Proceedings, Workshop on Sediment Control

PROCEEDINGS

WORKSHOP ON SEDIMENT CONTROL

E d i t e d by

M r . James Me S t e w a r t

A g r i c u l t u r a l E x t e n s i o n S e r v i c e and Water Resources Research I n s t i t u t e

and

D r . J o s e p h A . P h i l l i p s

A g r i c u l t u r a l E x t e n s i o n S p e c i a l i s t Department of S o i l S c i e n c e North C a r o l i n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y

Sponsored by A g r i c u l t u r a l E x t e n s i o n S e r v i c e

Land Use Congress

S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e

S t a t e S o i l and Water C o n s e r v a t i o n Committee,

N. C. Department of N a t u r a l & Economic R e s o u r c e s Water Resources R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e

The p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h i s r e p o r t was s u p p o r t e d i n p a r t by t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l E x t e n s i o n S e r v i c e and f u n d s p r o v i d e d by t h e United S t a t e s Department of

t h e I n t e r i o r , O f f i c e o f Water Resources R e s e a r c h , a s a u t h o r i z e d under t h e Water Resources R e s e a r c h Act of 1964,

iii PROGRAM

Morning S e s s i o n

8:30 a,m, R e g i s t r a t i o n

9 : 0 0 a.m, P r e s i d i n g

-

D r , J o e P h i l l i p s Welcome

Workshop s Purpose and O b j e c t i v e s : P r o f e s s o r David Howells

Water Resources Research I n s t i t u t e

Review o f Organf z a t i o n a ' and ~ g e n c i e s ' P o l i c i e s , Programs and Problems i n Sediment C o n t r o l :

A g r i c u l t u r a l Extension S e r v i c e Dr, George H y a t t , Jr.

S o i l Conservation S e r v i c e M r , J e s s e Hicks

Corps of E n g i n e e r s

Colonel A l b e r t C , Costanzo

Department of N a t u r a l & Economic Resources Dr, A r t h u r W, Cooper

Legal Aspects of Sediment C o n t r o l , O f f i c e of A t t o r n e y General

M r , Tom Rosser

Concerns f o r Sediment C o n t r o l :

North C a r o l i n a Highway Commission M r , J, A, Saunders

North C a r o l i n a Home B u i l d e r s A s s o c i a t i o n M r , John J , Delaney

C a r o l i n a s Branch A s s o c i a t e d General C o n t r a c t o r s of America

M r , Caneron W, Lee

North C a r o l i n a Department of A g r i c u l t u r e Honorable James A, Graham

Environmental P r o t e c t i o n Agency MX, P a u l T r a i n a

Local Government Concern i n Sediment C o n t r o l : M r , A, C , H a l l , P l a n n i n g D i r e c t o r of R a l e i g h MY, R u s s e l l Capps, County P l a n n i n g , Wake County 1 2 : 3 0 - 1 : 4 5 Lunch

P r e s i d i n g

-

Horace Smith

Maryland

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s Sediment C o n t r o l Program

Afternoon Session

Presid ing

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James 1

1 : 45-3 r 1 5 Workshop Session

4, Stewart

Reports and Discussion

Summary

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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WORKSHOP~S PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES

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REVIEW OF ORGANIZATIONS' AND AGENCIES' POLICIES, PROGRAMS,

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Resources o o ~ P ~ e O O D O , ~ O O O . o O . e . ~ . e . . 27

O f f i c e of A t t o r n e y General

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CONCERNSFORSEDIMENT 0 a o o o o o e o o o o e r . o . . e 37

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57 LOCAL GOVERNMENT CONCERN I N SEDIMENT CONTROL

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THE MARYLAND SEDIMENT CONTROL PROGRAM

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DISCUSSION GROUPS

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D i s c u s s i o n Group I1 ,

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Discussion Group I V , ,

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INTRODUCTION

Recent concern over both stream pollution and general degradation

of the landscape has brought increased interest in sediment control and

the prevention of soil erosion in urban areas. In the past, work to

prevent soil erosion has been primarily focused in the agricultural

area, but today urban citizens are becoming more directly involved in

the problems of sediment and siltation. Legislation in 1971, for example,

gave Wake and Forsyth County comissioners and the municipalities of

Winston-Salem, Kernersville, and Raleigh authorization to establish ordi-

nances for sediment control programs.

This workshop provided the various organizations and governmental

agencies within the State an opportunity to address the problem of sedi-

ment control. Selected groups were invited who represented a broad

range of interests to discuss their responsibilities and programs con-

cerning sediment control.

A

major objective of the workshop was to help

participants understand the problem and to develop guidelines which can

be used to strengthen sediment control programs in the State,

The first half of the sediment control workshop was devoted to

presentations by a number of organizations and agencies to review

policies, programs, legal aspects, and major areas of concern. In the

afternoon session participants worked in groups to explore specific

problem areas and reported their conclusions to those attending.

Sponsors of the workshop are the Agricultural Extension Service,

Land Use Congress, Soil Conservation Service, State Soil and Water Con-

servation Committee of the Department of Natural and Economic Resources,

WORKSHOP

'

S PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES P r o f e s s o r David H, Howells, D i r e c t o r

North C a r o l i n a Water Resources Research I n s t i t u t e of The U n i v e r s i t y of North C a r o l i n a

Erosion and sediment c o n t r o l have l o n g been of i n t e r e s t and concern t o r e s o u r c e p l a n n e r s and managers, Some of t h e a g e n c i e s h e r e today s u c h as t h e S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e have t h e i r r o o t s i n t h e n a t i o n a l r e s p o n s e t o t h e s e r i o u s e r o s i o n problems e x p e r i e n c e d i n t h e e a r l y y e a r s of t h i s c e n t u r y , U n t i l r e c e n t l y , however, concern f o r sediment c o n t r o l was r u r a l i n i t s o r i e n t a t i o n , The problem was recognized a s l a r g e l y a g r i c u l t u r a l i n n a t u r e , Note, f o r example, t h e anomaly i n s m a l l watershed l e g i s l a t i o n which p r o v i d e s f o r upstream l a n d t r e a t m e n t i n r u r a l , n o t urban, a r e a s ,

While t h e r e a r e s t i l l problems w i t h erosion, i n a g r i c u l t u r e , a g r e a t d e a l of p r o g r e s s h a s been made, Not s o i n t h e u r b a n s e c t o r of America, where t h e r a p i d s h i f t of p o p u l a t i o n and economic a c t i v i t y toward urban c e n t e r s h a s r e s u l t e d i n a t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of t h e l a n d s c a p e which i s n o t h i n g s h o r t of d r a s t i c , Woods, meadows, and f i e l d s have g i v e n way t o highways, housing developments, and shopping c e n t e r s a t a d i z z y i n g pace, Land, once p r o t e c t e d from e r o s i o n , now o f t e n s t a y s open and v u l n e r a b l e t o t h e e l e m e n t s f o r y e a r s a t a t i m e w i t h vast q u a n t i t i e s of sediment moving i n t o s t r e a m s and r e s e r v o i r s , While t h e s i g n s have been w i t h u s f o r some t i m e , o u r awareness t h r e s h o l d w a s n ' t reached u n t i l t h e i n t e n s i t y l e v e l of t h i s prob-

l e m g o t p r e t t y high, I n our region of t h e country--the m i d - A t l a n t i c and Southeast--the Washington, D o C , , m e t r o p o l i t a n r e g i o n a p p e a r s t o s t a n d o u t as an e a r l y warning a r e a , S t a t e and l o c a l government i n Maryland and V i r g i n i a have v i g o r o u s l y responded t o t h e problem, I n f a c t , t h e i r work i s c i t e d a s a model f o r s t a t e and l o c a l a c t i o n e l s e w h e r e , We're p a r t i c u l a r l y g l a d t o have M r , Augustine w i t h u s today from Maryland t o s h a r e t h e i r e x p e r i e n c e ,

The tempo of i n t e r e s t and a c t i v i t y h a s a l s o quickened h e r e f n North C a r o l i n a , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e

l a s t

two y e a r s , The S t a t e S o i l and Water Conservation Committee worked hard f o r s t a t e l e g i s l a t i o n f a s t y e a r , While a s t a t e w i d e a c t w a s n o t passed, t h e r e were two l o c a l a c t s i n v o l v i n g

and R a l e i g h on t h e o t h e r , We hope t o h e a r something about t h e implfca- t i o n s o f t h e s e two l o c a l a c t s l a t e r on i n t h e program,

The l e g i s l a t u r e asked t h e L e g i s l a t i v e Research Commission t o s t u d y t h i s problem f u r t h e r and t o r e p o r t back i n p r e p a r a t i o n f o r t h e 1973 l e g i s l a t u r e , T h i s workshop p r o v i d e s t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o develop a body of o p i n i o n t h a t c o u l d b e v e r y u s e f u l t o s p e c i a l i z e d groups g r a p p l i n g w i t h t h i s problem and t o f h e L e g i s l a t i v e Research Commission as i t commences i t s s t u d y i n t h e n e x t two o r t h r e e months,

The p r e s e n t a t i o n s t h i s morning w i l l p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n n e c e s s a r y f o r d i s c u s s i o n s t h i s a f t e r n o o n , They a r e designed t o p r o v i d e a common b a s i s f o r f u r t h e r assessment o f t h e problems and recommended c o n t r o l measures, The program t h i s morning i s e s s e n t i a l l y a l e a r n i n g and c l a r i - f i c a t i o n p r o c e s s , Our d i s c u s s i o n s t h i s a f t e r n o o n w i l l c e n t e r around a s e r i e s of q u e s t f o n s which we hope w i l l l e a d t o i n f o r m a t i o n of s i g n i f i c a n t u s e i n t h e s e a r c h f o r r e a s o n a b l e and e f f e c t i v e c o n t r o l measures, We hope our r e s p o n s e t o t h e q u e s t i o n s w i l l c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e work o f t h e Legis- l a t i v e R e s e a r ~ h Commission, I t h i n k i t would b e u s e f u l i f we q u i c k l y reviewed t h e s e q u e s t i o n s s o t h a t we can have them i n mind a s o u r s p e a k e r s c o v e r t h e i r s u b j e c t m a t e r i a l , Perhaps some of t h e answers t o t h e q u e s t i o n s may seem s e l f - e v i d e n t a s t h e y move through t h e i r comments, I f t h i s i s s o ,

t h a t ' s g r e a t ; b u t I doubt t h a t t h i s w i l l be t h e g e n e r a l p a t t e r n , They a r e f a i r l y tough q u e s t i o n s , ~ e t ' s q u i c k l y review them and keep them i n mind a s we proceed t h i s morning,

Does North C a r o l i n a need a sediment c o n t r o l program? I f s o , what s h o u l d b e i t s g o a l ?

What can be done t o inform people i n decision-making p o s i t i o n s of t h e need f o r sediment c o n t r o l ?

What r o l e should s t a t e government p l a y i n a comprehensive sediment c o n t r o l program?

What r o l e should l o c a l governments p l a y i n a comprehensive sediment c o n t r o l program?

To what t y p e of a c t i v i t i e s should sediment c o n t r o l laws o r r e g u l a t i o n s a p p l y ? Should t h e r e b e any e x c e p t i o n s o r exemptions? To whom s h o u l d t h e y a p p l y ?

How s h o u l d a sediment c o n t r o l program be e n f o r c e d ? By whom? Is l e g i s l a t i o n s i m i l a r t o t h e Mining Act of 1971 needed f o r t h e e o n t r o l of e r o s i o n from c o n s t r u c t i o n s i t e s ?

What i n f o r m a t i o n could t h e g e n e r a l assembly u s e t o g u i d e i t i n making d e c i s i o n s on sediment c o n t r o l l e g i s l a t i o n ?

What groups could b e expected t o s u p p o r t a sediment c o n t r o l program? How could t h e i r s u p p o r t b e b e s t u t i l i z e d ?

I n what s p e c i f i c a r e a s i s t h e r e

a

l a c k of i n f o r m a t i o n o r a need f o r r e s e a r c h ?

What mechanism o r o r g a n i z a t i o n s t r u c t u r e would you s u g g e s t t o f o s t e r c o o p e r a t i o n and c o o r d i n a t i o n t o s t r e n g t h e n t h e sediment c o n t r o l e f f o r t s ?

~ ~ ~ i c u l i z u r a l E x t e n s i o n S e r v i c e D r . George H y a t t , Jr.

D i r e c t o r

I welcome t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y t o t e l l you v e r y b r i e f l y what t h e North C a r o l i n a A g r i c u l t u r a l E x t e n s i o n S e r v i c e h a s done and i s d o i n g i n t h e way of sediment c o n t r o l and t o e x p r e s s t o you what we f e e l a r e problem a r e a s and where a d d f t i o n a l needs e x i s t . We hope t h r o u g h t h i s d i s c u s s i o n i t w i l l g i v e you some i d e a how we s e e t h e problem of sediment c o n t r o l and w i l l shed a l i t t l e l i g h t on t h i s i m p o r t a n t s u b j e c t .

F i r s t , i t ' s i m p o r t a n t t o p o i n t o u t , a s Dave a l r e a d y h a s , t h a t t h e r e ' s a Large and d i v e r s e a u d i e n c e i n v o l v e d i n terms of sediment c o n t r o l .

T h e r e ' s t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l i s t , t h e c o n s e r v a t i o n i s t , t h e t a x p a y i n g p u b l i c , l e g i s l a t o r s and d e v e l o p e r s , t o name a few. Some of us have j u s t been i n v o l v e d i n f o u r a r e a r u r a l development m e e t i n g s from which t h e r e was con- s i d e r a b l e e v i d e n c e of i n t e r e s t shown i n sediment c o n t r o l . Each of u s i s concerned w i t h t h e p h y s i c a l problem of sediment c o n t r o l . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e p h y s i c a l problem o f sediment c o n t r o l c a n ' t be s o l v e d t h r o u g h t e c h n o l o g y a l o n e . I t t a k e s t h r e e i n g r e d i e n t s : i t h a s t o be t e c h n o l o g i c a l l y p o s s i b l e , e c o n o m i c a l l y f e a s i b l e , and s o c i a l l y a c c e p t a b l e . When you p u t t h e s e t h r e e i n g r e d i e n t s t o g e t h e r , i t makes f o r a d i f f i c u l t problem. Each group

a p p r o a c h e s t h e problew w i t h a d i f f e r e n t p e r s p e c t i v e . What i s needed m o s t , we f e e l , i s t h e a b i l i t y t o s i n c e r e l y communicate; and I am s u r e o u t of

t h i s g r o u p ' s m e e t i n g t o d a y t h i s v e r y d i v e r s e group p r e s e n t i s g o i n g t a communicate more u n d e r s t a n d i n g l y r e l a t i v e t o t h e problem.

Now j u s t a l i t t l e b i t a b o u t E x t e n s i o n ' s p a s t and p r e s e n t e f f o r t s . E x t e n s i o n h a s had a n e d u c a t i o n a l r o l e and one t h a t h e l p e d f a c i l i t a t e com- m u n i c a t i o n i n many a r e a s . C u r r e n t l y , we a r e engaged w i t h a v a r i e t y of e f f o r t s a l o n e and i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h o t h e r a g e n c i e s and groups i n sound l a n d u s e e f f o r t which i n c l u d e s sediment c o n t r o l . The a u d i e n c e r e a c h e d i n c l u d e s b o t h t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l and t h e n o n - a g r i c u l t u r a l g r o u p s . Among t h e s e a r e i n d u s t r i a l , u r b a n development, and r e c r e a t i o n programs.

d e m o n s t r a t i o n s and homeowners, we've h e l d a number of i n - s e r v i c e t r a i n - i n g programs, Mulch t i l l a g e i s a n example w i t h t h e S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e i n t h e S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n D i s t r i c t , E x t e n s i o n h a s promoted mulch t i l l a g e w i t h f a r m e r s , Acreages have doubled a n n u a l l y . N i n e t e e n s e v e n t y - one shows 131,000 a c r e s u s i n g t h i s p r a c t i c e , There i s t h e i n - s e r v i c e t r a i n - i n g i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h o t h e r a g e n c i e s f o r o u r own a g e n t s and p e r s o n n e l o f o t h e r a g e n c i e s i n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n and u s e of s o i l s u r v e y s , T h e r e h a v e b e e n i n v e n t o r i e s o f s o i l r e s o u r c e s i n c e r t a i n a r e a s , I n f o m a t i o n i n t u r n h a s been d i s s e m i n a t e d t o Leaders, p l a n n e r s , d e v e l o p e r s , and d e c i s i o n - m a k e r s , These h a v e been p a r t i c u l a r l y a p p r o p r i a t e and h e l p f u l , C e r t a i n i n d i v i d u a l s i n e v e r y county i n N o r t h C a r o l i n a w i l l have r e c e i v e d some t r a i n i n g i n t h i s a r e a , S p e c i f i c emphasis h a s been p l a c e d upon p r o p e r u s e and p r o t e c t i o n of n o n - a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d u s e ,

Now what a r e some o f o u r e x i s t i n g mechanisms o r s t r u c t u r e s f o r caury- i n g o u t t h e j o b ? The e x t e n s i o n o f t h e u n i v e r s i t y t h r o u g h E x t e n s i o n o f f i c e s l o c a t e d i n e a c h o f t h e one hundred c o u n t i e s o f t h e s t a t e i s one way, Com- munity and a r e a development a s s o c i a t i o n s c a r r y t h e message, T h i s mechanism

can b e m o b i l i z e d t o h e l p a t t a c k t h i s problem a r e a of s e d i m e n t c o n t r o l , We can a s s u r e you t h e s e a r e a development a s s o c i a t i o n s a r e most i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e s e problems.

E l l a n d , They a r e much more damaging and s e v e r e i n urban a r e a s now and a l o n g t r a n s p o r t a t i o n r o u t e s ,

L e t me conclude by s a y i n g c h a t Extension w i l l c o n t i n u e i t s e d u c a t i o n a l r ~ l e and programs c o v e r i n g l a n d r e s o u r c e c o n s e r v a t i o n , and I quote from our document: "Wayking w i t h and through f a n p o r g a n i z a t i o n s , e i v i e groups, and county government departments i n f o r m a t i o n w i l l be made a v a i l a b l e on

S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e M r . J e s s e Hicks S t a t e C o n v e r s a t i o n i s t

I ' m g l a d t o be h e r e today and t a l k w i t h you a b o u t sediment c o n t r o l . S o i l e r o s i o n and t h e s e d i m e n t s t h a t r e s u l t from e r o s i o n have concerned t h e S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e f o r many y e a r s , and we a r e p l e a s e d t h a t more people a r e now becoming concerned w i t h i t and t h a t even some of t h e new e n v i r o n m e n t a l groups have j o i n e d our r a n k s , We're g l a d t o have them. We need a 1 1 t h e h e l p we c a n g a t . Sediment i s a s e r i o u s e n v i r o n m e n t a l problem.

I r a n a c r o s s a r e p o r t t h e o t h e r day

i n

Time magazine t h a t I want t o s h a r e w i t h you, and i t r e a d s l i k e t h i s : "The f u r n a c e s of P i t t s b u r g h a r e c o l d . D e t r o i t assembly l i n e s a r e c l o s e d down. A few s u r v i v i n g i n h a b i -

t a n t s of Los Angeles a r e p l a n t i n g s e e d s i n freeway c e n t e r s t r i p s and backyards t r y i n g t o r a i s e a meager s u b s i s t e n c e c r o p , London i s d a r k , The r i v e r s o f t h e world r e e k w i t h p o l l u t i o n . " T h i s sounds l i k e s c i e n c e f i c t i o n , b u t I ' m n o t q u o t i n g Ray B r a d b e r r y o r any o t h e r a u t h o r who w r i t e s f a n t a s y . T h i s i s a s e r i o u s p r e d i c t i o n f o r t h e y e a r 2020 made by a n

i n t e r n a t i o n a l group now s t u d y i n g t h e environment, T h i s i s P r e s t i g i o u s Club of Rome and was founded i n 1968, a l i t t l e o v e r t h r e e y e a r s ago. T h i s , t h e y s a y , i s t h e p r i c e of p r o g r e s s , " p r o g r e s s a s modern man d e f i n e s t h e term."

I t h i n k r e p o r t s l i k e t h i s s e r v e a u s e f u l purpose. They a l e r t a l l o f u s t o t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s t h a t c o u l d menace o u r v e r y e x i s t e n c e , and maybe t h a t ' s what t h e y ' r e supposed t o do, I n my y e a r s o f work w i t h t h e

S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e I ' v e s e e n , and you h a v e , t o o , some o f o u r

problems become much more a g g r a v a t e d ; and j u s t now more a t t e n t i o n i s b e i n g focused on t h e environment t h a n we have s e e n i n many y e a r s . The " e c o l o g i - c a l balance" i s a household word.

14

Our s i t u a t i o n on sediment c o n t r o l h a s been compared t o a f i s h e r m a n i n a b o a t when t h e b o a t h a s a l e a k i n i t s bottom, I f n o t h i n g i s done, e v e n t u a l l y t h e b o a t w i l l s i n k , To s t a y a f l o a t , t h e fisherman h a s t o t a k e a c t i o n - - i n t h i s c a s e , b a i l o u t t h e b o a t ,

If

h e b a i l s p r o p e r l y , h e w i l l s t a y a f l o a t f o r a l o n g t i m e ,

I have a n o p t i m i s t i c v i e w p o i n t , d e s p i t e evidence t h a t some of o u r p o l l u t i o n problems a r e c u r r e n t l y i n c r e a s i n g , We know what i s c a u s i n g some sf t h e prob%ems, and i n many c a s e s we know what t o do t o s o l v e them, Sediment i s a primary hazard t o w a t e r q u a l i t y , When w a t e r f l o w s a c r o s s s o i l , s t r a n g e t h i n g s happen, Mud i s t r a n s p o r t e d t o f i l l s t r e a m s , c l o g w a t e r systems and f i l l r e s e r v o i r s , I was on t h e s i t e of a s m a l l l a k e i n a w e s t e r n s t a t e n o t l o n g ago t h a t you c o u l d have p u t a t e n n i s c o u r t on. I t was completely f i l l e d up, and a l l you would have had t o do was mark o u t your c h a l k l i n e s and p u t up some n e t s and s t a r t p l a y i n g t e n n i s . J u s t l a s t week up a t o u r R u r a l Development Conference

a

f e l l o w was t e l l i n g me a b o u t a s i t e up t h e r e , a s m a l l l a k e , t h a t had f i l l e d up j u s t o u t s i d e o f Winston-Salem from a s u b d i v i s i o n development j u s t above i t ,

Sediment a l s o t r a n s p o r t s chemicals i n t o o u r waterways, c a u s i n g many problems, F e r t i l i z e r s , p e s t i c i d e s , h e r b i c i d e s , and t h e whole l i s t of chemicals f o r which r u r a l and urban landowners pay v a l u a b l e c a s h a r e o f t e n washed i n t o s t r e a m s and l a k e s , Phosphates seem t o b e a f a v o r i t e s u b j e c t and a l s o t h e PCB's, P o l y c h l o r i n a t e d Biphenyls, %kc C e c i l Wadley w i t h t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l Research S e r v i c e h a s shown t h a t many chemicals--phosphates and p e s t i c i d e s - - t h a t p o l l u t e o u r s t r e a m s a r e t r a n s p o r t e d by a t t a c h i n g themselves t o t h e s o i l p a r t i c l e s , and t h i s i s t h e major way t h e y g e t i n t o some o f o u r s t r e a m s ,

Therefore, t h e l e s s o n i s c l e a r , If we s t o p t h e e r d s i o n and sediment i n time, we w i l l a l s o s t o p much of t h e chemical p o l l u t i o n t h a t i s g o i n g

i n t o o u r s t r e a m s , I would remind you h e r e t h a t o u r f a r m e r s and r u r a l f r i e n d s a r e n o t t h e o n l y p e o p l e who u s e f e r t i l i z e r and p e s X i c i d e s , Many of u s i n urban a r e a s u s e t h o s e , and w e u s e them i n c r i t i c a l amounts, Water r u n s off o u r lawns and roadways j u s t as i t does from t h e f a r m l a n d s ,

North C a r o l i n a i s a growing S o u t h e a s t e r n s t a t e , We have roadway con- a.

s t r u c t i o n , shopping c e n t e r s and r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s b e i n g built--and adding t o p o l l u t i o n by sedimentation--except where s t e p s a r e t a k e n t o c o n t r o l

Research h a s shown, t o o , t h a t sediment produced from u r b a n develop- ment i s up t o 500 times by volume than t h a t produced from an a g r i c u l t u r a l f i e l d w i t h good s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n p r a c t i c e s honored, Some of o u r r e s e a r c h shows t h i s ,

There i s much agreement among many p e o p l e t h a t we have a sediment c o n t r o l problem t o d a y , I ' v e been r e a d i n g r e s u l t s of a r e c e n t urban

e r o s i o n s u r v e y p r e p a r e d by a C a l i f o r m a d v i l e n g i n e e r i n g f i m which s a y s t h a t urban e r o s i o n and s e d i m e n f a t i o n a r e now a s e r i o u s problem i n f o r t y - t h r e e of t h e f i f t y s t a t e s , The s u r v e y found t h a t h o u s i n g developments and t h e u s e o f u n s u i t a b l e l a n d f o r development t i e d f o r t h e major c a u s e of

e r o s i o n and s e d i m e n t a t i o n problems w i t h r o a d c o n s t r u c t i o n a c l o s e runner-up, The s u r v e y a l s o gave

a

f i n d i n g t h a t might be c a l l e d "1've g o t some good news and I ' v e g o t some bad news,'' The bad news i s t h a t a l a r g e

number of t h o s e p o l l e d i n t h i s study b e l i e v e t h a t e r o s i o n and s e d i m e n t a t i o n would become even more of

a

problem i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e , and t h a t r h e good news t o o f f s e t t h i s was t h e e q u a l l y f i r m b e l i e f t h a t p r o g r e s s i s b e i n g made i n c o n t r o P l f n g e r o s i o n and s e d i m e n t a t i o n a s s t a t e and l o c a l govern- ment becomes more aware of t h e s e problems and move towards b e t t e r p l a n n i n g programs and r e g u l a t i o n s t o c o n t r o l t h e s e problems,

Two-thirds o f t h e s t a t e a r e now p r o v i d i n g some f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e t o l o c a l governmental u n i t s f o r land-use p l a n n i n g , b u t i t ' s s t i l l t r u e t h a t most s t a t e s - - a g a i n , two-thirds-have no laws c o n c e r n i n g e r o s i o n o r s e d i - m e n t a t i o n problems t h a t r e s u l t from i t ,

So what do w e have? Who can h e l p u s b a i l o u t t h e b o a t ?

~ ' m proud t o s a y t h a t t h e S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e , which I r e p r e -

sent, i s in a p o s i t t o n eo make a contribution, We lEke t o think t h a t we have been making a e s n t r i b u t f c n f o r many y e a r s , s i n c e w e were f i r s t o r g a n i z e d i n t h e m i d - t h i r t i e s b The United S t a t e s was che f i r s t major n a t i o n i n t h e world t o c r e a t e a n agency f o r c o n t r o l of e r o s i o n and r e l a t e d s o i l and w a t e r c o n s e r v a t i o n problems, and t h i s may be a l i t t l e b i t of a s u r p r i s e t o some p e o p l e who know of some of t h e p i o n e e r e f f o r t s and some of t h e programs s t a r t i n g i n Germany and England and o t h e r n a t i o n s , b u r t h e s o i l conserva- t i o n movement r e a l l y s t a r t e d r i g h t h e r e i n t h i s c o u n t r y and a c t u a l l y r i g h t h e r e i n North C a r o l i n a ,

w e ' r e making p r o g r e s s , Our r u r a l landowners and f a r m e r s who have been c o o p e r a t i n g w i t h S o i l and Water C o n s e r v a t i o n D i s t r i c t s and t h e SCS f o r many y e a r s have done an o u t s t a n d i n g job even though t h e e f f o r t i s a c o n t i n u i n g one, S o i l e r o s i o n reached a peak d u r i n g t h e Twenties and e a r l y T h i r t i e s , We have now r e d u c e d - e r o s i o n on farmland i n g e n e r a l t o l e s s t h a n o n e - t h i r d t h e amount t h a t we had f i f t y y e a r s ago, and I t h i n k t h i s i s something t o b e proud o f , A s you f l y o v e r t h e S o u t h e a s t e r n United S t a t e s and s e e some of t h e g u l l y s e a r s t h a t happened b a c k i n t h e T h i r t i e s t h a t have now been v e g e t a t e d o v e r , you c a n s e e t h e r e s u l t s of some of t h i s p r o g r e s s ,

Some of u s s t i l l remember t h e d u s t bowl d a y s , We'll a l l a g r e e t h a t p r o g r e s s h a s been made i n s o i f c o n s e r v a t i o n work o u t t h e r e where we no l o n g e r have some of t h e d u s t problems t h a t we had, I remember a s a s m a l l boy my

mother had h e r washing hanging o u t on t h e l i n e o v e r i n t h e Tennessee h i l l s and t h e c l o t h e s were r e d w i t h d u s t from Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and t h e d u s t bowl a r e a o u t t h e r e , That no l o n g e r happens,

M i l l i o n s of t o n s o f s o i l now remain on t h e h i l l s i d e o r i n t h e f i e l d i n s t e a d s f b e i n g d e p o s i t e d i n o u r s t r e a m s , r i v e r s , f a k e s , and harbors.

c l e a n i t o u t of o u r r o a d d i t c h e s and o u r c u l v e r t s and our w a t e r supply systems and o u r s t r e a m s and l a k e s , Some of o u r s o - c a l l e d n a t u r a l s t r e a m s a r e n o t r e a l l y n a t u r a l any more, I d o n ' t t h i n k , because t h e y ' v e been clogged and sometimes n e a r l y f i l l e d w i t h sediment r e s u l t i n g from man's misuse of l a n d ,

If you v i s i t w i t h some of t h e s e o l d - t i m e r s t h a t l i v e on some of t h e s e s t r e a m s , a l o r sf them w i l l t e l l you about an o l d swimming h o l e t h a t t h e y knew a s a boy and t h a t t h e y used t o come up i n w i t h a b o a t , s w i m i n t h e swimming h o l e , e t c , These have now been f i l l e d up,

Here i n North C a r o l i n a where t h e S o i l Conservation Program s t a r t e d down i n Anson County where t h e n a t i o n ' s f i r s t S o i l and Water C o n s e r v a t i o n D i s t r i c t was o r g a n i z e d , Brown Creek S o i l and Water Conservation D i s t r i c t , we've made tremendous accomplishments o v e r t h e y e a r s , 1 can go on and on w i t h t h e v a r i o u s amounts of t r a c t s t h a t have been p u t i n : 35,000 m i l e s of d i v e r s i o n t e r r a c e s , 1,000,000 a c r e s of c o n t o u r t i l l a g e ; 8500 m i l e s of d i v e r s i o n d i t c h e s ; 30,000 a c r e s of s i d e waterways; 80,000 a c r e s of s t r i p cropping a l o n g w i t h thousands of a c r e s of hayland and p a s t u r e l a n d , wild- l i f e h a b i t a t , and woodland development, Research h a s shown t h a t e r o s i o n t h a t produced t h e sediment can be reduced up t o 90 p e r c e n t by t h e u s e of s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n measures w i t h o u t changing m a t e r i a l l y t h e b a s i c p a t t e r n of t h e l a n d , T h i s can b e done on r u r a l a r e a s and u r b a n a r e a s , The same t a c t i c s work j u s t a s w e l l on some of t h e s e d e v e l o p i n g a r e a s t h a t we s e e around some of o u r towns where t h e l a n d i s s t r i p p e d o f f and l e f t b a r e f o r one o r more y e a r s ,

Our North C a r o l i n a c o u n r r y s i d e i s d o t t e d w i t h farm ponds and l a k e s , F i v e hundred and n i n e t y - f o u r were b u i l t l a s t y e a r , and more t h a n 65,000 o v e r a p e r i o d of y e a r s , T h i s , of c o u r s e , h e l p s h o l d t h e w a t e r where i t f a l l s and h e l p s t o c a t c h some of your sediment, These ponds c o n t a i n good w a t e r , of c o u r s e , f o r f i s h i n g ; and you g e t a l o t of bream and b a s s and s u c h f i s h o u t of t h o s e ponds,

Our r u r a l n e i g h b o r s , w i t h p r o f e s s i o n a l a s s i s t a n c e from a l l of t h e v a r i o u s a g r i c u l t u r a l a g e n c i e s i n t h e Department of A g r i c u l t u r e , have done a good j o b i n c o n t r o l l i n g t h e t y p e s of p o l l u t i o n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h e r o s i o n and s e d i m e n t a t i o n of farmland, Now t h e same p r o f e s s i o n a l a d v i c e and

to counties and municipalities and to our new system of State Planning

Regipnp. Incidentally, the Soil Conservation Service just recently

reorganized to correspond with the State Planning Regions. We believe

this will help a lot in administering multi-county programs.

The same know-how that has been used in the past on farmlands can

be provided--in fact, is now available--as we turn our attention to urban

and other non-farm sediment problems. The same principles of soil and

water conservation management, the same technical expertise that we in

the Soil Conservation Service and other agricultural agencies have built

up over the years in working with rural landowners can be used in urban

areas. I think that's why I feel so optimistic about the future, Meet-

ings like this facing the very real challenge that we all must face together

on this problem adds to my optimism.

I

believe that together we can meet

the challenge; and

I

think, Joe, that I have just volunteered the Soil

Corps of Engineers

Colonel elbert C. Costanzo District Engineer

U.S.

Army Eqgineer District

Wilmington, North Carolina

It's my pleasure to be with this distinguished group this morning

and to outline for you the Corps of ~ngineers'policies, programs, and

problems in the sediment control area.

Ts set the stage, the Wilmington District boundaries extend from

the mountains of eastern and central North Carolina and south-central

Virginia to the Atlantic Ocean. Within this 30,000-square-mile area,

our congressional authorities cover

a

variety of projects involving our

inland rivers, sounds, estuaries, and coastal beaches. Projects in each

of these categories must deal in varying degrees with the dual problem of

erosion and the resulting sediment.

The Corps1 policy pertaining to erosion and sediment is not specif-

ically stated in any congressional authority governing either flood con-

trol, navigatian, aqd beach erosion and hurricane protection projects;

but

as a subsidiary obligation on our part, as it pertains to project

planning and project execution. The origin of the sediment, the control

of the sediment, and the removal of sediment comprise one of the largest

and most complex problems confronting the Corps of Engineers.

These are some of our programs and problems. Let's first take a look

at inland rivers. Projects usually identified with inland rivers consist

of reservoirs, locks, and dams. In reservoirs, we are concerned with

two source$ of sedimentation. First, the sediment entering the reservoir

by in-flowing water and secondly, the bank erosion along the shore. When

a reservoir project is under construction, a network of sediment ranges-- these are guides or markers--is established in the reservoir and in the

river channel downstream to determine the rate of depletion sf st9rage

by sediment-free water from the reservoir.

Space is provided in all Corps reservoirs for sediment storage. In

North Carolina, the space provided is based on 0.5 acre-feet of sediment

i s based on a c t u a l s u r v e y s made i n t h e Chowan, Roangke, Tgr, Neuse, and Cape F e a r r i v e r b a s i n s d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d 1 9 3 2 t o 1949, With e f f e c t i v e e r o s i o n c o n t r o l programs implemented under t h e a u s p i c e s of t h e S o t 1 C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e and o t h e r s , t h i s r a t e c o u l d p r o b a b l y be reduced f o r t h e r e s e r v o i r s b e i n g planned and c o n s t r u c t e d today, a s sediment accumula- t i o n i n Corps r e s e r v o i r s h a s n o t been a problem, The t i m e may come, however, when a s more and more r e s e r v o i r s t o r a g e s p a c e i s r e q u i r e d f o r f l o o d c o n t r o l and w a t e r s u p p l y and a l l a v a i l a b l e r e s e r v o i r s i t e s a r e developed, t h e sediment s t o r a g e s p a c e may b e r e q u i r e d f o r h i g h e r p r i o r i t y p u r p o s e s , I f t h i s s i t u a t i o n d o e s d e v e l o p , a p l a n f o r removal and d i s - p o s a l of sediment w i l l become n e c e s s a r y ,

A second s o u r c e , w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e r e s e r v o i r s , i s bank e r o s i o n , Bank e r o s i o n from wind and wave a c t i o n a l o n g t h e s h o r e s of r e s e r v o i r s i s a n o t h e r problem, Not o n l y a r e v a l u a b l e l a n d s l o s t a d d i n g t o t h e sediment l o a d i n t h e r e s e r v o i r , b u t stumps and r o c k s a r e exposed c r e a t i n g h a z a r d s t o n a v i g a t i o n , With 800 m i l e s of s h o r e l i n e a t John

H,

Kerr R e s e r v o i r on t h e b o r d e r o f V i r g i n i a - N o r t h C a r o l i n a , I s m s u r e you can a p p r e c i a t e t h e s h o r e l i n e maintenance problems we have t h e r e ,

A r e s e r v o i r forms an e f f e c t i v e sediment t r a p , and w a t e r s r e l e a s e d downstream a r e r e l a t i v e l y sediment f r e e , T h i s s e d i m e n t - f r e e w a t e r i s n o t w i t h o u t i t s problems, T h i s s e d i m e n t - f r e e w a t e r t e n d s t o e r o d e t h e c h a n n e l u n t i l t h e normal sediment l o a d i s r e g a i n e d , T h i s i s one r e a s o n why we p u t o u r sediment g a g e s downsrream from t h e r e s e r v o i r t o s e e w h a t ' s happen- i n g , T h i s e r o s i o n , though, h a s n o t been a major problem below o u r Corps r e s e r v o i r s , However, t h i s c h a n n e l bank d e g r a d a t i o n h a s o c c u r r e d a l o n g t h e t h r e e l o c k s and dams on t h e Cape F e a r R i v e r s o u t h of F a y e t t e v i l l e , So t h e Corps h a s i n s t a l l e d some bank c o n t r o l measures, such a s s t o n e r i p r a p p i n g banks of t h e Cape F e a r i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e t h r e e l o c k s and dams,

Another major a r e a of one of our c o n c e r n s a r e t h e e s t u a r i e s and t h e sounds, A P r o j e c t s most g e n e r a l l y i d e n t i f i e d w i t h e s t u a r i e s and sounds a r e n a v i g a t i o n o r c h a n n e l improvement p r o j e c t s , Our programs and problems r e l a t e d t o sediment i n our e s t u a r i e s and sounds can b e s t be e x p l a i n e d by u s i n g t h e lower Cape F e a r R i v e r a s an example k e e p i n g i n mind t h a t t h i s i s

Most sediment b e i n g c a r r i e d by r i v e r s t o t h e ocgan i s d e p o s i t e d i n t h e e s t u a r i n e a r e a , En t h e n e x t 50 y e a r s , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 60,000,000 c u b i c y a r d s o f m a t e r i a l w i l l be d e p o s i t e d i n t h e 32-mile-long Wilmington Harbor P r o j e c t by t h e Cape F e a r R i v e r , Two-thirds of t h i s amount, o r 40,000,000 c u b i c y a r d s , w i l l be d e p o s i t e d i n t h e l a r g e anchorage b a s i n a c r o s s from t h e P o r t s A u t h o r i t y i n Wilmington, North C a r o l i n a , and t h e r e m a i n i n g o n e - t h i r d , o r 20,000,000 c u b i c y a r d s i n t h e n e x t 50 y e a r s , i n t h e 30-mile c h a n n e l d s m s t r e m , D i s p o s a l o f t h i s amount of dredged

m a t e r i a l c r e a t e s q u i t e a problem, F o r t u n a t e l y f o r t h e p r o j e c t ' s s p o n s o r , who i s t h e S t a t e of North C a r o l i n a , we do have t h e f e d e r a l l y owned Eagle I s l a n d a c r o s s from t h e North C a r o l i n a S t a t e P o r t s A u t h o r i t y c l o s e t o t h e a n c h o r a g e b a s i n which i s a v a i l a b l e a s

a

d i k e d d i s p o s a l a r e a f o r t h i s dredged m a t e r i a l from t h e anchorage b a s i n and t h e a d j a c e n t c h a n n e l . T h i s i s a diked a r e a and p r o v i d e s good c o n t r o l f o r t h e r e l e a s e of w a t e r f r e e of sediment back i n t o t h e r i v e r , The sediment i s t r a p p e d i n t h e d i s p o s a l a r e a

For t h e r e m a i n i n g 30 m i l e s downstream, however, s u i t a b l e d i s p o s a l a r e a s must b e found by t h e S t a t e of North C a r o l i n a t o t a k e c a r e of t h i s remaining 20,000,000 c u b i c y a r d s o v e r t h e n e x t 50 y e a r q , S i n c e 1830, when t h e Corps s t a r t e d d r e d g i n g t h e Cape F e a r River, m a t e r i a l dredged from t h e r i v e r c h a n n e l h a s been p l a c e d i n t h e s h a l l o w w a t e r between t h e c h a n n e l and t h e r i v e r bank, The m a t e r i a l i s m o s t l y sand s o t h e r e i s v e r y l i t t l e r e t u r n o f t h e m a t e r i a l s t o t h e c h a n n e l , The d i s p o s a l of t h e 20,000,000 c u b i c y a r d s o v e r t h e n e x t 50 y e a r s downstream would r e q u i r e t h e u s e of l e s s t h a n e i g h t p e r c e n t o f t h e 25,000 a c r e s of e s t u a r i n e b o t - toms i n t h e r i v e r , Many p e o p l e might o b j e c t t o t h i s k i n d of d i s p o s a l , A s e n s i b l e a l t e r n a t i v e t o t h e placement o f any dredged m a t e r i a l on t h e r i v e r bottom would b e t o p l a c e m a t e r i a l , l i k e w e ' r e c u r r e n t l y d o i n g on E a g l e I s l a n d , i n d i k e d , o n s h o r e d i s p o s a l a r e a s o r complete d i k i n g of d e s i g n a t e d i s l a n d s t h a t have been c r e a t e d o u t i n t h e r i v e r , The i n i t i a l c o s t of p r o v i d i n g d i k e d a r e a s i n t h e Cape Fear R i v e r a l o n e i s e s t i m a t e d t o be $10,000,000,

2 2

o f t h e consequences of open-water d i s p o s a l i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e Sunny P o i n t Ammunition Depot which i s l o c a t e d a b o u t 1 0 m i l e s above t h e mouth o f t h e Cape F e a r R i v e r i n t h e v i c i n i t y of S o u t h p o r t , North C a r o l i n a ,

That t a k e s c a r e of t h e e s t u a r i e s , Now, l e t ' s l o o k a t t h e beaches, If anyone c a n u n d e r s t a n d what n a t u r e does w i t h sand on t h e b e a c h e s , I ' l l q u a l i f y him as a sediment e n g i n e e r " p e r s o n i f i e d , " It seems t h a t we have t o o much s a n d i n p l a c e s where we d o n ' t need i t and n o t enough sand i n t h e p l a c e s where we need i t ,

The sediment p r o c e s s e s a l o n g t h e c o a s t a l margin of t h e beaches a r e q u i t e d i f f e r e n t from t h o s e t h a t a r e e n c o u n t e r e d i n l a n d ; y e t , i t i s n o t w i t h o u t i t s problems, I n t h e Corps of E n g i n e e r s o u r p r o j e c t s i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e b e a c h e s c o n s i s t of beach e r o s i o n and h u r r i c a n e p r o t e c t i o n

p r o j e c t s , Along w i t h t h e s e t y p e s of p r o j e c t s , we a r e r e q u i r e d t o s t a b i l i z e and improve i n l e t s f o r n a v i g a t i o n , There a r e 22 of t h e s e i n l e t s i n North

C a r o l i n a o f which LO a r e f e d e r a l l y authorized p r o j e c t s , Each of t h e s e i n l e t s c o n t r i b u t e s t o t h e s u b s t a n t i a l l o s s o f sand a s t h e sand moves a l o n g t h e c o a s t w i t h t h e r e s u l t t h a t s h o a l i n g o c c u r s i n t h e i n l e t and e r o s i o n o c c u r s on t h e beach beyond, Now t h i s would b e f i n e i f t h e e r o s i o n always o c c u r r e d i n t h e same p l a c e , b u t t h e e r o s i o n changes a s t h e w e a t h e r changes, Ten of t h e s e 22 i n l e t s a r e c o n g r e s s i o n a l l y a u t h o r i z e d n a v i g a t i o n p r o j e c t s and s h o u l d b e s t a b i l i z e d , A t a l l o f t h e s e t e n i n l e t s , t h e s h o a l i n g i s a s e r i o u s problem, The s h o a l e d m a t e r i a l must be removed by p i p e l i n e

would l i k e t o have i t ; w i t h t h e hopper d r e d g e and t h e s i d e c a s t i n g d r e d g e , w e have t o r e l y on n a t u r e t o t a k e c a r e of r h e m a t e r i a l a f t e r we d i s p o s e of i t , I n a l l of t h e s e c a s e s , most of t h e m a t e r i a l i s l o s t t o beach n o u r i s h m e n t ,

However, we can do something a b o u t t h i s , I n one c a s e , Masopboro I n l e t , l o c a r e d a t t h e s o u t h end of W r i g h t s v i l l e Beach, was s t a b i l i z e d by a r o c k j s t t y on t h e n s ~ : h s i d e w i t h a sand bypass f e a t u r e , The sand bypass is j u s t a low s e c t i o n i n t h e j e t t y , a low w e i r s e c t i o n a s we c a l l i t , n e a r the s h o r e , Sand moving a l o n g t h e beach moves o v e r t h e w e i r and i n t o a b i g b a s i n t h a t we have on t h e s o u t h s i d e i n t h e i n l e t , Prom

t h e r e we c a n move i n a d r e d g e and pump t h e sand o u t of t h e b a s i n o n t o t h e beach and l e t n a t u r e t a k e t h e sand and move i t a l o n g t h e beach t o n o u r i s h t h e beach, O t h e r j e t t y s a r e p l a n n e d , b u t l i k e a n y t h i n g e l s e , t h e y a r e v e r y c o s t l y ,

Another i n t e r e s t i n g p r o j e c t c o n c e r n s i n l e t s , On 23 December 1 9 7 1 we opened Drum I n l e t l o c a t e d a b o u t h a l f way between Cape Lookout and Ocracske I n l e t , D r u m I n l e t was opened i n i t i a l l y by a h q r r i c a n e i n 1933, Over t h e p a s t y e a r s t h i s i n l e t h a s been m i g r a t i n g ,

as

n a t u r e h a s allowed i t t o do, t o two m i l e s s o u t h from i t s o r i g i n a l l o c a t i o n , I t moved accord- i n g t o t h e s e a s o n s , About a y e a r ago, t h i s i n l e t was c o m p l e t e l y c l o s e d by n a t u r a l p r o c e s s e s , The c l o s i n g o f t h e i n l e t , t h e n , r e q u i r e d u s , because of n a v i g a t i o n r e a s o n s , t o go i n and open i t ; b u t most i m p o r t a n t , environ- m e n t a l l y we had t o open t h e i n l e t b e c a u s e t h e Core Sound, l o c a t e d i n back of t h e b a r r i e r beach, was becoming a f r e s h w a t e r sopnd r a t h e r t h a n a

s a l t w a t e r sound, The f i s h e r m e n , a s w e l l a s t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l i s t s , wanted an i n l e t t h e r e t o p r o v i d e f o r p e r i o d i c f l u s h i n g of t h e sound, The c l o s i n g o f t h e i n l e t had a n immediate e f f e c t on t h e w a t e r Temperature and t h e s a l i n i t y i n t h e Core Sound,

and t o s e e d 30 a c r e s o f t h i s dredged m a t e r i a l w i t h marsh g r a s s i n a n a t t e m p t t o c r e a t e some a r t i f i c i a l marsh. T h i s i s , t h e n , one of t h e ways t h a t we a r e t r y i n g t o work w i t h n a t u r e and t o h e l p m a i n t a i n t h e environment i n t h e a r e a .

I ' v e t a l k e d a b o u t b e a c h e s , and I ' v e t a l k e d a b o u t i n l e t s . They b o t h have t h e i r problems. So we n e e d , t h e n , t o s t u d y i n more d e t a i l i n o r d e r

t o d e t e r m i n e t h e b e s t mix o f beaches and i n l e t s f o r e n v i r o n m e n t a l enhancement.

Each y e a r I r e c e i v e many l e t t e r s from p r o p e r t y owners a l o n g t h e ocean and sounds r e q u e s t i n g a s s i s t a n c e i n c o n t r o l l i n g e r o s i o n of t h e b e a c h e s . Now o n l y f o r p u b l i c p r o p e r t y c a n t h e Corps a s s i s t a s f a r a s c o n s t r u c t i o n g o e s , b u t we do have l i t e r a t u r e t h a t e x p l a i n s what happens and how t h e e r o s i o n p r o c e s s t a k e s p l a c e . The Corps of E n g i n e e r s t h i s l a s t f a l l completed f o r t h e Congress a n a t i o n a l s h o r e l i n e s t u d y t o p r o - v i d e some i n s i g h t s t o beach e r o s i o n problems.

I n c l o s i n g t h i s r a t h e r l i m i t e d d i s c u s s i o n of o u r a c t i v i t i e s , I c a l l t h i s t h e t h r e e "P's" of s e d i m e n t : P o l i c i e s , Programs, and Problems,

I ' d l i k e t o add a f o u r t h "P" t o t h a t , and t h a t i s P e o p l e , People make t h e p o l i c i e s , p e o p l e d e v e l o p and implement t h e programs, and p e o p l e c a u s e t h e problems. I n what o r d e r t h e s e o c c u r , I d o n ' t know; b u t I do know t h a t I f e e l i t a n honor f o r me t o be h e r e t h i s morning and t o be p a r t of t h e p e o p l e and t o work w i t h you on your p r o j e c t s . To work w i t h you t o d a y and i n t h e f u t u r e - - t o go on w i t h t h e r e s e a r c h and w i t h t h e p r o j e c t s t h a t a r e r e q u i r e d i n terms of sediment c o n t r o l t o p r o v i d e f o r North C a r o l i n a t h e b e s t sediment c o n t r o l program i n t h e c o u n t r y .

Question: I n s p e a k i n g of sediment problems, you d i r e c t e d your remarks t o t h e s e d i m e n t a t i o n o f r e s e r v o i r s and e s t u a r i e s on t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t s e d i - ment was i n e v i t a b l e . You d i d n o t a d d r e s s t h e p r e v e n t i v e measures which might have l e s s e n e d t h e need f o r Corps p r o j e c t s t o s t a r t w i t h . For

which might n o t have been n e c e s s a r y i f p r o p e r l a n d u s e measvres had been e x e r c i s e d t o s t a r t w i t h , Would you c a r e t o comment on t h a t ?

Answer: I b e l i e v e what y o u ' r e s a y i n g i s t h a t i f t h e p e o p l e d i d n ' t have t h e problem t h e r e t o s t a r t w i t h - - i n o t h e r words, i f t h e l a n d were t r e a t e d p r o p e r l y t o s t a r t w i t h - - t h e n t h e r e w o u l d n ' t be any need t o c o n s t r u c t a c h a n n e l i z a t i o n p r o j e c t o r t o b u i l d a r e s e r v o i r .

L e t me f i r s t sf a l l t a l k about f l o o d c o n t r o l r e s e r v o i r s . The Corps of i n g i n e e r s h a s a program c a l l e d o u r Flood P l a i n I n f o r m a t i o n Program. T h i s program h a s been i n b e i n g f o r a b o u t t h e l a s t 10 y e a r s . T h i s program c o n s i s t s of p r o v i d i n g t o a community o r t o a c o u n t y o r t o t h e S t a t e a s t a t u s r e p o r t on t h e f l o o d s i t u a t i o n i n a n a r e a , The North C a r o l i n a L e g i s l a t u r e i n 1971 passed a Floodway R e g u l a t i o n Law. I t a l l o w s e a c h community t o p a s s i t s own floodway l e g i s l a t i o n , What we do, t h e n , i s t o make a s t u d y of t h e flosdway when r e q u e s t e d , We, t h e n , by o u r t e c h - n i q u e s c a n d e l i n e a t e a l o n g t h e s t r e a m s i n t h e community t h e a r e a s s u b j e c t t o f l o o d i n g under c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s , We t h e n forward t h i s r e p o r t on t o t h e S t a t e and t o t h e community. The community c a n t h e n t a k e t h i s r e p o r t and d e v e l o p t h e o r d i n a n c e s , p l a n n i n g zones, z o n i n g l a w s , e t c . t o p r e v e n t t h e b u i l d i n g i n t h e floodway t h a t would c a u s e t h e f l o o d problem, You d o n ' t need a f l o o d c o n t r o l r e s e r v o i r u n l e s s you have f l o o d problems.

North C a r o l i n a Department of N a t u r a l & Economic Resources Dr, A r t h u r W, Cooper

A s s i s t a n t S e c r e t a r y f o r Resource Management

With r e s p e c t t o t h e sediment c o n t r o l problem, t h e Department of N a t u r a l and Economic Resources i s a d e p a r t m e n t w i t h s e v e r a l f a c e s a s i t

i s w i t h r e s p e c t t o a number o f o t h e r i s s u e s , There a r e a g e n c i e s w i t h i n our Department c h a r a r e c a ~ c e r n e d b e c a u s e of t h e e f f e c t s s f sedimenta-

t i o n , For example, o u r D i v i s i o n of S t a t e P a r k s h a s e x p e r i e n c e d s e r i o u s s e d i m e n t a t i o n problems i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h highway c o n s t r u c t i o n i n a t l e a s t one of i t s r e c r e a t i o n a l l a k e s , The W i l d l i f e Resources Commission, of c o u r s e , i s c o n t i n u a l l y concerned w i t h t h e e f f e c t s of s e d i m e n t a t i o n on f i s h r e s o u r c e s i n t h e s t a t e " s t r e a m s , On t h e o t h e r hand, we have a number of a g e n c i e s t h a t a r e concerned w i t h e f f o r t s t o manage sediment c o n t r o l ,

Our g e n e r a l a t t i t u d e i s b e s t e x p r e s s e d by t h e p h i l o s o p h y of t h e O f f i c e of Water and A i r R e s o u r c e s , Water and A i r f e e l s t h a t s e d i m e n t a t i o n i s p e r h a p s t h e major p o l l u t i o n problem i n North ~ a r o l i n a ' s waterways,

D e s p i t e t h i s f e e l i n g , no e f f e c t i v e l e g i s l a t i o n o r c o n t r o l programs r e l a t - i n g t o i t have y e t been developed, Water and A i r s t r o n g l y backed t h e l e g i s l a t i o n p r e s e n t e d l a s t s p r i n g and w i l l do a n y t h i n g i n i t s power t o a s s i s t t h e L e g i s l a t i v e R e s e a r c h Commission i n development of a new pro- gram f o r t h i s y e a r ,

I would l i k e t o t a l k b r i e f l y a b o u t some of t h e programs and concerns t h a t e x i s t w i t h i n o u r department and t h e n make a few v e r y b r i e f comments a t t h e end a b o u t f u t u r e P e g i s L a t i o n , There a r e two a g e n c i e s w i t h i n t h e Department of N a t u r a l and Economic Resources t h a t have s i g n i f i c a n t pro- grams r e l a t i n g t o sediment c o n t r o l , One of t h e s e , of c o u r s e , f s t h e S t a t e S o i l and Water C o n s e r v a t i o n Committee under t h e a b l e l e a d e r s h i p of H, A,

i n d i r e c t r e s p o n s e f o a c r i s i s s i t u a t i o n , T h i s program h a s been i n o p e r a t i o n f o r t h i r t y - f i v e y e a r s , A l l of North C a r o l i n a h a s been s e r v e d by c o n s e r v a t i o n d i s t r i c t s s i n c e 1955, The programs have been r e a s o n a b l y e f f e c t i v e , and e r o s i o n o r s e d i m e n t a t i o n from f a r m l a n d s h a s been g r e a t l y r e d u c e d , The j o b i s n o t by any means complete, New t e c h n o l o g y r e g u i a r l y p r o v i d e s new methods and new a p p r o a c h e s t o c o n t r o l l i n g e r o s i o n from

a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d s , Of c o u r s e , t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e f o r t e c h n i c a l farm p l a n n i n g h a s been a v a i l a b l e t o landowners on a v o l u n t a r y b a s i s , n o t on a mandatory b a s i s , Consequently, a l l landowners have n o t s o u g h t a s s i s t a n c e , and t h o s e who have s o u g h t a s s i s t a n c e have n o t always a p p l i e d a l l o f t h e p r a c t i c e s recommended t o them,

A s M r , Howells p o i n t e d o u t i n h i s i n t r o d u c t o r y comments, t h e s c e n e now, of c o u r s e , i s s h i f t i n g from t h e r u r a l t o t h e u r b a n environment, A s North C a r o l i n a u r b a n i z e s , s e d i m e n t a t i o n from n o n - a g r i c u l t u r a l s o u r c e s becomes a major problem, S o i l l o s s e s from a f i v e - a c r e t r a c t b u l l d o z e d c o m p l e t e l y c a n r e a d i l y exceed l o s s e s from a l a r g e farm where t h e o n l y s o i l l o s s e s a r e caused from t h e l i m i t e d t i l l i n g o f t h e l a n d ,

S o i l and w a t e r c o n s e r v a t i o n d i s t r i c t s now w i l l p r o v i d e sediment csn- t r o l p l a n n i n g t o u r b a n development u t i l i z i n g t h e s e r v i c e s of S o i l Conserva-

t i o n S e r v i c e p e r s o n n e l t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t f u n d s and p e r s o n n e l w i l l p r o v i d e , Development of a w e l l - r e c e i v e d and h i g h l y p u b l i c i z e d sediment c o n t r o l p l a n f o r t h e new K-Mart i n R a l e i g h a t t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n of Western Boulevard and t h e B e l t l i n e i s a c a s e i n p o i n t , b u t such work i s v o l u n t a r y on t h e p a r t o f ' landowners, A mandatory system u t i l i z i n g p e r m i t s would a s s u r e t h a t a l l

c o n t r a c t o r s a t l e a s t s t a r t e q u a l l y from a c o n t r a c t s t a n d p o i n t i n p r o v i d i n g sediment c o n t r o l , Like a l l worthwhile u n d e r t a k i n g s sediment c o n t r o l i s n o t f r e e , However, i t i s n o t o v e r l y e x p e n s i v e , The owners must u l t i - m a t e l y pay f o r t h i s and any o t h e r e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o t e c t i v e measures t h a t a r e deemed e s s e n t i a l ,

I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e S t a t e S o i l and Water Conserva- t i o n Committee, t h e North C a r o l i n a F o r e s t S e r v i c e h a s a c t i v i t i e s i n s e v e r a l a r e a s r e l a t i n g t o sediment c o n t r o l , The F o r e s t S e r v i c e works w i t h t h e

S e x v i c e d e s i g n a t e s t h e s e a r e a s as s u i t a b l e f o r s t a b i l i z a t i o n w i t h t r e e s , I n a d d i t i o n t o t h i s , t h e S t a t e F o r e s t S e r v i c e p r o v i d e s t r e e - p l a n t i n g a c t i v i t i e s under t h e i r c o o p e y a t i v e f o r e s t management program,

A t h i r d g e n e r a l a r e a o f a c t i v i t y i n o u r department t h a t i s j u s t becoming e f f e c t i v e b u t t h a t w i l l be much more a c t i v e i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e i s t h e program developed by o u r Mining Dkvision i n t h e O f f i c e of E a r t h

Resources a s a r e s u l t of t h e p a s s a g e of t h e Minfng Act o f 1971, The

Mining Act o f 1 9 7 1 p r o v i d e s t h a t r e e l a m a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h o s e r e l a t i n g t o t h e c o n t r o l of e r o s i o n , s h a l l " t o t h e e x t e n t f e a s i b l e , b e conducted s i m u l t a n e o u s l y w i t h mining o p e r a t i o n s and i n any e v e n t be i n i t i a t e d a t t h e e a r l i e s t p r a c t i c a b l e t i m e a f t e r completion o r termina- t i o n of mining on any segment of t h e p e r m i t a r e a O s 9 a a h mining o p e r a t o r i n t h e s t a t e must have f i l e d a n a p p l i c a t i o n f o r a p e r m i t and have t h a t p e r m i t approved by J u l y 1, 1972, A s a p a r t of t h e p e r m i t a p p l i c a t i o n ,

t h e o p e r a t o r must i n c l u d e a p l a n f o r r e c l a m a t i o n of t h e l a n d , T h i s reclamacfon p l a n w i l l , where f e a s i b l e , r e q u i r e r e v e g e t a t i o n s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r t h e c o n t r o l of e r o s i o n , I n o r d e r t h a t t h e s e programs of r e v e g e t a t i o n and e r o s i o n c o n t r o l b e a s sound a s p o s s i b l e , t h e Mining Commission h a s d e c i d e d t h a t i n o r d e r t o b e a c c e p t a b l e t h e r e v e g e t a t i o n p o r t i o n of t h e r e c l a m a t i o n p l a n must be approved e i t h e r by a c o u n t y f o r e s t e r , a l o c a l SCS m n , a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l Experiment S t a t i o n o r a l i c e n s e d l a n d s c a p e a r c h i t e c t , It i s o u r o p i n i o n t h a t t h i s i s t h e most e x p e d i e n t mechanism t o a s s u r e t h a t a d e q u a t e e r o s i o n c o n t r o l measures a r e b u i l t i n t o

t h e r e c l a m a t i o n of mined l a n d , I t h i n k t h a t t h e g e n e r a l p h i l o s o p h y i n v o l v e d i n t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e mining program i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t , The S t a t e Mining E n g i n e e r i s t r y i n g t o emphasize t o a l l miners t h e neces- s i t y f o r c a r r y i n g o u t r e c l a m a t i o n measures a s c l o s e as p o s s i b l e i n time t o t h e a c t u a l t i m e of mining s o t h a t t h e a c t i v i t i e s can be done concur- r e n t l y , t h e r e b y d i m i n i s h f n g t h e c o s t s invoPved,

The O f f i c e of Water and A i r Resources h a s , a s I i n d i c a t e d , f o r many y e a r s had deep c o n c e r n s w i t h sediment c o n t r o l i n t h e waterways of t h e s t a t e , These c o n c e r n s have, a s I u n d e r s t a n d i t , l a r g e l y been e x p r e s s e d a s c o n c e r n , f o r t h e r e have n o t been any e f f e c t i v e l e g i s l a t i v e mechanisms