njitapid nfhz;l tpjj;ijg; gup tpsq;fpr; nraw;gL rPyid nra;thu;. thu;.. •. gpupj;jhdpaupd; ,yq;if tUif • fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpaupd; mjpfhuj;ij epiy ehl;Ljy;. •. 29. fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;Sjy;.. ghlNtis 15. 10.

(31) Nju; r ; r p. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. 12.0 Mq;fpNyau; ,yq; 12.1 ,iwikiag; ghJfhj; Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf gpupj; ifapy; Vw;gLj;jpa jhdpa Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf murpay; khw;wq;fs; RNjrpfs; vOr;rpaile;j RNjrthrpfs; kP J tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;. jhf;fk; Vw;gLj;jpa Kiwia tpgupg;ghu;. 12.2 , y q ; i f a p y ; r % f > nghUshjhu> murpay; khw; w q; f is cUthf; Ftjw;fhf gpupj;jhdpa uhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l murpay; ahg;Gf;fisg; gFj;jha;thu;.. •. 13.0 gpupj;jhdpauhy; Vw; 13.1 ,yq;ifapd; ngUe;Njhl; lg; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp gLj; j g; g l; l r%f> gw;wpa jfty;fis tpsf; nghUshjhu khw;wq; Fthu;. fs; ,yq;if r%fj; jpy; nry; t hf; F r; n r Y j ; j p a K i w 13.2 g p u p j ; j h d p a u p d ; f P o ; ,yq;ifapd; r%f> nghU apid xg;gPl;L uPjp shjhu khw; w q; f is ahf gFj;jha;thu;. xg; g P l ; L uP j papy; gFj; jha;thu;.. ghlNtis. gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; ,yq;if • gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhd ,af;fk; • 1818 ,Yk; 1848 ,Yk; gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhd fpsu;r;rpfs;. • 1848 ,d; gpdd ; uhd mur nfhs;iffspy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;. murpay; ahg;G tsu;r;rp: Nfhy;GW}f; murpay; ahg;Gr; rPu;jpUj;jKk; epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jKk;. 20. •. ngUe;Njhl;lg; nghUshjhuj;jpd; tsu;r;rp • ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwapd; Muk;gKk; ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;fSk;. 22. •. nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f khw;wq;fs; • epjpj;jhgdq;fs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J tsu;r;rpAk; kw;Wk; njhiyj; njhlu;G Kiwfspd; tpUj;jp • Njrpa tptrhag; nghUshjhuk; • r%f khw;wq;fs;. •. 30.

(32) Nju; r ; r p. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. ghlNtis. 14.0 gpupj;jhdpauJ rka 14.1 ,yq;ifapy; kiw gug;G • ,af;fk; nraw;gl;l tpjj; gug;gy; ,af;fk; kw; ij njupe;J nfhs;thu;. Wk; mjw;nfjpuhd Njrpa rka vOr;rp 14.2 kiw gug;G ,af;fj;jhy; ngsj;j> ,e;J> ,];yhkpa gw; w p fw; W jkJ rkaq;fspy; vOr;rp Vw; jdpj;J tj;ij gl;l tpjj;ij tpsq;fpf; ghJfhg;gjd; nfhs;thu;. Njitf;Nfw;g nraw; gLthu;.. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; rka> fyhrhu kWkyu;r;rp • kiw gug;G ,af;fk; (kp\dup). 15.0 ,yq;ifapd; fy;tp 15.1 ,yq;ifapd; etPd fy;tp • apd; tsu;rr ; p gw;wp mwpe;J tsu;r;rp gw;wpa nfhs; t hu; . jfty;fisg; gFj; jha;thu;.. etPd fy;tpapd; tsu;r;rp • gpupj;jhdpaupd; fy;tpf; nfhs;if • ,ytrf; fy;tpapd; tsu;r;rp. 12. 16.0 ehl; b d; Rje; j puj; 16.1 kj;jpaju tu;f;fj;jpdupd; • vOr;rp Njrpa ,af;fj; ijg; ngWtjw;fhd ijf; fl; b naOg; G jy; ,af; f q; f s; gw; w p vd;gd njhlu;ghd jf fw;W mr;Rje;jpuj; ty;fisg; gFj;jha;thu;. ij ghJfhg;gjw;F nraw;gLthu;. 16.2 murpay; ahg;Gr; rPu;jpUj; jq; f s; kw; W k; Njrpa Rje; j puj; i j miljy; njhlu;ghf xg;gl P L ; uPjpapy; tplaq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.. Njrpa ,af;fKk; murpay; ahg;Gr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fSk; • kj;jpaju tu;f;fKk; Njrpa ,af;fKk;. 12. •. • • •. 31. 14. ngsj;j> ,e;J> ,];yhkpa vOr;rp. rl;lthf;f tsu;r;rp nlhd%u; ahg;G Nrhy;gup ahg;Gk; Njrpa Rje;jpuKk;.

(33) Nju; r ; r p. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. 17.0 Njrpa Rje;jpuj;ij 17.1 Rje; j puj; j pd; gpd; d u; • mile; J nfhs; t ,yq; i fapd; Njrpa jw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg; mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghff; gl; l gpuaj; j dq; f mDrupf;fg;gl;l nfhs; is EZfpaha;e;J iffs; njhlu;ghd ey;yhl;rpf;fhfg; gq; jfty;fis tpsf;Fthu;. fspg;Gr; nra;thu;. 17.2 Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;duhd • ,yq;ifapd; murpay; epiyikiag; guprPypg; ghu;.. Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,yq;if • Njrpa mgptpUj;jpf;fhff; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l nfhs;if fSk; ntoptiffSk;. ghuhSkd;w Ml;rp Kiwapd; tsu;r;rp - 1972 tiu • epiwNtw;W mjpfhuKs;s [dhjpgjp Ml;rp Kiw - 1978. 32. ghlNtis 20.

(34) 3.2. juk; 13 ,e;jpa tuyhW (tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; njhlf;fk;) Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. Nju; r ; r p. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. 6.0 kj;jpa Ml;rpapd; gy 6.1 tPdq;fs; fhuzkhf gpuNjr Ml;rpahsu; fs; typik ngWk; tpjj;ij ,e;jpa tu 6.2 yhw;wpD}lhfg; gFj; jha;thu;.. tlNkw;fpypUe;J te;J nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa tu;fs; gw;wpa jfty; fisr; Nrfupg;ghu;. kj;jpa Ml;rpapd; gy tPdq;fs; fhuzkhf mz;ikf;fhy ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; nry;thf; Fr; nrYj;jpa khepy muRfs; gw;wpa jfty; fis Nrfupg;ghu;.. •. 7.0 ,e;jpa ehfupfj;jpd; 7.1 tsu;rr ; pAk; tpupthf;f Kk;; gw;wpf; fw;W mj dhy; fPioj;Njak; ngw;w mUQ;nry;tq; fis Fg;j Nguurpd; Clhfg; gFj; j ha; thu;.. ,e; j pa tuyhw; i wf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; Fg;jg; Nguurpd; gq;f spg;G njhlu;ghf jfty;fis tpsf;F thu;.. •. 2A.7.2 Fg;jg; NguuR tPo;r;rp Aw; w tpjk; gw; w pa tplaq;fisj; jpul;L thu;.. •. nksupa Nguurpd; KbT Kjy; Fg;j Nguurpd; Muk;gk; tiu ,ejpahtpd; murpay;> gz;ghl;L tuyhW • • • • •. 20. ,e;J - fpNuf;fu; (RUf;fkhf) rhf;fpau; Frhzu;fs; Rq;ifNahu; rhjtfthzu;fs;. Fg;j NguuR • Fg;j Nguurpd; mjpfhu tpupthf;fk; • Fg;jg; Nguurpd; epUthfk; • nghUshjhu epiyik • tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy; • cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk; • gz;ghL • rkak; > jj; J tk; > nkhopAk; ,yf; f paKk; > fl;blf;fiy> rpw;gf;fiy> rpj;jpuf;fiy Fg;jg; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rp. 33. ghlNtis. 24.

(35) Nju; r ; r p. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. 8.0 njd;dhrpa gpuhe;jp 8.1 aj;jpy; gy;ytu;fspd; murpay; kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L nraw;ghL 8.2 fs; nry; t hf; F r; nrYj;jpa tpjj;ijg; gFj;jha;thu;. 8.3. gy;ytu;fspd; Ml;rpajp • fhuk; tpuptile;j tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;. gy;ytu;fspd; fyhrhuk; gw;wpa jfty;fis tpsf;Fthu;. gy;ytu;fspd; ntspehl; Lj; njhlu; G fisAk; me;ehLfs; kPJ gy;yt upd; nry;thf;FfisAk; tpsf;Fthu;.. gy;ytu;fspd; murpay; kw;Wk; fyhrhu nraw;ghLfs; • gy;ytupd; mjpfhu tpupthf;fk; • gy;ytu; gz;ghL. 9.0 ,e;jpa ehfupfj;jpd; 9.1 tsu;r;rpiaAk; tpup thf;fj;ijAk; gw;wp mwpe;J mjd; %yk; fPioj;Njak; ngw;w mUQ;nry;tq;fisg; gFj;jha;thu;.. Fg;j Afj;jpd; ,Wjpap • ypUe;J K];ypk; Mf;fpukpg;G tiuahd fhyj;Jf;Fs; tl • ,e;jpahtpd; tuyhw;Wj; jpUg;G Kidfis tpsf;Fthu;.. 9.2. ,e; j pahtpd; cd; d j • epiyikapy; gutyhd khw;wnkhd;iwj; Njhw; Wtpg;gjw;F K];ypk;f spd; Mf;fpukpg;G top Nfhypa tpjj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;thu;.. Fg;j Afj;jpd; ,Wjp njhlf;fk; K];ypk; Mf;fpukpg;G tiuahd fhyj;Jf;Fs; tl ,e;jpahtpd; tuyhw;Wj; jpUg;G Kidfs; Fg;j Afj;jpd; ,Wjp njhlf;fk; K];ypk; Mf;fpukpg;G tiu • ù;\tu;jd kd;ddpd; fPo; fdt;[tpd; vOr;rp • fdt; [ tpd; mjpfhuj; J f; f hf ,lk; n gw; w Nghuhl;lq;fs; • ghy muru;fspd; murpay;> gz;ghl;Lr; nraw;ghL fs; K];ypk; Mf;fpukpg;Gk; ,e;jpahTk; • muhgpauJk; JUf;fpauJk; Mf;fpukpg;Gfs; • ,e;jpahtpy; K];ypk;fspd; mjpfhuk; epiyehl;lg; gly;. • •. 34. ghlNtis 12. gy;ytupd; ntspehl;Lj;njhlu;Gfs; ntspehLfs; kPjhd gy;ytupd; nry;thf;F. 22.

(36) Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. Nju; r ; r p 10.0 njd; g puhe; j paj; j pd; 10.1 Kf;fpakhd gpuNjr muRfspd; tuyhw; iwg; gFj;jha;thu;. 10.2. ,e;jpahtpd; njd; • gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; rhSf;fp au; f spd; nraw; g hL fisg; guprPypg;ghu;. uh\; b u$lu; f spdJk; ghz;bau;fspdJk; mu rpay; nraw; g hLfs; njhlu;ghf Njbawpthu;.. 11.0 ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; 11.1 cUthf;fj;jpy; njd; dpe;jpag; gz;ghl;bd; nry;thf;if tpsf;F 11.2 thu;.. Nrhog; Nguurpd; Njhw;w • Kk; tsu;rr ; pAk; gw;wpa jfy;tis tpsf;Fthu;.. 11.3. 11.4. Nrhog; NguuR ,e;jpah Tf;F mg;ghy; tpupt ile;j tpjj;ij tptupg; ghu;. Nrhoupd; Ml;rp Kiw cUthf; f g; g l; b Ue; j tpjj;ijg; guprPypg;ghu;. Nrhou; f spd; r%f> nghUshjhu> gz; ghl;Lj; jfty;;fisj; jpul;Lthu;.. ghlNtis. ghl cs; s lf; f k; ghz; b au; f spd;. 20. Nrhog; NguuR • Nrhog; Nguurpd; Njhw;wKk; tpUj;jpAk; • Kjyhk; guhe;jfd;> Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod;> Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; • Nrhog; NguuR ,e;jpahTf;F mg;ghy; tpuptile;j guk;gy;. 20. rhSf; f pau; f s; > uh\; b u$lu; > RUf;fkhd murpay; tuyhW. •. Nrho mjpfhu mikg;G. • •. Nrhoupd; r%f> nghUshjhu epiy gz;ghL rkak;> nkhopAk;> ,yf;fpaKk;> fl;blf;fiy> rpw;gf;fiy> rpj;jpuf;fiy. 35.

(37) 3.3. juk; 13 INuhg;gpa tuyhW (fp.gp. 1500 njhlf;fk; 1989 tiu) Nju; r ; r p. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. ghlNtis. 9.0 kdpj ehfupfj;jpd; 9.1 tsu;r;rpapy; cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJ fhf;Fk; nghUl;Lf; 9.2 fl; b naOg; g g; g l; l mikg;Gf;fs; njhlu; ghfg; guPl;rpg;ghu;.. tpad;dh kfhehl;bd; • nraw;ghL gw;wpg; gFj; jha;thu;. gpwf ; hyj;jpy; cyf rkh jhdj;ij Vw;gLj;Jt jpy; tpad;dh kfhehL toq;fpa gq;fspg;igg; guprPypg;ghu;.. tpad;dh kfhehL • tpad;dh khehL mwpKfk; • tpad;dh khehL $l;lg;gl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fs; • tpad;dh khehL vjpu;nfhz;l gpur;rpidfs; • tpad;dh khehL gpd;gw;wpa topKiwfs; • tpad;dh khehl;bd; tpisTfs;. 15. 10.0 c y f t u y h w ; w p 10.1 idf; fl;bnaOg;G tjw;F cjtpa murpay; rf;jpfis ,j; j hyp> N[u; k dp Clhf xg;gPl;L uPjp apy; gFj;jha;thu;.. cyf tuyhw; i wf; • fl;Ltjw;F mbg;gil ahf mike;j murpay; rf; j pfs; njhlu; g hd jfty;fis> jhuh z;ik (ypguy;thjk;)> Njrpa thjk; Mfpa rpe;jidfspd; tpUj;jp Clhf tpsf;Fthu;. ,j;jhypia If;fpag; • gLj;jy;> N[u;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;jy; ,af; fj;jpd; Clhf jhuhz; ikAk; (ypguy;thjk;) Njrpa thjKk; eil Kiwapy; nraw;gl;l tpjj;ij guprPypg;ghu;.. fp.gp. 1815 ,d; gpdd ; u; jhuhz;ikAk; (ypguy; thjKk;) Njrpa thjKk; vOr;rp ngwy;. • murpay; rpe;jid • jhuhz;ik (ypguy; thjk;) Njrpa thjk; - mwpKfk; • jhuhz;ik (ypguy; thjk;) Njrpa thjk; Mfpatw;wpd; tsu;r;rp. 27. 10.2. murpay; rpe;jidfis eilKiwapy; gpuNahfpj;jy; • ,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;jy; • N[u;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;jy;. 36.

(38) Nju; r ; r p. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. 11.0 KjyhtJ cyf 11.1 kfh Aj;jj;jpd; nfhûj;ijAk; rkh jhdj;jpd; nghUz; ikiaAk; xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; tpku;rpg;ghu;.. 11.2. 12.0 khdpl tu;f;fj;jpd; 12.1 Kd; N dw; w j; J ld; njhlu;Gila Kf;fp akhd Gul;rpfu rf;jpfisg; gFj;jha; 12.2 thu;.. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk; • kdpj tu;f;fj;jpd; Kd;Ndhf;fpa gazj; jpw;Fj; jilahf mike;j tpjk; gw;wp EZfpaha; e ; J Aj; j epiyik fspypUe;J tpyfp ,Ug; g jw; f hd eltbf; iffis Nkw;nfhs; thu;. cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; • ghJfhf; F k; Kaw; r p fspy; xd;whd ru;t Njr rq;fj;jpd; nraw; ghLfis xg;gPl;L uPjpahfg; guprPypg;ghu;.. Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk; • Aj;jk; • fhuzq;fs; • ePz;l fhyf;fhuzpfs; • FWq;fhyf; fhuzpfs; • Aj;jk; tpuptiljy; • tpisTfs;. u\; a g; Gul; r pf; f hd • fhuzq;fisAk; mJ Vw; g l; l tpjj; i jAk; tpsf;Fthu;. cyf ehfupfj; j pd; Cl; l j; j pw; F u\; a g; Gul; r papdhy; Vw; g l; l jhf;fj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.. u\;ag; Gul;rp • u\;ag; Gul;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs; • Gul;rp Vw;gl;l tpjk;. ghlNtis 15. ru;tNjr rq;fk; • Nehf;fq;fSk; Muk;gKk; • ru;tNjr rq;fj;jpd; gz;Gfs; (rhjfkhdit/ ghjfkhdit). •. 37. u\;ag; Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;. 15.

(39) Nju; r ; r p. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. 13.0 cyf tuyhw;iwf; 2B.13.1 ghrpr> ehrpr thjq;fs; • fl;bnaOg;G tjw;F nraw;gl;l tpjj;ijg; toptFj;j murpay; guprPypg;ghu;. rf;jpfs; gw;wp ghrpr> ehrpr thjq; f sp D}lhf xg;gPl;L uPjp 13.2 ghrpr> ehrpr thjq; ahf gFj;jha;thu;. fSf;fpilNaahd njhlu;Gfisg; guprPypg; ghu;.. ghrprKk;> ehrprKk; • ,j;jhypapy; ghrprk; • ghrprk; tsu;r;rpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzpfs; • ghrprj;jpd; tpisTfs;. ghlNtis 15. •. N[u;kdpapy; ehrprk; • ehrprk; tsu;r;rpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzpfs; • ehrprj;jpd; tpisTfs; • ghrprj;jpwF ; k; ehrprj;jpwF ; kpilapyhd njhlu;Gfs;. 14.0 ,uz; l hk; cyf 14.1 kfh Aj;jj;jpd; nfhûj;ijAk; rkhjhdj;jpd; nghUz; i kiaAk; tpsq;fpf; nraw;gL thu;.. ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jk; • kdpj ,dj; j pd; Kd; Ndw;wj;jpwF ; j; jilahf ,Ue;j tpjj;ij EZfp aha;e;J Aj;j epiyik fspypUe; J jtpu; f ; f eltbf;iffis Nkw; nfhs;thu;.. ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk; • Aj;jk; • fhuzq;fs; • Aj;jk; • tpisTfs;. 14.2. cyf rkhjhdj; i jg; • ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; xU topKiwahf jhgpj; Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;l If;fpa ehLfs; mik ak; gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.. If;fpa ehLfs; mikak;: • Nehf;fq;fSk; Muk;gKk; • If;fpa ehLfs; mikaj;jpd; fl;likg;G • ,iz epWtdq;fs; • Kf;fpaj;Jtk; • vjpu;nfhz;Ls;s gpur;rpidfs;. 38. 15.

(40) Nju; r ; r p 15.0 cyfpd; jw; f hy 15.1 murpay; mbg;gilf isf; fl;bnaOg;Gt jw; F toptFj; j gpujhd rf; j pfs; njhlu;ghf xg;gPl;L uP j pahf gFj; j ha; thu;. 15.2. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. ghlNtis 25. Nrhtpaj; u\; a hTk; If;fpa mnkupf;fhTk; rkTlik> Kjyhspj; Jt mzpfshf vOr;rp ngw;W> cyf murpa ypy; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fj;ij tptupg;ghu;.. •. ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; cyfk; • gyk; tha;e;j mzpfs;: • rkTlik • Kjyhspj;Jtk; • mzpNruh ehLfs;. gdpg;Nghu; fhyj;jpy; gyk; tha;e;j mzp fspilNa mikjpia Vw;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L If;fpa ehLfs; mikaj;jpd; gq;fspg; gpid kjpj;Jg; gpu]; jhgpg;ghu;.. •. gdpg;Nghu; (nfLgpbg;Nghu;) • fUj;J Kuz;ghL • fUj;Jf;fisg; gug;Gtjw;fhd nghJ mikg;Gfs; • gdpg;Nghu; gytPdkhjy; • If;fpa ehLfs; mikaj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs;. 39.

(41) 3.4. juk; 13 etPd cyf tuyhW (fp.gp. 1500 njhlf;fk; 1989 tiu) Nju; r ; r p. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. 7.0 cyfpd; murpay;> 7.1 nghUshjhu Nfhy q;fis gue;j khw; wq;fSf;F cl;gLj; jpa Gjpa NguuR thjk; gw;wp gFj; jha;thu;. 7.2. Gjpa NguuRthjk; vd;why; vd;d vd;g ij tpsf;fp> mt;th whd epiyik Vw;gl;l ikf; f hd fhuzq; fisg; guprPypg;ghu;.. 8.0 Kjyhk; cyf kfh 8.1 Aj;jj;jpd; nfhûk; gw;wp Muha;e;J rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJ fhf;f Kd;tUthu;.. Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk; kdpj ,dj;jpd; Kd; N dw; w j; j pw; F j; jilahf mike; j tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.. 8.2. Aj;j eltbf;iffspyp Ue;J tpyfp ,Ug;gjw; fhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs; thu;.. •. Gjpa NguuRthjk; • Gjpa NguuRthjk; - mwpKfk; • Gjpa NguuRthjk; vOr;rpAWtjw;F mbg;gilahf mike;j tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzp. •. Mgpupf;fhTf;fhd Nghl;biag;gw;wp tpsf; Fthu;. •. 15. Mgpupf;fh njhlu;ghd Nghl;b. Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk; • Aj;jj;jpw;fhd gpd;dzp • Aj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;l mzpfSk; Vida gq;fhspfSk;. •. ghlNtis. Aj;jjj;jpd; tpisTfs; • ru;tNjr rq;fk; • Gjpa muRfspd; vOr;rp. 40. 14.

(42) Nju; r ; r p. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. 9.0 j w ; f h y c y f p y ; 9.1 murpay; mbg;gilf; fl;bnaOg;g Kf;fpa topfsha; mike;j gpujhd rf;jpfs; gw;wp xg; g P l ; L uP j pahfg; gFj;jha;thu;.. If;fpa mnkupf;fh • Kjyhspj; J t ehlhf vOr;rp ngw;Wik cyf murpaypy; jhf;fj;ij Vw; g Lj; j pa tpjj; i j tptupg;ghu;.. If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauRk;> Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaKk; vOr;rp ngw;wik. • If;fpa mnkupf;f FbauR • rptpy; Aj;jj;jhy; If;fpa mnkupf;f FbauR gykiljy; • nghUshjhuk; • Aj;jtypik • ntspehLfSf;F Mjpf;fk; tpuptiljy;. 9.2. Nrhtpaj; u\;ah • Nrhrypr ehlhf vOr;rp ngw;Wik cyf murpa ypy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj; jpa tpjk; gw;wpa jfty; fis ntspapLthu;.. Nrhtpaj; xd;wpak; • Gul; r papd; gpd; d u; rkTlikf; nfhs; i f fl;bnaOg;gg;gly;. • Nrhtpaj; xd;wpak; INuhg;ghtpy; ty;yuR ehlhf vOr;rp ngw;wik. 41. ghlNtis 20.

(43) Nju; r ; r p. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. 10.0 j w ; f h y c y f p d ; 10.1 NguuR thjj; i jj; jsu; T wr; nra; A k; gy; N tW ,af; f q; fis EZfpaha;eJ ; Rje;jpuj;jpd; ngWkh 10.2 dj; i j tpsq; f pr; nraw;gLthu;. 10.3. 11.0 , u z ; l h k ; c y f 11.1 kfh Aj;jj;jpd; nfhûk;gw;wp Muha;eJ ; rkhjhdj; jpd; nghUz;ikia tpsq;fpr; nraw;gL 11.2 thu;.. cyfk; KOtjpYk; • fhzg; g l; l NguuRf Sf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;l ,af;fq;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fisj; jpul;Lthu;. Mrpahtpd; Vfhjpgj;jpa vjpu;g;G Njrpa Nghuhl;l ,af;fq;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fis tpsf;Fthu;. Mgpupf;fhtpy; Vfhjpgj; jpa tpNuhjkhd Njrpa Nghuhl;l ,af;fq;fspd; Njhw;wk; gw;wpa jfty; fis tpsf;Fthu;.. NguuRthjj;jpwF ; vjpuhd Njrpa Nghuhl;l ,af;fq;fs; • yj;jPd; mnkupf;fh. ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh • Aj;jk; njhlu;ghd jf ty;fis tpsf;Fthu;.. ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk; • NghUf;fhd fhuzpfs; • Nghupy; <Lgl;l mzpfSk; jug;gpdUk; • Nghu;j;je;jpuq;fSk; Nghu;j;njhopDl;gKk;. ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk; kdpj ,dj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fj; jilahf mike;j tpjj; i j mg; N ghupd; tpisTfspD}lhfg; gFj;jha;thu;.. •. ghlNtis 20. •. Mrpah • njd;dhrpah • njd;fpof;fhrpah • Nkw;;fhrpah • Mgpupf;fh. 42. tpisTfs;. 15.

(44) Nju; r ; r p. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. 12.0 jw; f hy cyfpd; 12.1 murpay; mbg;gil iaf; fl;bnaOg;g cjtpa gpujhd rf; jpfs; gw;wp EZfp aha; e ; J jw; f hy cyfpd; epiyik gw; w pa njspTld; nraw;gLthu;. 12.2. MAj Nkhjy;fsw;w gdpg;Nghiu Nehf;fp cyfk; nrd; w ik ia cyf ehLfs; rf;jp tha;e;j mzp fshfg; gpupe;J nrd;wik Clhfg;; gFj;jha;thu;.. •. ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; • cyfk; gyk; tha;e;j mzpfshfg; gpupjYk; mitfspilNa fhzg;gl;l Nghl;bAk; • murpay; fUj;Jf;fs; • nghUshjhuk; • njhopy; El;gk;. kj;jpa fpof;F murpay; Nghf;Ffs; gw;wpa jfty;fis tpsf;Fthu;.. •. kj;jpa fpof;F ehLfspy; murpay; Nghf;Ffs; gy];jPdk;> ,];uNty;. 12.3. gyk; tha;e;j mzp xd;W tPo;r;rpAwiy Nrhtpaj; u\;ahit mbg;gilahff; nfhz; L gFj; j ha; thu;.. •. Nrhtpaj; murpd; tPo;r;rpAk; mjd; tpisTfSk;. 43. ghlNtis 17.

(45) Nju; r ; r p. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k;. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. 13.0 cyfpd; rpf;fhu;e;j 13.1 jd;ikia vjpu; nfhs; S tjw; f hf> ru;tNjr kw;Wk; gpuNjr uPjpapy; mik g; G fs; Njhd; w pa tpjj;ijg; gFj;jha; thu;. 13.2. MAj Nghuhl;lkw;w • cynfhd;iw cUthf;Fk; nghUl;L mikf;fg;gl;l If;fpa ehLfs; mikak; gw;wpa jfty;fisf; Nfhitg;gLj;Jthu;.. ru;tNjr> mikg;GfSk; gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gf;fSk; • If;fpa ehLfs; mikak;. gpupj;jhdpag; NguuR • tPo;r;rpAw;w gpd;du; mg; Nguurpw;Ff; fPopUe;j ehLfs; ,q; f pyhe; J ld; cwTfis Vw; g Lj; J k; nghUl; L cUthf; f pf; nfhs;sg;gl;l nghJ eytha mikg;Gg; gw;wpa jfty;fis tpsf;Fthu;.. nghJ eytha mikg;G. 13.3. Kf;fpa gyk;tha;e;j ,U • mzpfspypUe; J k; ghJ fhg;Gg; ngWk; nghUl;L mikf;fg;gl;l mzpNruh ehLfspd; mikg;Gg; gw;wpa jfty;fisg; guprPypg;ghu;.. mzpNruh ehLfspd; mikg;G. 44. ghlNtis 25.

(46) Nju; r ; r p. Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; 13.4. 13.5. ghl cs; s lf; f k;. gdpg;Nghu; fhyj;jpy; gyk; • tha;e;j ,U mzpfSk; jkJ mjpfhuq;fis tpupTgLj; J k; nghUl; L epWtpa mikg;Gf;fspd; nraw;ghL gw;wpa jfty; fis tpsf;Fthu;.. gpujhd Kfhk;fSf;Fupa mikg;Gfs;: • tl mj;jpyhe;jpf; ghJfhg;G cld;gbf;if mikg;G (NATO) • thu;Nrh cld;gbf;if (WARSO). gpuhe;jpa uPjpahfj; jkJ • Njitfisg; g+u;j;jp nra; Ak; nghUl;L mikg;Gf; fs; cUthf; f g; g l; l ik iag; gFj;jha;thu;.. gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gfs;: • njd; f pof; f hrpa ehLfspd; ghJfhg; G cld;gbf;if mikg;G (SEATO) • njd;fpof;fhrpa mikg;G (ASEAN) • Mgpupf;f If;fpa mikg;G (OAU) • INuhg;gpa xd;wpak; (EU) • njd;dhrpa mikg;G (SAARC) • muG yPf; (ARAB LEAGUE). 45. ghlNtis.

(47) 4.0. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;. tuyhw;iwf; fw;gpf;Fk; MrpupaH jfty;fis toq;Fgtuhf ,Ug;gij tpl jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy; khztHfSf;F topfhl;Lgtuhf ,Ug;ghuhdhy; fw;gpj;jy; gzp kpfTk; gaDs;sjhapUf;Fk;. vdNt ,aYkhd re;jHg;gq;fspy; vy;yhk; fye;JiuahLjy;> %yhjhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;> mtjhdpjj ; y; Nghd;w nray;fspy; khztHfis <LgLj;Jjy; tpUk;gj;jf;fjhFk;. tuyhw;iwf; fUj;Js;s tifapy; fw;gjw;F khztHfis <LgLj;jf;$ba rpy topKiwfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd: • • • • • • •. Njrpa mUq;fhl;rpafk;> gpuNjr mUq;fhl;rpafk; Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk; jpl;lkplg;gl;l Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fspd; fPo; mUk;nghUs;fisg; ghHitaplr; re;jHg;gk; toq;Fjy;. gpuNjr tuyhw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;s khztu;f;F MHt%l;LtjD}lhfj; Njrpa tuyhw;iw mwpa topg;gLj;Jjy;. Clfq;fs; %yk; jfty;fisg; ngwr; re;jHg;gk; toq;Fjy;. (thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp> ru;tNjr ,iza tiyg;gpd;dypd; fy;tpr;Nritfs;.) tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j ,lq;fisg; ghHitapl MHt%l;Ljy;. Mjhu %yq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F MHt%l;Ljy;. khztH jkJ Mw;wiy ntspg;gLj;jr; re;jHg;gq;fis toq;Fk; tpjj;jpy; Rtu;g;gj;jpupiffs;. rQ;rpiffs; ntspapLjy;> fz;fhl;rpfs; elj;Jjy;> ghlrhiy mUq;fhl;rpafj;ij cUthf;Fjy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgl Cf;fk; mspj;jy;. tuyhw;W Mrpupauhfpa ePq;fs;> jw;fhyg; gpur;rpidfis eLepiyahfTk; ajhHj;jkhfTk; Nehf;Ffpd;w tpisjpwDs;s Fbkf;fis cUthf;Ftjw;Fg; g q ; f s p g ; G r ; n r a ; a K b A k .; , J njhlu;ghf cq;fsJ nghWg;G msg;gupajhFk;.. 46.

(48) 5.0. ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;. tuyhw;Wg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s ghltplaq;fis ntw;wpfukhfTk;> tpidj;jpwd; tha;ej ; tifapYk; fw;gjw;Fk; mjD}lhf fw;wy; mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; Vw;Gila tifapy; khztu;fspd; gq;Fgw;wiy tpUj;jpnra;Ak; tpjkhfg; ghlrhiyf; nfhs;iffisAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fisAk; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;tJ gaDilajhFk;. mt;thwhd rpy ghlrhiy Ntiyj;jpll ; q;fNs ,q;F Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mjw;Nfw;g NtW Mf;fg+u;tkhd Ntiyj;jpll ; q;fisAk; nfhs;iffisAk; jahupg;gjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; tuyhW fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupau;fSf;F cz;L vd;gijf; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sTk;. y tuyhw;W kd;wj;ij epWtp khztu;fspd; mwpT tsu;r;rpf;fhd fye;Jiuahly;fs;> khehLfs;> tpthjq;fs;> fz;fhl;rpfis elhj;Jtjw;Fk;> rQ;rpiffs;> Rtu;g; gj;jpupiffs; Nghd;wtw;iwj; jahupg;gjw;Fk; topg;gLj;jyhk;. y Fiwe;jgl;rk; tUlj;Jf;F xU jlitNaDk;> tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;JtKila Xu; ,lj;Jf;F my;yJ gpuNjrj;Jf;F nry;tjw;fhf fy;tpr; Rw;Wyhnthd;wpid xOq;F nra;ayhk;. tFg;giwapy; ngw;w mwpit cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; Vw;wthW Nghjpa Kd;Ndw;ghl;Lld; fy;tpr; Rw;Wyhit xOq;F nra;tJ Kf;fpakhdJ. y ,yq;ifapd; Gfo; ngw;w tuyhw;W Ma;thsu;fisg; ghlrhiyf;F mioj;J mtu;fspd; mDgtq;fisg; gfpue ; J ; nfhs;tjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jy; gaDs;sjhFk;. y njhy;nghUs;fs; mopTf;Fs;shfp tUk; ,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; gpuNjrj;jpYs;s njhy;nghUs; Kf;fpaj;JtKs;s ,lq;fs; njhlu;ghfj; NjbahuhaTk; mtw;iwg; ghJfhf;fTk; ghlrhiyAld; njhlu;Gila tifapy; rKjha Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;wpid eilKiwg;gLj;jy;. y tuyhw;Wg; ghlj;jpw;Fupa Xtpaq;fs;> rpiyfs;> nrJf;F Ntiyg;ghLfs;> Vida mUk;nghUl;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw mtjhdpj;J mwpf;if jahupf;ff; $bathW mUq;fhl;rpaf Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;wpid Vw;ghL nra;jy; cfe;jJ.. 47.

(49) 6.0. fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;. ghlrhiy kl;l fzpg;gPl;L epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd;fPo; xt;nthU jtizf;Fk; cupa Nju;r;rp> Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; cs;slq;Fk; tifapy; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gl P L ; cgfuzq;fs; Mf;fg;G+u;tkhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;L eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLjy; vjpu;ghu;ff ; g;gLfpwJ. juk; 13 ,d; ,Wjpapy; Njrpa kl;l kjpg;gPlhfpa f.ngh.j (c/j) guPl;irf;fhf ,g;ghlj;jpl;lk; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;fikthf ,yq;ifg; guPl;irj;jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; elj;jg;gLk; Njrpa kl;lg; guPl;ir Kjy; jlitahf 2011 ,y; elhj;jg;gLk;. ,g;guPl;irapd; - tpdhj;jhs;fspd; khjpup kw;Wk; jd;ik njhlu;ghd tptuq;fs; guPl;ir jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gLk;.. 48.

(50)

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