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Slips Trips and Falls
Better information = Fewer accidents
SLIC – Eu workshop
January 2014
An Agency of the Health and Safety Executive
Falls from height were the most common cause of fatalities (31%) (RIDDOR)
Slips and trips were the most common cause of major injuries to employees, with falls from height the next most common (RIDDOR)
Slips, trips and falls were responsible for more than half of all major (56%) and almost a third of over seven day (31%)
www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/causinj/slips-trips-falls.pdf
Slips, trips and falls 2012/13p
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Use risk assessment
Do them first!
Must be based on reliable information
Slips and falls
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Slip Potential
Cleaning
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Friction requirements
Risk, 1 in Straight walking on the level
1,000,000 0.36
10,000 0.29
20 0.24
2 0.19
PTV 36 and above low slip potential PTV 25 – 35 moderate slip potential PTV 24 and below high slip potential
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Friction requirements
Requirements higher if moving quickly, turning, carrying, pushing, pulling.
For slopes and ramps add the tangent of the angle e.g. 2 degree ramp 0.36 + Tan 2 = 0.36 + 0.04 = 0.40
Design out ramped surfaces where possible
Think about adjacencies
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Pendulum test
Imitates heel impact
Produce correct fluid dynamics CoF measurement wet and dry HSE/HSL preferred method
BS 7976 - 1,2,3 : 2002 + A1 2013 UKSRG Guidelines V4 2011
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Pendulum test
Slider 96 for shod areas Slider 55 for barefoot area Use both in dual use areas
Profiled surfaces may require additional testing Use same classifications for all test data
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Classical physics
Wrong fluid dynamics
Misleading in wet conditions Not accepted by HSE / HSL
Limitations acknowledged in the UK
Other CoF Test Methods
Sled Tests
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DIN Ramp Test
DIN 51130
Shod test with motor oil
Reported as R9, R10, R11, R12, R13
Class Ramp angle CoF
R9 3 - 10 0.05 – 0.18
R10 10 - 19 0.18 – 0.34 R11 19 - 27 0.34 – 0.51 R12 27 - 35 0.51 – 0.70
R13 35+ 0.70+
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DIN Ramp Test
DIN 51097
Barefoot test with soapy water Reported as A, B, C
Class Ramp angle CoF
A 12 - 17 0.21 – 0.31
B 18 - 23 0.32 – 0.43
C 24+ 0.44+
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HSL Ramp Test
Shod
Slider 96 footwear Potable water
Barefoot
Soapy water
Two or more operators Reported as CoF
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Surface Microroughness
Useful complementary measurement Range of instruments
Quick easy on site measurement Indicator, monitor
Used by SAT, risk assessment process www.hse.gov.uk/slips/sat/index.htm
Useful on profiles, stairs and steps
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Surface Microroughness
Helps us understand the surface Not used in isolation
Wouldn’t specify on Rz
Wouldn’t go to court on Rz
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Profiled surfaces
Don’t necessarily improve slip resistance Characterise with ramp or pendulum
Roughness measurement useful Wear / change quickly
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Grids and gratings
Measure with the ramp
Roughness measurement useful May wear / change quickly
Slip resistance tends to reduce with wear
Footwear will influence performance
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Trip Hazards
Waste packaging - shrink wrapping - banded strapping Holes, cracks, uneven surfaces
Changes in level Pallets
Trailing cables in walkways
Electrical and phone socket outlets Fork lift truck forks
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Poor housekeeping / maintenance
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Can you spot the trip hazard?
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Trips Solutions
Establish a positive culture - keep tidy Eliminate holes and uneven surfaces Designate walkways, mark clearly
Provide enough storage (peak times) Plan workflows
Plan waste disposal Provide good lighting
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Slip resistant footwear?
European Standard EN 20345, 20347 Test method EN13287
Ceramic – water SRA Heel 0.28 Flat 0.32 Steel – glycerol SRB Heel 0.13 Flat 0.18 Achieve both SRC
Tile contribution to SRA?
Threshold for SRB?
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HSL Ramp Test
As a footwear test
Steel – water
Ceramic – glycerol
Bespoke combinations
Two or more operators Reported as CoF
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Sample Claim Steel - water Safety Boot (toe midsole) No 0.37
Safety Boot (toe midsole) No 0.37 Safety Boot (toe midsole) No 0.36 Wellington (toe midsole) Yes 0.25
Boot (toe) Yes 0.18
Clogs Yes 0.15
Slip resistant footwear?
HSL ramp test
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Footwear
Effective footwear available
What does safety footwear mean?
Validity of EN test method? (EN13287) HSL Ramp method is a valid test
Trial a range of footwear in workplace Use peer group information
Involve staff, comfort, fit
e mail HSL for specific advice
Footwear costs less than accidents
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Recent Case Study
•
Peripatetic workforce•
Last year, 70 lost time accidents (48%)•
Footwear trial•
This year, 1 lost time accident•
Footwear selection was not price sensitive•
Standard did not helpAn Agency of the Health and Safety Executive
Steps and Stairs
Do people slip on stairs?
Consistency of dimension Going and rise
Shape of nosing
Position of nosing strip Visibility of nosing strip
Slip resistance of nosing strip
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Steps and Stairs
Handrails – height, position, shape, clearance Guarding
Lighting
Design out single steps
BS5395, 2010 HSL Stair tool
HSL Training course available
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The edge is key Wear
Require maintenance
Steps and Stairs
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Steps on vehicles
Step Dimensions:
1st Step 340 – 530mm 4 of 48 Cabs consistent
330mm 340mm
330mm
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Cleaning
Provide the manufacturers instructions
Consider the floor, the contaminant and equipment required Training, supervision, manage the process
Storage for equipment Adjacent power points Adjacent water and drain HSE Guidance
www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/web/slips02.pdf
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Cleaning
Correct detergent
Concentration very important
Contact time most important
Solution must be removed Rinse with clean water
Mops only effective on smooth floors
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Cleaning
Residual coverage following floor cleaning (Field conditions vs. Two-steps at 24°C)
0 20 40 60 80 100
K3 (0.07, 72)
K16 (0.05, 36)
LIFT (0.33, 52)
FLASH (0.17, 33)
FLASH (0.20, 15)
FLASH (0.51, 58)
DASH (1.22, 22)
HSDC (0.11, 10)
ULTRA (0.10, 19)
OXYGEL (0.11, 54)
RC (%)
Field (FQT, DM at C and T)
Optimal (FQT, 2SM at Rec. And 24°C)
www.irsst.qc.ca
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Roving cleaner to monitor spills
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How effective?
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Half and half cleaning
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Half and half cleaning gone wrong!
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Entrances
Think about entrances as a system
Location, Orientation, External surfaces, Canopy, Doors,
Thresholds, Matting, Lighting, Heating, Ventilation
Adjacencies
Treat other interfaces similarly HSE Hierarchy of control
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Threshold
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Canopy
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Canopy
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Canopy
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Drain and gulley
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Drain and gulley
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Matting
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Matting
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Slips Trips and Falls
Success stories from HSL work
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Abattoir
Year No. of slips No. of claims Cost £
1 102 24 207,800
2 84 21 157,137
3 51 15 136,000
Food sector
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How was this achieved?
HSE Guidance, UKSRG Guidelines
Clear floor specification, new areas and repairs, Matched footwear to floor, contamination
Monitor wear
Reviewed cleaning regimes
Rolling programme to remove chequer plate Yield monitoring, link to staff bonus
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49
Food sector
Meat processing
New factory built 2001
Epoxy floor, rough texture
PTV 48 wet (manufacturers) low slip potential.
HSL (on site) confirm low slip potential maintained.
Deep cleaning issues identified during HSL visit.
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HSL Pendulum data
Area Wet, as found Wet, cleaned
Low traffic 39 50
Boning line 35 46
Cutting line 21 40
Cleaning very important!
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Food sector
Sausage factory
Slips costing £2500+ per month
Company considering new floor Inspector not convinced
Gross contamination Poor cleaning
Poor footwear
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Recommendations
Changes to cleaning regime Improved footwear
Changed system of work Floor now OK
Slips cost less than £300 pm
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Flooring: Office entrance
Floor slippery on wet days
Procured slip-resistant floor following HSE guidelines Larger entrance matting
Looks good
Easy to maintain NO SLIPS
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Footwear: pet food factory
Many slips despite safety boots 6 month trial – new footwear
No slip accidents
£12,000 saved
Now adopted for all workers
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Footwear: local authority kitchen
450 kitchens – 1500 workers
317 slipping accidents in 4 years Trial new footwear no slips
Slip resistant overshoes provided for all
Big reduction in accidents
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Cleaning: Fast food chain
Pendulum measurements
Better understanding of mop wet floor Reviewed and revised cleaning regimes Added drying cycle to cleaning regime
Modified procedure for dealing with local spills
57% reduction in accidents
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Fast food chain
Flooring
New ceramic safety tile Cleaning
Double mopping to clear grease Footwear
Trial slip resistant footwear Now adopted
Big reduction in accidents
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HSL offer
Site and laboratory testing Audits
Accident review Bespoke training
Review of plans / designs Expert witness
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HSE Tools
Slips assessment tool SAT
Slips and trips e learning package STEP Flooring selection tool FST
HSE Guidance
www.hse.gov.uk/slips
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Better specification
Design not compromised
Fewer accidents – Saves money!
All facilitated by better information
Conclusions
Questions?
