Tamil Handbook

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(2) WmiM A FIRST. CATECHIS^-I OF. Director of Public. L. Ml. BI. 'ftuju^n. TAMIL CxRAIMMAE,. (f Public Tnstnict. '. >,. A SECOND CATECHISM C^ the Director. iAI. .. •outh InJi. .. TA.. for Schools.. ^'hri.ii'^-... -. GRAMMAR.. 'IL. Si.. Office of the. School Book Society.. th Edition.. Office. of. _. TAMIL POETICAL ANTHOLOGY. summaries. oi. >\. .'""ing in Taaiil. Grammar, an and Ainerii-" Ik. '". ,. This work contains 612 select verses, with and English, references throughout to the Third. Vo^:abulary.. Office. --a;--. A TREATISE ON. \^. •j'?. of. the Director o'' Public Instruction,. ûistos ^l9<c. Krwledge. Christian. ir.::r -J;-,:l .\|eliSST.. Society's. ^. Press, Madras.. 'SÊlSjI'SLD.. A COMPE. Families.. i.>li. ..1. i.)F. 2d Edition.. R 4yÔ-i_J-^- ACHING,. T. THE FOLLY OF DEMON V,. A TAMIL. ^^. Ki\iiOi\.. -^. 'i. /<?. A TAF^^. for Schools. and Christian. ^^î-^Q\j^'sitory.. a !ijoie. Mission Depository.. COLENSO'S ARITHMETIC* iELD.. ". A TAMIL TRA: ORATION. I. ''NSCS /LGEBRA.*. Oi'. LUND'S GEOMETRY AS. A. SCIENCE.*. A TAMIL TRANSLATION OF LUND'S GEOMETRY AS AN [*. ART.*. These works were translated by T. Vencata Gharry; and were revised and. edited. by the Rev. G. U. Pope.. Office. of. the Director. of Public. Instruction.'].

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(5) A TAMIL HAND-BOOK: FULL INTRODUCTION TO THE COMMON DIALECT OF THAT LANGUAGE, ON THE PLAN OF. OLLENDORF AND ARNOLD. FOR THE USE OF FOREIGNERS LEARNING TAMIL, AND OF TAMULIANS LEARNING ENGLISH.. V/ith copious Vocabularies (Tamil-English, and English-Tamil), Appendices containing Reading Lessons, Analyses of Letters,. Deeds, Complaints,. Key. Official. THE KEY. Head Master of. Documents, and a. to the Exercises.. the. G. U.. POPE,. Ootacamimd Grammar School.. Difficidtks will vanish as. you learn on.— Pro v.. THE SECOND EDITION.. ilia. t. rt. s$. PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY And. sold at the. P.. R.. HUNT.. American Mission Press.. 1859. Price Seven Rupees..

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(7) IfB^ PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.. No. apology. necessary for offering to the Tamil student a book. is. which has long been wanted. In regard to the imperfections which detract from its value the writer can only say, he has done what he. He. could.. and. has tried to state the facts of this noble language succinctly. The examples, with few. clearly.. exceptions, have been selected. from books in universal use in the Tamil country.. Should a second. edition be published, these examples will be considerably increased in. number.. No that. v/ork can remove from the elements of a language like. may embarass. be met bravely. but there. ;. There are. the learner.. difficulties in it. Tamil. all. which must. none which a very moderate. are, certainly,. degree of attention will not enable any one, however unpractised in such studies, to. The 1.. overcome.. following hints. Do. may be. of use to those. not proceed too quickly.. entirely. its. elements.. great accuracy in the mastei'ing of 2.. who. An. use this book. new language. Write down every thing from the very beginning.. :. requires. Read always. with pen, or pencil, in hand. 3.. Read aloud. all. the exercises with a Tamil teacher. what you have. careful in ascertaining the correctness of 4.. At. first,. 5.. Begin. Why. to talk. first. day.. say, "salt,". it. in. when you knoAV. the. e\k. Jt. /r%.. brr. ti. lips. —. as soon as pos.sible. to a native if. word "s-ul/?". of makins: mistakes.. 4rV. for it in the. full.. —though with stammering Never speak English. and be very. written.. whenever you meet with a new word, look. vocabulary, and decline or conjugate. the very. ;. you can help. Do. it.. not be afraid.

(8) PREFACE.. IV 6.. Be very. careful. in. down. noting. differences. in. idiom,. Tamil and your own language.. If you hear. Tamil, beware of thinking. you hear to be really Tamil.. cultivate a. would a. Tamil. all. You. should understand. you need not use any expression that This. little. work has been. is. between. Cutcherry. Try. to. all. you hear:. not good Tamil.. written with a deep feeling of the vast. importance of the acquisition by all. language of the people among. Clu-istian or. an unidiomatic expression, as you. ear, so as to detect. false note in music.. much. whom. who. sojourn in the land, of the. Two. they dwell.. hours a day for. a year will enable most people to converse freely on ordinary topics. with those around them. It is proposed in. due time, to publish a 2d part* in which the poetry. of the language will be illustrated.. The. author would scarcely have ventured to publish, in this country,. a book. requiring such peculiar attention to accuracy in type and arrangement, had he not been zealously seconded by Mr. P. R. Hunt, the able superintendent of the American Mission Press, to whose efforts to. improve Tamil Typography. The. earnest wish. all. who. use the language are indebted.. and prayer of the writer. is. that his efforts. may. however small a degree, to facilitate free intercourse between Hindus and their brethren from the West, and so aid in the impartation. tend, in. to the former, of all that. Tanjore,. God has bestowed upon. the latter.. J. October 5th, 1855. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. The work has been has been added.. The. entirely re-written,. This will be of great. and greatly enlarged.. use, if. author has to oifer his sincere acknowledgments to. friends for very valuable suggestions.. Ootacamund, March, 1859.. A key. consulted prudently.. i. <. * Sec Tamil Poetical Anthology.. many kind.

(9) TAMIL HAND-BOOK.. A. INTRODUCTION. § I.. 1.. The Tamil. speech of. Tlie. is. Nannul. General.. (a standard native. Bay. the eastern sea (the. people, inhabiting the great plain of. within. limits. which. it. prevails are thus. grammar):. "The. is. defined. eastern boundary. of Bengal), the southern boundary. Comorin, the western boundary is. in. (îSCp, perhaps from Sans. Dravida) is the vernacular. about ten millions of. the Carnatic. in the. Of the Tamil Language. is. Cape. the west sea, the northern boundary. Vengadara (or Tripety a town about 80 miles N. W. of Madras, Here the western boundary. nearly on the same parallel with Pulicat).". from Comorin. [@Lo/fl] to. Trivandrum. {_^(i^<si:Bis^L\nLD\. but from Trivandrum northward the Tamil country eastern side of the Ghats.. The Tamil. is. correctly stated,. is. confined to the. region thus includes a portion. Madura (includTondiman Raja), Trichinopoly, Coimbatoor,. of south Travancore, the entire Zillahs of Tinevely,. ing the dominions of a great part of. the. Salem and of North Arcot, with the whole of South North Ceylon also is a Tamil Colony. Tamil. Arcot and Chingleput. communities are. to. be found in most of the British cantonments in. the Dekkan. 2.. The. principal languages cognate to. Tamil are the Telugu, the. Canarese, and the Malayalam. is bounded north by the Uriya (beginning with the Ganjam), on the north-west by Marathi, on the south-west by Canarese, and on the South by Tamil. It differs from the Tamil. The Telugu. district of. more widely than do the other cognate. dialects..

(10) INTRODUCTION,. The Canarese. §. I.. the language of the table-land of. is. Mysore, of part. of the Nizam's territory, and of a part of Canara.. The Malayalam. is. spoken on the western side of the Malaya moun-. from Mangalore. tains. to. Trivandrum.. seems to be but a corrupt. It. Tamil.. Minor cognate. dialects are (I.) the Tuluva,. in the neighbourhood of Mangalore, and •. The. (2.). v,arious. Nilagiris, of. [gohata]. dialects. is. a dialect spoken. more. allied. to. Tamil and the Kota. The Burgher [badaga]. Canarese.. much corrupted. The Gond and Ku,. is. spoken by the rude inhabitants of the. which the Tuda. to the. is. which. nearly allied to the Canarese.. is. simply old. Canarese, (3.). Gondwana and. in. the adjoining. hills... The. rude languages of some other mountain tribes in Central and Northwestern India possess more or less resemblance to Tamil in idiom and structure.. To. this family of languages the epithet. This also. is. " Dravidian" has been applied.. hardly correct as that term must include Marathi.. They have. been styled " Tamilian," from Tamil, their chief member.. The. 3.. origin. and. affinities. of the South Indian group of languages. have been much discussed.. On. the one hand the more deeply they. ai-e. it. studied the. more. and the more evident. will their affinity to Sanscrit be seen to be,. close will. appear that they possess a primitive and very near relationship to. the languages of the Indo-European group.. Yet they are. certainly not. mere. Pracrits, or corruptions of Sanscrit.. have always supposed that their place was among the members of the last mentioned family, and that they were probably " disjecta membra" of a language coeval with Sanscrit and having the same origin I. with. it.. They. certainly contain. many. traces of. a close connection with the. Greek, the Gothic, the Persian and other languages of the same family, in points. On Dr.. even where Sanscrit presents no. Caldwell, have. tribes. parallel.. the other hand. Professor Rask, Mr. Norris, and more recently. from. whom. shewn that the. original language of the. nomadic. the races of South India have sprung was probably. what they term " Scythian," that is, a member of that group of tongues which are included the "Finnish, Turkish, Mongolian, and Tungusian. in. families.".

(11) INTRODUCTION. 4.. Grammars. may. of the Tamil. composed by Native. In the. first class it is. I.. be divided into two classes: those. and those written by Europeans. scholars,. tate the acquisition of the languages (1.). §. to facili-. by foreigners.. only necessary to mention the following:. It seems very doubtful whether the book which now goes under the name of Quir ^s^^luld is really an ancient composition. As a whole this woi-k is not extant, but fragments of it have been published.. (a.) Agastycis Sutrams.. The Tolcappiam, written by ^nsmsr^LDir&QstB of the town of. (b.). A. Qîreosirui^Lua^L^, south of Madura.. The. (c.) piled. ( QfiiT<so= ancient,. QîTGsr^^nTeo. by the learned Jesuit R.. hensive work; but excellencies. is. in print.. m'^= scientific. J. C. Beschius.. This. treatise^,. com-. a very compre-. is. author imitates the Native writers not in their. its. only.. part of this. It. can hardly be considered an original work;. though the chapters on Composition and Prosody are more so than the former part.. The. (d.). town of lished,. fB<Bir_îirSo. Of. F'zsrems.. (mSo=good, this. îrio),. composed by Pavananti of the. very able work. many. editions have been pub-. and a copious commentary has been added by. of Tinevely.. The whole. Vocabulary,. and. sîm^n. of the Nan-iuil with a plain prose. fBLoJ^SeurrujiT. Commentary,. Summaries in English, has been published Third Grammar. I would recommend the. Second part of. my. who may wish. to carry his studies. beyond the present. as. woi'k, to. over this Third Grammar, as introductory to the Nanniil.. the. learner,. read. I venture. to hope that he will find that after mastering that work, the writings. of. the Tamil (2.). Ccf-J. Grammarians. The. earliest. will. present scarcely any. difiiculties.. Grammars published by Europeans were. those. of the Rev. Father Beschius, of. which there are two, one of the com-. mon dialect (QsirQi^LSi^) and They were written in Latin.. the other of the poetical (QsîîBip).. A translation of the common Tamil Grammar was published by Mr. Horst, and subsequently with corrections by the Rev. Mr. Malion. It. has been superseded in a great measure by later publications, yet. is. deserving of an attentive perusal by every Tamil student.. The Shen Tamil Grammar was Babington.. This. is. translated. an exceedingly correct. of a most masterly work.. and published by Mr. and scholarlike edition.

(12) INTRODUCTION.. The. (b.). §. I.. early Missionaries of Tranquebar are said to have published. a Tamil Grammar; but 1 have not been able to meet with any account of. it.. A. (c.). Madras. Grammar was. Civil. lessened by. published in Europe by Mr. Anderson of the. This. Service.. is. The next work was by. (d.). This. Palamcottah.. upon that. is. the late Rev. C.. It. has gone through. though not a philosophical grammar,. The Syntax. is. usefulness. its. is. T. E. Rhenius of. a very clear and useful work, and was founded. Beschius.. of. an able work, but. imitation of the native grammars.. its strict. is. three. editions,. and the examples were mostly made. deficient,. and. a plain, useful manual. for. the grammar, and not taken from standard Tamil authors. (e.) Dr. Graul, a director of the Leipsic Lutheran Mission, has very recently published. new,. is. a small manual, which, while. an elegant. it. contains nothing. and scholarlike compendium.. be regretted that the author should have allowed himself. It is to. to speak as. though he had been the. first to. " introduce Tamil into the. sphere of European studies." (f.) Since the publication of the 1st edition of this work a ComparGrammar of the Dravidian Languages has been published by the. ative. Rev. Dr. Caldwell, which thi-ows great light upon every part of the. No. subject. 5.. The. real student of the language should. be without. it.. native Tamil Literature, though greatly inferior in extent and. intrinsic value to the. many works which. Sanscrit, contains. repay the careful student.. The names. of. will. amply. a few of these, in the order. of their difficulty, I subjoin. (1.). The. When. writings of Auvei (Lesson 97).. the student. find the little. is. works of. able to read with ease plain prose. the study of the poetical Tamil. a. b. c.. Tamil he. will. this far-famed poetess the best introduction to. They. consist of,. The Atti-sudi (^^^(î^), The Kondrei-veynthan ( Q.siT(Ssr<s<np Ceul/iîdr), and The Mudurei ( Qpêmir).. The two former of. these consist of Ethical and Miscellaneous maxims,. arranged in alphabetical order.. The. last. work. is. not altogether a. genuine production of the authoress; but the greater number of the verses are of considerable antiquity and of undeniable merit..

(13) INTRODUCTION.. The KuRal. (2.). I.. of Tiruvalluvar.. This work was intended by wisdom, and to stand. its. is. divided into three parts, viz:. ^p^ giuu. IT eo,. author to be a compendium of. in the place of the. a.. It. §. Vedas. to the. all. Tamil people.. the division ( ufT&) ) which treats of ViKTVE (î/dld, 131.. This contains 38 chapters of 10 stanzas each, which are divided. d_).. into,. 1-4.. (a.) Introduction,. (b.) Domestic virtue, 5-24. (c.). Ascetic virtue, 25-37.. (d.) Destiny, 38. QuiTQ^LLuirSo, the division which treats of. b.. App.. WEALTH,. ( Qun-(msir,. 131. xi. (iii.). In this are included 70 chapters, which are thus classified:. (b.). The functions of Royalty, 39—63. The necessary adjuncts of Royalty, 64-95.. (c.). Miscellaneous, 96-108.. (a.). The. third part treats of se7isual pleasure and. (3.). The Raymajanam. of. much. of. it is. not. fit. to be read.. Kamban.. Nothing can exceed the sweetness and harmony of the. versification. of this real poet.. The of. first portion or uirso^mskri—i}) (the canto which Rama, the hero; Sans, bala, a youth, kandam, a. relates to the youth. chapter),. is. deserv-. ing of careful study. (4.). The Naladi-nanntiRU. (tztreo,. four, î^,. line, rBrr^^ss,four. hundred. (172)= the four hundred quatrains). This work consists of 40 chapters on the same subjects as the KuRal. It. seems to be a collection of verses by various Jain authors, and. The Tamil. undoubted antiquity.. is. pure, and. many. is. of. of the verses are. of singular beauty. (5.). The Nai-shad'ham, a. pandiyan, said,. of. the History of. "the Naishad'ham. (6.). is. poetical. Nala.. version,. Of. this. by king work it. This. is. proverbially. the nectar of poets.". The Sivaga Chintamani, an Epic grounded on. king Sivagan.. Ativiraramais. a difficult. the history of. work, but without doubt the finest. Tamil composition extant. (7.). The Tembavani. must not be omitted. (Q^lduit, unfading,. in this enumeration.. .^gysssfl,. a garland) of Beschi.

(14) INTRODUCTION. This woi'k contains a kind. of. its. of". summary. It is a close imitation of the. le^-ends.. poetical. diction,. §. and most of. its. I.. of the Bible, mingled with. Chintamani, from which much figures are bori'owed.. Some. verses are brilliantly poetical.. There are many prose works adaj)tations. models of. The. style,. being. following are. full. much. in. Tamil, which are translations or. All of these are, more or. from the Sanscrit.. of foreign idioms read,. and. less,. unsafe. and pedantic expressions.. will be useful to the discriminating. student. (1.). The. (2.). The. s^mix^s^ffl. ( s^rr. SfSrr&iBîrLoeixfl (S.. =fahlc, LD(^^rff cluster J.. Chintamani, a gem supposed. to yield wliat-. ever its possessors wish for ). (3.). 6.. There. Tamil.. The u^s'jSSih^ns.sen^, (U(S^^, five, îîns), victhod of grounded upon the Sanscrit Hitopadesa. is. acting),. a large and rapidly increasing translated literature in. These works had better be studied sparingly by the learner,. until his progress in the. forms and expressions.. language shall enable him to detect unidiomatic.

(15) INTRODUCTION. § II, [The following pages are intended to assist the student who reads with a native teacher. Throughout tlie work all matter included in brackets, or printed in small type, should be left by the learner to the second or third perusal.]. I, The Tamil letters (sr-^^-gi) are 30 in number. vowels, and 18 consonants.. ^^. Of. these 12 are. [The characters by which these are represented are evidently derived from the Grantham, which is itself derived from the earlier forms of the Devanagari.]. H,. The vowels 1.. are:. Short, ((Q-jSieo.).

(16) INTRODUCTION.. m.. The consonants. No. Class, (g). 1. 2. 3 4 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 11. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18. as arranged. §. II.. by the Tamilians. are,.

(17) INTRODUCTION.. II.. §. ^p° [The more advanced student will find it useful to study the following arrangement of the consonants. (Comp. Pope's III Grammar, 68—70.)] In Tamil the consonants are divided into. -. f 6VS\)sQ(SSrLCi,'\ ) ,< „. . ^ \isij&3. ,. \ Strong. class,. 1^* One of. these cannot. •K, <. .. „. .. ^^ 3.. Of. / \. <5^.. .. ,. Middle. IOldso '-. (^,. i,. (jj,. =. P. soft], -'. LB,. <oSSr, f5,. ,.. ,. .. ,. ,. [<S^/_î-//D].. which includes <oST. [ m^sjiSjuir/EiDSJr ]. corresponding nasal to the one above.. / r]S)e»i^^'. ,. class,. these ii. S, U,. only are. il>. initial.. =. All except. iei. and. ,. IT,. w. (5\).. Si/,. may. which includes middlel, -. J lU. 3:^ [0/. ^. end a word.. letter is the. these. ,. J fBJ,. Here each. 3^, L-,. >. \ Soft class,. .. strons, ^' wssTLD — class], wntcn includes ^ -^. S,. ^. =. '". J. Lp, SiT. [ iL/jiSVifflJtpsfr].. only are initial: all are. final.'\. be final..

(18) INTRODUCTION.. §. 11..

(19) INTRODUCTION.. §. II.. (c.J <5, ^, u, are pronounced hard in the beginning of a word, when they are mute, and when they are doubled; but soft in all other cases. These letters are surd at the beginning of a word, and when doubled; but sonant when they occur singly, in the middle of a word.. ij<s-«ii). an eye. (kan), (pak-kam), aside.. ^-euih. (ta-vam),. penance.. a^^-jSiii. (sat-tam),. a sound.. seisr. LDsdr (ma-ghan), a. mm. (as in. ^suim).. (pa-nam), money. (ap-pam), bread, rice-cake.. u-emsrij}. û-ULh. \_Compwre the Hebrew use of the Dagesh. Nordheimer,. (d.). German Tag).. (ma-tham), a sect (th in this). ûld (ta-bham), penance (another form of g:^ Almost like h, a slight aspiration, ld^ld. <3^'3'. = ch. ^3=-'3=LiD. (. §26..]. church. in. a-cham ), yVar. (. <?. ajter lL or. ^. =. ck).. (M-chi), possession. îL.-® Qp-ujp-& (mu-yaR-chi), effort. {a,Ti-}u), fear thou; five. ^tQ-3i. The. consist of a guttural (i), a palatal (ala cerebral ( l-), a dental (^ ), and a labial ( u ) Each of these has its nasal ( la, (q, ekr, i, ld), by which it is accompanied: îejuie^-s^, cotton, aeh-i—rrdr, he saw. î-fi, this, ^ld-l^, an (?<£, there,. (e.). first five classes (iii.). most a dental). ( '^),. arrow.. There are three r sounds.. (f.) IT. (as nearly as dental as tion. p. of the upper. teeth,. may be): Bring the tip of the tongue to the and pronounce a gentle r \_iMinJ:), tiosv/f].. (palatal): .Apply the tip. nounce a rough. r. [. of the tongue. ld^ld,. to the. ridge of the palate, and pro-. u/rgii'\.. Lp (cerebral): Apply the tip of the tongue, as far back as you can, palate,. and pronounce a rough. South, unable. to. r,. in which a z. These are never. The. initial.. (g.) There are three n sounds. ih,. gar,. ip. 1. In the ( 'Sit ) instead. In. (Cora. 123.). up.. are never doubled.. (sm.. (dental): Bring the tip of the tongue to the lower edge of the upper teeth and pronounce a soft n [/F<sii), <ss}i^tTm'\.. fB. 63r. (palatal):. Apply. the tip of the tongiie to the ridge of the palate. pronounce a distinct n <oS3T. (cerebral):. Turn. pronounce a strong n. %^. and. n. to the. sound will mingle.. articulate this letter, they use a strong. the North in the same toay they use lu for. 3^. inser-. IS. seldom (or never). \_LD3sru:>,. the tip of the tongue, as. far back. \_LDem'Lh, ^nsisr'\.. filial,. m. and. usodr].. and em never. initial.. as. you can and.

(20) INTRODUCTION. (h.) There are three. S. PP. [^ thin,. lower edge of the upper teeth \_îTm, Qp^^Lo'].. to the ridge. of the palate. l.QPPpi^']\_^L-L—iJa~\.. never final.. is. single, in the. and not. (i.). to the. Tongue curled round as far back as possible. (cerebral):. 3^ ^. 11.. sounds.. Tongue. (palatal):. I. I. Tongue. (dental):. t. §. middle of a word,. like d which is a very. There are two. /. is. sounded. common. like th in this, not like th in. mistake.']. sounds.. so (palatal): Tongue to the ridge of the palate and pronounce a soft &ir. (cerebral):. Tongue curled round as far back. 8g° These are never properly. CjO. ^/^. ^^. initial.. pronounced, tidr, i. e., a d sound (en-dran), he said.. is. of euphony.. as possible. [«a)].. 1. [«is»r.. introduced for the sake. is. er^-(rrêsr. If the consonants be arranged according to the place we shall have,. where they. are pronounced,. «,. El, ['ij],. ^, m,. IV, When. [ff'],. guttural.. dental.. essr, ip,. u,. LD, eu, labial.. eo,. p,. <F,. (^, I. dr, palatal.. should. (a.) sa,. ^. (b.). c?=. Remove ta,. call, palatal-dental.. a vowel follows a consonant. nant, and forms with it what in lûSirQLDiu = a living body].. <F. the sign. &c.. (As. ^, when. it. in. • {Cacuminals, Unguals.']. en , cerebral.. lL,. Tamil. attached to that conso-. it. is. is. called a. ^. (" or •) and is inherent Hebrew, Sanscrit, &c.). Vowel-consonant. in the consonant,. follows a consonant, is changed into. /r. or ^^. «. ka,. (^. +. -&,)•. The intermediate form is found in (These two forms are the same really. The latter form is only used in Malay41am, &c.) <s/r ki, <«/r s&, ^tr it, &c. these three cases: cszir. «^. P. + .^ = (COT). "iJ = ©• - cr+ -t-. ^. ^. is added to a consonant, only the ^ (c.) When part of the consonant.. is. joined to the upper. ^. = Q. s + ^ + S) = ^ = Lf.. iL +. ^. *. But compare Max. Miiller's note to. (Here there. is. a slight variation.). "Proposal for a Miss. Alph." p. sxzix..

(21) INTRODUCTION. (d.) e_ or. ;. q. changed in. is. ^.. ^'. The changes. in the consonants are only such as are necessary.. f. ^ 2-. +. S-. u). s^. (e.). is. = ^\. = (ip,. +. est. est. = =. eat. =:^. ear. — â,. eiar. and (f.) the consonant. <oT. <5J. + +. <»>.. ®.. and. the long. becomes. \_This also. <oSi. the short. er. + « +. Sbsr,. = 0«/r. Win. sp. =. J. Qsrr. in. <s. — 0«;. <s. +. er. =. Q<s.. To. tp. +S —. all those letters. enLp."]. which begin with a loop. it is still. (Sêtr. =. The number. These are shewn. <?-/r. respectively.. old alphabets, Qsir. is '•x'^. The consonant. and Qsit. is. ^^. .. standing. Compare •. the English k).. ^srr become. d + ( j.). + er = S"<b, and there was no difference The same may be said of e^ and ^.]. respectively,. &c.. eg. (i.). to. <?. and precedes the consonant.. (h.) g&,|& become 0-t and between. ffi. and prefixed. was formerly joined, thus:. ems, a hand.. joined; thus:. &c.. are changed into o and. d+. i +s —. (irregular).. (g.. \_They were formerly joined, thus:. ^. See the table.. &c.. ^ + il. (g.). 1. the preceding, with an additional stroke or loop.. s. form between. II.. joined to the under part of the consonant,. singly added, or with a loop. em +. §. o-®rr.0<5Sfl".. (These combinations are rarely used.). of these vowel-consonants. in the following table:. 13. is. 18. X. 12. = 216..

(22) INTRODUCTION.. §. 11.'.

(23) INTRODUCTION.. §. II..

(24) INTRODUCTION. (k.) In pronouncing the vowel and added na; thus: <s. letters in. Tamil. To. II.. schools, they lengthen a short. pronounced ka-na.. is. ©. for. §. si-na.. they add vena or yena; v, or. a long vowel. y being. inserted. euphony. SIT. pronounced kd-vena.. is. eas. ^^. The. sooner this. pronounce, ka, kd,. But. (I.). kei-yena, &c.. got rid of the better.. is. Children should be taught to. &(c.. added to a short sometimes used in Tamil.. in Sanscrit, suld is. one; and this. is. ^ ^. is. letter,. and. sirato to. a long. then a-garam.. s. d-garam. ka-garam.. SIT. kd-gdram, &c.. (a.) If the consonants be properly pronounced the vowels preceding will be necessarily modified, in a manner analogous to the German " umlaut.". V.. some of them. Examples. (to be read with a native.). ^sum. he,. aven (not avan).. ^-su/f he (politely) pronounced aver (not avar). cS'-O. i3-pm,. a place.. (ffi.i_i£),. a scorpion.. Q3=-UJ&), a doing.. Qlq,. under.. Qu-jpi,. ^^. (pon)-. a neighbour.. Q^&T,. just so. (viidu).. —. •. Oi_«OT. Q(su-^, an opportunity.. Qea-^, another.. an acquisition.. aO-®,. leave.. The learner must take care only to vary the sound much as is necessary to the proper pronunciation of. of the vowel,. the following. consonant.. m, essr, fr, ip, eo or &r of all but monosyllables takes the In the words ^ffsm® two and ^ff^ Camp. Bopp''s Covip. Gram. 6. ^Qsrih, a diamond, the of the vowel consonants n is pronounced very short, and So also in other S. words; as si^sii) sulphur]. Vulgarly as er. r^JU before the final. sound of. er.. ^. (b.) Initial @, ^, (chiefly when followed are often pronounced as if preceded by often sounded yu, as in Union.. OT, er,. is. ^° __. This. by a cerebral or lii,. ^-sstui, kindred.. er<sc-&)iTLD,. all.. &-(B,. an equivalent.. ^-eartli,. er-^,. which.. er-evcsT,. Y. sound. is. palatal),. as in English initial m,. a vessel, dish,. which man?. sometimes written both in Tamil and in. ^. its. kindred dialects.. —.

(25) INTRODUCTION.. 11.. §. ^. seldom has its full sound except in the first syllable of a word. (c.) In other cases it is often sounded ei/, only difiering from er, in the slight ?/ sound in which it ends.. Compare from your ems, a hand,. teacher's lips the different sounds of. and u-QFid-ests, a pebble.. ^. .. him.. ^-eu-ikr,. ea>u, a bag, ,. f. .tt (Here > I. .. etoLD,. ink,. <3^-eisu,. igation. a congregation.. icissn,. put!. QLD-em<3^,. a table.. -i.. •. is it is. ^ \ eT+@.). In the middle of a word it is often sounded almost like ^.- ^-^-su-QfiW, The rule given in the Nannul is that s has its full quantity only when it is used to express itsoion name. [Comp. Ill Grammar 15. (I.)] all.. [In Telugu, and Malayalam u is used often where Tamil uses s; and answers to it often in Canarese. Thus: Tel.. = = =. VELA. Mai. AVA Can. HALAGE. sfl^,. price.. ^^siEii,. those things.. Ljs«s»<s,. a board.']. or. (d.) 2- final, is always pronounced very slightly, and by the common people is often turned into J). It is almost always added to facilitate the enunciation of the final consonant.. [The Telugu and Canarese. also use s- in a similar. manner.]. an animal of the genus Bos = almost to lditlL. u-tf«-@, in order pronounced u-Lp.d-Q. Vulgarly initial £_ is sometimes pronounced as thus S-sJr, thy, becomes epsk. sî—Qssr = (saL—Qesr, immediately. LDiT®. is. to,. ep:. (e.) G^srr is often written ^©^ or ^<sii. Thus QiDeirmii, silence is written tDaj-snnb. This letter does not really belong to the language, and was introduced, apparently, under Sanscrit influences. egair-e»ei;,. if. (f.) Commonly, followed by i^.-. ^&@,. a certain poetess. ^ and. ^. having made, becomes. GfEfTsQ, having locked at,. uirdQiuih,. VI. is. before. bliss,. becomes. is. =. êu-eaeii.. « are sometimes pronounced. îLsQ.. pronounced. as if written QtEfriLdQ.. uitiLisQiuld.. A letter called ilytham, and written thus:. used in poetry only. -. as. _. oo or. <ffi>i,(=the. Greek. x),. _.

(26) INTRODUCTION. §. From. irii.. the old. II.. Grantham alphabet. are borrowed the following. letters.. al^ SH,. <si^. (generally. -^. Gin). eru s,. the English. (Cerebral; generally lL). ksh,. or iL). 8 m, (sometimes in the end of a. With. these the vowels. may be. Qfi-SsR-6i^y a teacher. .. ^-D^. .. =:. '. > loss.. ffiT^. [s.. VIII. The mm'Qis'uj. word. MSS).. in. joined.. eh-îff^ a woman. "^. H,. (generally «). s,. .. '. y. an elephant.. loss.. SiSDir-esfl. QiDmL-sîx),. ^. J^ti] race.. following abbreviations and sis^ns are in use:. .. '. \ >. ,. heaven..

(27) INTRODUCTION.. § II.. IX. The following lists given for the sake of practice contain none but useful, ordinary words. It will be well to commit them to memory. The pronunciation must be practised with a competent teacher. The notes may be useful to the student hereafter. Words. (I.). containing. •i.. s.. m-sua,. a finger nail,. ^-sld,. a yoke.. s.. rErr-su3,. a large snake.. @-(cm-S>i,. a well.. Qsirdso,. murder.. s.. Qsireo,. a. s.. stick,. ©«-(g, an cntanglevie7it. Q^m-ffj, Christ. Qeîr-sih, the world, [s. Loka.] m-SLD, 1 (?ew/r-< . r T «U T ,. > a metal,. .. s.. Qair-iS0Lh,pomp.. a tank.. (^-eirih, a.. s represents. d. the Sanscrit. often doubled. is. Lonam.J. chaff, stalks, ^c.. s^-efru),. k'ha, g, g'ha. k,. when. it. and. The Greek. or sonant according to its position. b.. [s.. Qearr-pjni. h,. and. is. consequently surd. y, x, X-. follows a vowel.. It is. never transmuted or. elided. c.. The use. s. of. for the. Sanscrit h arises from the fact that the. Tamil. possesses no aspirate whatsoever. d. The sound of d some German words.. Words with. (II.). in the. is. very soft like the. where?. eriii-Qa,. an assembly.. Qm-aih, a. lion.. se/-«»<s,. the Ganges.. afnij-etas,. heat.. a.. IEJ. never occurs in the beginning or end of a word.. b.. LD. followed by. Words. (III.). a becomes. containing. ^-em,. a male.. .^-esm, .^-esS,. an ornament, a nail.. .jij-asssr,. .M-^sssr,. c.. /E. or. is.. an atom. î-eto^, an owl,. .Jij-^S,. .jijessr-t—LD,. a world,. îi-î}>,. an end.. eiT-snr,. why.. .jtii-s.. an oath.. 6ji-gi,. lift in the. and. arms, êssr-ent—, near. @eir-£lij. ,,.. to day.. blis. eszir. ear. rice,. that.. are never found in the beginning of a word.. not found at the end of a word, or of a syllable, unless followed. and. g in. e.). a dam.. >. li. saor, ssr. iii.. êk-ssrih, food, boiled. \. (3sr. (com.. a ladder.. !. b.. im. GT-<sei^,. -tsi-^LD,. a.. final. iej.. îm-sii, pure gold. 3=fEj-sui,. middle of words. are interchanged occasionally.. by^.. In poetry m after dr often dis-. appears.. before. d.. LD. e.. car is. ^. becomes i (com.. sometimes changed into. iii.. p. e).. before a hard letter, (so suffers the same. change.) /.. (SOT. sometimes becomes lL before a hard. letter..

(28) INTRODUCTION.. tQrr-u-su), memory, memorial.. wisdom.. (QfT-asTLD,. is. It is,. b.. d.. ^(c^-s^, {\u\g.) five.. u^-s^,. S(qS,. LD(^-s=efr, saffron.. rice water.. cotton.. Sunday.. the sun,. iQ!r-uSi-g)i,. c.. II.. Words with ©.. (IV.). a.. §. never found at the end of a word. in high Tamil, used for m, and vice versS.. When ld comes before ^ it may be changed into ^ (com. iii. e). In common Tamil ih^ are often changed into 0«. For sirdj/E^ss,. grown. used. hot, is. it. has. &iTiL(Si^si-gj.. (V.) Words with. pp. ^^,. (tt).. (Qp-pi£)-^p-p, faultless.. death (personified).. an assembly. Bt^L—-L—.LD,. ', "^ LjelU-^SLD,. >. .. a dance.. a book.. J. limit.. hook. he preserved.. it. wp-gii,. other.. <Sp)-£)l,. having learned.. LDITp-£jl,. change it!. S!Tp-S)l,. wind.. LDtr^-^-rjLD,. only.. aiL-®,. tie!. (^p-p^-<5IS>^,. a fault (obj. case).. arrtL-®. show!. <S>_. ^ - 6ro^. an assembly. l1 - i—. (obj. case). '-SIT, ). a creator. without.. a.. l-lL. b.. ^^. is. is. -sir,. 5. often written for ei^ lL in Sanscrit words.. often written for. w^. in Sanscrit words.. (VI.) Words with ^, lL (t and d), d, unless in Sanscrit words~\.. \_th. as in the English. Not. C^-a/csr, a god (Sanscrit d). Q^<ssr,. honey.. uir-^LD,. afoot.. srr-gj. uiT-L—LD, a lesson. LDfT-®,. an animal of the genus Bos.. Lorr-^,. a wo7nan. /hn-iL-i—m, eager pursuit.. ^. b.. It. becomes becomes. c.. ^. represents Sanscrit. a.. d.. lL occasionally. p. when. it. follows a cerebral.. sometimes after a palatal.. lL represents Sanscrit. t,. t,. t'h, d, d'h.. t'h, d, d'h.. there..

(29) INTRODUCTION. §11. a. b. c.. <F. <F. represents the Sanscrit ch, ch'h, j, j^h,. s,. sh.. The Sanscrit s is sometimes represented by ^ and lu, The Tamil possesses no sibilants purely such; but in common use = s. The vulgar constantly pronounce OûJ chcy.. (VIII.) )Qsr-ULD,. jeir-uu), ^ urr-euLD,. Words with u, pleasure. affliction.. sin.. uir-uih, ::}. I. J-(SU-Sr,. S-U-3h,. penance.. di, ld (labials).. urr-Sssr,.

(30) INTRODUCTION.. §. II.. XII. Sanscrit words in Tamil. s.. "1. i^3&^-ldl1i,. CSkL-s^-LDLD, •. /». 7. •,. s.. f- refinement.. •. ^L-.-W-LDLD,. ulL-Q,^ u-SmQ,. ,,. I. >. ua-w, JI •. j. joy.. -SFii-Q^rr-ei^Ll),. « bird.. e=i-Qsrr-ei^s-S!rizk, he j •. >-,. •. rejoiced.. (g«-@-tDifl ^.'J -îîiz). •. iSmm,. "J. •. i—-<9^LD,. f ^>. •. o. mi'SFLD,. 60/ruLD,. ^. ê^n-uii),. J. •^QSTLD, ),. QiDeirssTLD, TLD,. "J. /. ^JT6^/r,. .. CCrtUlHtU.. .,. S-QeonsLD, £_S«cELD, £_sOcELD,. > silence.. J. e_a)@,. Cd(5;,. I t. ,. .jij ff s= stsT. J. CeoiTsii,. ., '. I I .. s.. n. ». 5ic((7.. ,. ^-. all. ^. forms of ._ ^. "^ !. f [. J. forms of S. Loka, world.. .. b. Kajaii, a.

(31) FIRST LESSONS IN TAMIL.. In the first few lessons letters which are inserted for the sake of euphony are put in brackets, None but common, useful words are used. 3. The exercises should in all cases be written and then committed to memory, after being corrected, if possible, by a native teacher. Let the learner frame more exercises for himself. 4. The figures in brackets refer to preceding paragraphs. 5. Every word in each Vocabulary should be looked out in the general vocabulary at the end, and the Synonymes carefully learnt. [1.. 2.. 6.. A key to. the exercises. is. This should be used with judgment.]. subjoined.. Lesson Vocabulary.. 1.. SBT,. ant,. from. a man.. (To be committed. to. (ûoaffsk, a son.. Q^siisir, a god.. an account,. s<S2i3r<i@,. 1.. memory.). euirdâdsr, a vicrchant.. asm&<sm, an ^suear, he.. account-. &Qh, one,. ^-Ld, and.. a or an.. semrQi—eir,. made.. I. saiv.. Qû^frek, he did. uessres^lfmm, he (These are irregular past tenses. Comp.. eu/F^rrdr, he came.. Q^fnLL—irsk, he touched.. 58-70.) 2.. Nouns. in. ejr. are generally masculine. life are neuter.. Names. of irrational animals. and things without 3. is. The. added. Lon-rr'hsr.. sign of the accusative (or second case), is the vowel s, which nouns in dr thus: Loesflêir + ^ = ldsS^^. (^Lcuraar + s = This case follows the verb in English, but conies immediately in Tamil, thus: Eurrd^sSssr [<s] a<5mQi—dr, I saiv the merchant.. before. it. [App.. xi.]. 4.. @. to. After the sign of the second case any one of the letters <s, <5^, ^ or doubled, thus: =gysK^ [^] QînLiîrdr, he touched him.. u MUST always be 5. it,. The pronoun. thus: 6.. ffl/zE^/rsBT,. is often omitted in Tamil where the English requires he came (not jijeum su/e^/tgw).. The verb "to be". is. often omitted in Tamil,. êum. Qêudr, he [is]. a God. 7. When two words would be joined in English by putting "and" between them, 2_/-o must in Tamil be added to both, thus: asmds^w suiT^^s^LD, an accoimtant and a merchant. -. _^.

(32) EXERCISE. A. thus:. 2.. would signify "even," "also," "both" according. single ^LD. context,. LESSON. 1.. (^LDirriû) eum^trm,. the son also. to the. came, or even the son. came. 8. The Tamil has no article, but 9(5 [172] which means "one''' may sometimes be used for "a" or "an." There is no Tamil equivalent for. "the.". Exercise (To be rendered. 1.. into English.). (a.). 9.. (To be rendered. The accountant. (i.). into Tamil.). A. Tiie merchant made.. did.. god and a man.. He [is] a merchant. The man I saw the man. touched the man. and the merchant. A man and a merchant. The accountant also came. Even the son touched him. He did. He made.. He. Lesson [Comp. App.. The PRONOUNS.. 10.. NoM.. or fEirear,. xii.]. êuesT, he.. thou.. li,. 2,. êuetr, she.. I.. 1st case::}. liiT,. you.. Sing. Ace.. or. ^-d!r%isT,fhee.^ îsadssr, \^. ersJr^sr,. me.. 2d case, J. &-Lbss>LD,. Sing. miTLD,. lErriijseir,. we.. you.. rilEJi. com-. fBLD6eiLD,GriEJ<sds<T,US,. sîEjsSsff,. ês)^,. it.. (regular 3.). msuiTs^, they.. (m. or Ace. Plu.. â/Sstr, her.. pare 3.). I. NoM. Plu.. him.. you. (regular,. you.. ^(oeênseir, they.. (n.)'. f.). êiiiT:S^,them.. (m. or. mîsiOja'SoT,. them.. (n.). f.). As in most languages so in Tamil the pronouns are irreguthose of the 3d person however present the fewest anomalies.. 11. (a.) lar. ;. [b.) iiT is what is called an honorific, or polite form, and is used as [The plurals of all the pronouns maybe used in the English "you." this way for the singular.]. The. ihirii) includes only exception to this is when a superior speaks of himself honorifically in the plural. Thus kings say " ?Fe." In this case /B/rii does not include those spoken to,. (c.). difference. those %oho are spoken. between. to,. /s/r/i). and. mtrijasir. minki&ik excludes them.. 24. is,. The. that.

(33) EXERCISE. LESSON. 2.. 3.. The language affords no [mn-ii may thus be considered as a dual form. other traces of the dual, in this agreeing with both the Pali and the Pracrit.]. words which are so used), are undeclined, and [Comp. Less. 43.] the nouns they qualify, as in English.. 12. Adjectives (or the. BEFORE. set. VocAB.. 13. LDffLD,. a. I—, bad.. LDsm, a. a dog.. a^ûiSiL^L—iTiasr,. ^^. son. lds&t, a daughter,. Qekesr, little. Ljgi or. QuiB'Jj, great.. turn, a boy.. Q^tu, do (the root, and also the imperative).. îTLU, a mother. miruj,. tree,. He saw. t-jîiJ,. new.. Qsi— emu. meceo, good.. ueatpiv, old.. esisu^îum', a physician.. he called,. me, (ordr^ld] aemi—irm (me [he] saw).. Exercise 2.. fB&)&). UQSLpiu. LDSTLD'. (smuiudw.. (5tDUUj'2i3sr. (b.). [iLi. seanrQi—esT'. Quifliu. QslLl-. Qmesr. ihiriL.. (Sun^^sSsr. suk^neisr.. Inscrtcd to prevent hiatus.. Comp. App.. xi.. ]. A little dog. A new accountant. A great God. A good daughter.. [is] a little. He. the mother.. them. them.. [«]. ^STO^ [^j Q-SFUJ. (oTisj ,%'^srr [^] Q^nL-i—iTGsr. [§ Qasrssr [u] QuiHiu euiT^^sek, 'STesr'^ssTiijLD., a-gsrStesru^ti), ^<Sij'2esriLjth. i§iT. 3?^ljl9lLlîtiost.. She. sjSiJ&r m&)&) ^niL.. (a.) QuifliJj inssfl^m.. 14-. LDS&r.. daughter.. He. [is]. He saw a boy and a little He called me and thee.. The little boy touched The new physician called. a big boy.. called the great merchant.. Do. dog.. that.. He. touched us and. Lesson 3. THE VERB. 15.. (afl&6^ o^/rsb. =. action-ivord.). There are some things relating. [in Gram. 75. — 81.]. to the conjugation of the. Tamil. verbs that, at first sight, appear difficult; but, in reality, the whole system is very easy, and when once mastered will be seen to be exceedingly simple.. (a.) Tamil verbs have only three tenses;. viz., present,. past and future.. (b.) These forms when analysed are found to consist of the verbal root, (u(Q^), the middle particle denoting time (êsî- Sl3so), and the terminations which distinguish person and number f fifl@pj, thus: the 1st person singular present tense, I read.. uL^sQQptk,. is. ui^^Q^m. is. the 1st person singular past tense, / read.. is. the 1st person singular future tense, / will read.. ,. uif-uQum,. These three forms have the same root utf., signifying, "read" or "learn." They have also the same termination ejdr, signifying, "/," the sign of the 1st person singular. They differ only in the middle particle, which being added to the root, distinguishes the tense or time. 4. '. 25.

(34) LESSON (c.). (d.) (e.). 3.. The middle particle, or sign of the present is 8s>i or dQû. The middle particle, or sign of the past is ^ or ^^ or li^ or The middle particle, or sign of the future is uu or en.. ^sar.. In conjugating any verb, then, the learner must ascertain, first the ROOT, and secondly, the particular middle particle which it receives. (f.) As a general rule verbs whicli are transitive in their signiJicatio7i take dQgii in the present, ^^ in the past, and uu in the future, tvhile other verbs take Sign in the present, li^ in the past and qj in the future,. thus. uL^, ^Hearn,'" being tx*ansitive, makes. Present..

(35) EXERCISE. LESSON. 3.. 4.. Exercise 3. uu^dQCc/Dek- QiMUJsQQpm'.. 17. (a-). <oi€sr'2i35T. ^^-. ^LÛLnresr.. He. ^L^QQpear.. QloiLulksst fsnoatud. KeOiSO esiUtuesr LJLÛLjrT(Ssr-. LDS(sr^Lh ^niqili.. ©ea7"(537". (b.). QiDiLQQpm',. I destroy. I feed. The cow grazes. The shepThe accountant destroyed it. The little child reads. The The little dog destroys it. The bad boy will destroy. perishes.. lierd grazes.. cow perishes. them (neut.).. He. gave. I will give.. it.. Lesson [Comp. App.. xii.. 4.. and III Gram. 58, 70.]. The 2d case [3] of us^ (a cow), is ua-iss^w, of lduiI, (a tree), ldos, of uiir® (a7l ox), LDirL-es)i—; of iSeirSsir (â child), iSt^n'bstr^siUJ ; of (a river), ^peis>p; of seo (a stone), seoSso,' and of <s/r^ (an ear), siTes>^. 18.. ^^. <cB)^;. + eu + s, (comp, 3). Why ^, 2_, eat, sr, gb, gp. <êir, are sake of euphony {ej may take. ua(a.) us-msii, is nom. When the vowels, ^,. ted?. vowel,. eu is. inserted,. [Comp. App. (b.). the. eu. inser-. folloived hy. either. lij. or. a. <a/).. xi. II. (II.)]. i3eir3siTes)iu,. the voivels,. for the. is. ^,. ^. is. [App.. of euphony.. nom.. SleirSsn. +. lu. +. or s are followed by a. S3.. Why. is. itj. inserted?. voicel, lu is inserted. When. for the sake. xi. II. (II.)]. (c.) inrrL-mi—, is nom. io/r© + s, the final s- of the noun being elided and the ^1 doubled; thus: ldhC-, lditlLlL, LDmLeai— The rule is. when any noun ends in ®, not preceded by one short syllable, (1) the lL is doubled, (2) the 2- is elided, and (3) the termination of the case is added.. (d.). ing. fi). From ^s". is. formed ^psm/o, in precisely the same way, substitut-. for L-.. (e.). LDir^tsis)^ is. same thing. :. cast. LDULD. away. S3, the m being changed into ^^, or, which is the ^ld, insert ^^s^, and add the termitiation of the. +. case.. (f). sSdSsi),. tnonosyllable. is. + s. nom. a&) + The final cotrsonant of a short doubled before a vowel. [App. xi. II. (I.)]. is. <s)). The final e_ of all tvords not (g.) sfTemfi is nom. sit^ - 2_ + s. consisting of two short syllables, and not included in the above rules, is. elided before a vowel.. [App.. xi.. IV.. (I.)].

(36) EXERCISE 19. river.. VocAB. Qâ^gu,. [^^suuek. is. the heaven.. —. a house,. aS'®,. Tamil and. He. 5.. mrr®, a country,. arr®, a jungle.. ljov^sld or Lj^^sui, a book,. viud.. the former. iS^rr Sanscrit;. U)t^> the earth.. %^. LESSON. 4.. <5sis,. is. ^SH. a âuuasr, tS^tr, a father more familiar], eufresnh,. a hand.. read a book (3).. sb© Ljoo^^îca^ book. [tj]. uL^^^srrm-.. A. he read.. [Observe the order.]. Exercise 4.. He destroyed the country. I fed the cow. (a.) I saw a house. He called the good father. The I saw the mud. I will give a book. He touched the dog. I did it. I saw little boy learns the new book. The big boy saw the father and the heaven. It destroyed the jungle. The physician gave a book. mother. 20.. ^rr&sr.. aioSsrQi—<ssr.. eauaj'Siosriijili. usi-(m<aii[iîh. Lesson DECLENSION. 21.. (a.) itself.. (b.) native.. i3âissi<su [<s]. sûlSlL. 5.. [_Qeii^£!imLn. = a changing.]. The Tamil noun is said to have eight cases. These are, The first, or nominative, which (in the singular) is. the noun. [Less. 74.]. The. second, accusative, or objective, which adds. [But compare 18.] [The added. s. to the. nomi-. [Less. 75.]. particles, signs of case, are called. The. third, or instrumental,. The. fourth, or dative,. ^0t-/. = form.']. which adds sg®, or ^<^, of which the former means "together with," and the latter "by." This is in reality two cases. [Less. 76.] (c.). (d.). nom.. which adds @ = to, or <s@, or 2_i@, to the and d is doubled according to rule. If <^« be also added it gives the meaning of "for.". [s- is inserted euphonically. Comp. App.. xi.]. [Less. 77.] (e.). The. fifth,. Issr^ to the. (f.) )sBr. The. to the. ___. or ablative of motion, [Less. 78.]. which adds ê^, î^QT)i^ or. noun.. sixth, genitive, or possessive case,. nom.. which adds &-mi-iu or. [Less. 79.]. __. _.

(37) LESSON (g.). noun.. The. 5.. seventh, or local ablative, which adds. ^&>. or ^c-s:,fi<so to the. [Less. 80.]. (h.) The eighth or vocative, which (1) adds er to the noun; or (2) lengthens its last syllable; or (3) omits the final consonant, and lengthens the remaining vowel.. Paradigm.. [Comp. Append,. xii.]. SINGULAR. Case. (1.). LoeS^dr, « man.. (2.) LDsS^Ssisr, a. man. + Sj. man ( + .^^ j-. (. (3.) LDsS\^<Q&>, by a. iêofl^C^®, together with a man (4.). Loe^^MX^®'. ^^. " ^*"". man. LDieJ^^^-ssfTS, for a. +. (. ep(B ).. ^^©J-. *". (. (5.) LDSofl^sssfla), Ln<o<^s;<5iM<^Qh)isi,. (. + £-<s@ +. ^s )•. LDsS^sS&^^gH, from. ^&) + §l(ir)i^.) [lit. being from], + /5 = ear.] [lit. standing from.]) or. (6.). (. +. S-<oe>i—iu. or. (7.) Ui<siSif<sSi—^^&), iDsafl^ssfiia),. (8.). [Notes 2.. The. 1.. LLesrl^Qcsr,. of a. LDsSêSeir,. or. LDioi^,sîeiai—iiJ. or ^ctj. man,. a. +. man. (. + êo. Sesileir^. belonging. [a). a. man. at a. man,. to. @dr).. ). a wiaw. wi//«. in a. (. O man!. (. The Tamil noun has. +. (. + _g)i_^â) or ^'so).. man.. esr.^. really but one declension.. signs of the cases are the. same. for all nouns;. and. in the plural (29). they are the same as in the singular. 3. The only difficulty in declining nouns which differ from the above paradigm is in ascertaining the modifications, chiefly euphonic, which the nominative. (casus rectus) undergoes in order to prepare. it. for the reception of the in-. flexional particles.. The 4.. 5.. It is. 6.. It is. first. is no difficulty. from the Nom. see 18. often used itself for the genitive or 6th case. [Comp. 248.] generally the inflexional base that is used when a noun is made the. inflexional base (casus obliquus) being ascertained there. For. this inflexional. member. of a. 7.. It is not the. 8.. It is. 9.. In nouns in. base in cases where. compound. [Comp.. it. differs. 131.]. Etymological root in. all cases.. not quite identical with the crude form in Sanscrit. ii,. the lL. are often interchangeable in. undoubtedly not radical, im and la; or a/ (which Tamil and its kindred dialects), are used euphoni-. is. cally as terminations of nouns.. ^^. before the vowel of a suffix 10. This final ld gives way to the stronger (and in poetry sometimes before the consonant); before a consonant the nasal is generally retained, but assumes the forms /s, (d^, li, before «, -3= and ^. [App. xi.]]. 29.

(38) EXEKCISE. LESSON. 5.. 6.. ^^. is very often inserted between the noun and the 22. Observe tliat termination of the case. This is evidently for the sake of euphony, [^gydr is sometimes used for âir in poetry.]. 23. 67 may be added to most of these terminations. emphatic, but /or the most part merely euphonic.. Sometimes. it is. Exercise 5. (18. e.) ^nujssns-. 24. (a.) LD!j^^ts(^. <siiiT^^S(5ufli—^^&}.. Qiu. ia2jiT^^sQ(SV)(Sl-. (18. b-) iB&)60 GS)ULum-. !. saiLL^GO. LDjT^(oia^. fs fT. semssspiosii—iu. lL iêSI Q^. i^. iSl&r'Serr. sniLi^Qeo (23-J. ui^^^n<5sr.. <sSlLis^6\). Lorjih.. (IS. C-). SJj^^^^''. (b.) He came with Always invert the. the child. order).. (Tarn,. He. "with the child he came." the dog from the jungle.. called. feed the cow in the country. By the physician's accountant's little child. He called me with the mother. The physician perished in the country. Do I saw him in the house. From the river. In heaven and earth. By this for the little daughter.. The herdsman From the. will. son.. the child.. Lesson 25.. Words. 6.. of the greatest importance.. gtj' By combining the following words, attending to para. 6, a vast number of useful sentences of two words may be formed, thus: êudr 6raQ&? where [25]. he?. er^, ( e.J*. ereusjr,. who, which wovian,. that wovian, (ilia.). (d.)îkiQs, <Aere (illie.) îsjQs, here, [vulg. ^©G-s^-] (oTimQs, where?. this. ^si, ^Si,. she, this. that thing,. that. he,. (c.). she,. ^<sn<sir,. ( b.). he,. ^sneir, ersuajr,. ^Guar,. man, (ille.) man, (hie.) who, what vian ? {^qnis.). (a.) Êusar,. this thing.. which thing.. ûuL^, so,. in that way.. (f.). î^,. i/za^. woman,. ®jUUL^,. thus, Ml this way.. how, in what. '. way?. Often pronounced by the. 30. îB^,. this.. erii^,. which. common. (^quse.). (demonstrative ad-. jective pronoun).. STUULf.,. (hcec.). ?. people siûi^..

(39) EXERCISE. 6.. ûQuiT(igsi (com. ûQuirgi, or. ( g.)*. ûQuir),. LESSON. ^sêS®,. (h.). îsuisS®, this house.. or. srLjQiu!T(L£^ (com. stuQuitsj, or. stuQuit), when ear. that house.. then.. ûQutTODgj (com. ûQurr^, ûQurr), now.. (a, b, c.). 7.. ereueS®,. which house?. ?. ^. the masculine termination, err the feminine, and the like LoeS^dr. Those in elide the final s-.. is. ^. These are declined. neuter.. (a-k.) Initial. =sy,. ^,. er. are used respectively to point out things dis-. and to ask a question. Compare the English, thAt, this, used in poetry to point out things in the middle or behind.. tant, things near,. [^ Gram.. xohat.. Ill. is. 5.]. (h.) These three letters may be prefixed to any noun, in which case, the initial letter of the noun is generally doubled.. Exercise 6.. eiuQunQ^^. 26. (a.) ersum ssssri—nm?. STEiQs etai—. <s io3ars series) I—. ^t^^^nebr?. sêm^. eriEjQ<ss. for. aiiîrdj?. What. ?. îejQs Quifliu. ui^^^nm.. [u]. (sriEjQa ssssr. î^ Lcxssflêhr <5irkiQa? <oTLjul^ [5ml. u« QldiuQ/d^. ereufir Q^frLLu.n(Ssr?. ^nijb?. cu. semu-nisijr^. ûQurr. [This. is. Q^tL.. an idiom, and. ^QîejQs? is. used. for,. [<jy^ sriEjQs, 6.]. What. have you come. do you want ?\. How. did he make it? Where [is] the merchant's son? Come her then. That [is] his house. He did so. Thus he perished with his son. When will he learn? He will learn now. The good shepherd will feed the sheep now. Which is his new house? Where is it? Who is he? Who is she? Which is that? (b.). He saw. now.. Lesson 7. THE IMPERATIVE MOOD. [Some 27.. ^rm^r. (Si;(r,. (lit.. come.. Quit, go.. "taking come").. stand,. stop (neut.). QsfT®,. give,. useful Imperatives.]. Qsrrem®€iiir (pronounced always Oairemi—ir). QaiTism®Qu[r, take away, i@<scsil, er®, lift up.. Sffii^gi, stop. (active).. G«err, hear.. îr, give.. *QuirQfgi. =. areola. 31. time.. Qs^tr&iSS, say, tell..

(40) EXERCISE. LESSON. 7.. 8.. (a.) The root, or crude theme of the verb singular imperative.. By adding. (b.). ative, thus: erSliD, QffU),. s-m (or. th),. this. Qumh, Seoîi,. come (irregular from root. is. the simple. becomes the honorific, or. 2nd person. polite imper-. Qs(St^Lh, Q3=!r<so^LD, Osn'(BLD, tSgu^gjih, suit. euir), ^tiQîh. (irregular from root îr ), give.. By. adding ssir to the above, or ^-iksSir (or ikissir), to the root, it becomes the plural, which is used as a still higher /<o7?or/^"c, thus: Qun-iaseir, go ye. erQ/ijaerr, lift ye. &in-(ifîa<Bm, come ye. Qsi^tsjsSir, hear ye. Qsir®tsj-ssir, give ye. îTQffiij6s<s!ir^ bestow ye. Qs^msdsniadSoir, say ye. (c.). Exercise. jijiejQs. 67®.. iSsir'BofrioiaLU. ^.. siJiT^^s^sai—UJ. msm. Tamil. îsiQs. ^lEjQs Qurr.. 28. (a.). is. iSSo^.. Come. to the house the great ox?. enijQs QLDiLsQQrj'm'^. surr.. eSiLi^Qed iS&)^,. [i£)«OT2/<5(5d5]. more homely than. 7-. (^LDfTrr^s(^d. tDrriLes)!—. QsnQisjserr.. the Sanscrit (^Lonnm.']. = come. Ssar. £i^^ [The. Q^shisst. •stiej. When. home).. did he do [it] ? from the mud. Bring the little child here. Take the physician's cow there. Whom did He (âitosr) is the that man call. (Tarn, "that man whom he called"). That {^suasr) is the great physician's son. shepherd's son. (b.). Where. [is]. (. Go. to the river.. Lesson. Lift. it. 8.. THE PLURAL NUMBER. [Com. Ill Gram. 69.] 29. sff®,. The. (a.). a house.. 83= [am. plural. is. formed by adding. se»- to. the singular.. Thus:. i£®seir, houses.. is. strictly the pluralising particle of. the neuter, or rather of the. Low-castc.~\ cjr mostly change ear into /r. They but no doubt improperly add s.sir also thus LDsSi^dr, a man, plural LDsSîrsm, or sometimes simply and more correctly LDis^^â.. (b.) Masculine nouns ending in. also very generally,. (c.). The. cases of the plural are formed. tions as in the singular, thus g:^'. ;. :. [Com. App.. :. by adding the same terminaxii.]. [Observe here the difference between the Tamil and the Sanscrit and. Classical languages.]. 32.

(41) EXERCISE. 8..

(42) LESSON. 9.. There is a further division into five un&s (= imrt). These are ["(!•) ^<sssruir&) [= male-parf]. This includes^ the singular masculine of rationals. (II.) Ousmuire\) [= fcmalc-parf]. Singular I. J I. [. \. feminine of rationals.. ^. ueciTU!T&>. (III.). These belong only to 2_. f. [= many persons-part, 184].. I. I. Plural epicene rationals.. 1^. r (IV.). sadrpDGsr urreo. p3!\^. (spsm-êk,. J. [= of one. thing-part.']. isggBr~~]. a poetic form]. Singular mas-. I. I. H.. culine, feminine or neuter of irrationals. "'""'^. <! j. ,,7 (V.). ',"/.. ".. '. o"-. ususilisr. uireo. [=. o/. many. ,T. t/nngs-partj.. Plural masculine, feminine or neuter of irra(. tionals.. These belong only to o. ^. si^'. |. J. Lesson The. >. 9.. present tense of tlie simple verb. [Comp. App. xii.] have seen (Lesson 3) that there are tliree parts in any form fa.) of the present tense viz. the root, tlie middle jjarticlc denoting time, and The following is a full list of tlie ordinary the personal termination. terminations of tlie present tense. 31.. We. ;. Person..

(43) EXERCISK. [A. 33.. thus. 9.. nasal GJrmay be eupLonically inserted between the and sQmgji, but this is ra.ther pedantic.. 8 and. the. ^. 8drsii. :. In high Tamil. îSlssrsa is also. (but very rai'ely) used as the temporal. particle of the present.]. 34.. and. A. paradigm of the ordinary form of the present tense of. full. Qâîi. uLQ.:. Person.. Plural.. Singular.. Q-s'luQQpm,. I. do.. Q'a=ujSQ(n/'LD,. toe do.. ULâQQnjeir,. I. learn.. uistdQQQrj'LD,. we. Qi<3=iuQ(yiu ,. thou docst.. ULQ.dS(T)/'iij,. thou learncst.. UL^<iQ(rr^m,. he learns.. uLf.d@0'ir,. he learns, (polite-. learn.. they do. m.. 3.. I. Q3=uj8(!rîT3i&r, j. ly-). it ,. they learn.. she learns.. ULSLd8/D^, .. u Lf.d 8 (y. uLf.aisslQr^fT'Seir,. uL^sQQêir,. /•. !. I. ). J~.. UL^:i8<5m'pGsr, they learn. ,. .. it. ). learns.. (seldom used). uuLs,Qpgi&<s<r (vulgar).. [Also ui^s8mQpssT, poetical forms,. see. &c.. App.. uL^tuirSskQ/Dsir,. &c.. For the remaining. xii. (xii.)]. 35. In very common Tamil, ul^s(^^, and even uLîi^gj, are used for uL^&8pgj. It is necessary to understand these forms, but not to use them.. Exercise 9.. They leax-n the book in the house. (Tarn. (a.) She does it. They in the house the book read.) feed sheep in the jungle. go to the house now. The mother brings the child to the good merchant's house. The child learns. She sews. The father walks. 36.. —. —. —. We. We We. When. They are perishing. does he learn this ? He is going home. The child walks. How does the child walk ? The boy reads the book [aloud]. They say so. You [hon.] are coming here. Write that in this book. The cows drink in the river. learn. Where. (b.). them.. are they peiishing. esiuiuesrseir Ljeh>âs^<ss)û ui^s8(7)^ns&r.. fB6\}&). Ljetvsss^sm^^ semrss€S)iiJD. emi—UJ. (irêff.. (sS(B. ?. gjeiai—.. <st:eiQs. wit^^sûd stiejQs ?. QufiQrSffsefr?. <^(Lg^Q(rrj>ns(3rr.. êu&r. L9m'2e(T<5S>uj. (^LDfTrrsv)i<i(^d. [^]. sunQ.. Qufrîrserr ?). ^su^. Qsrr®.. Q s n em®Q u frQ. euns^^sîl) sssstssssiild (ÛjL<s8nfiTssrr.. 35. ûQurr. Ccom.. LcnQ'S'hsrr. (irîsfr. [^]. .. ^mJu. QîLdQ.

(44) LESSOX. 10.. Lesson 10. The. 37.. personal pronouns. (See 10.). (a.) The pronouns when declined take but in the oblique cases they change the Tamil, as in all other languages. (h.). [ii). /E/rsJr. I,. takes. In the plural. 1st.. + i =. lEia.. App.. Paradigm of. it. <oT3sr. same terminations as nouns, and are thus irregular in. as its root in all cases of the sing, except the. takes. /n/rii. for the 1st,. and. ibw or 67 lo for the others.. xi. III. (1.)]. the 1st personal pronoun.. [Comp. App.. I. xii.]. Plural.. Singular.. Case.. lEdLD or mir/a&eir,. iBirssr,. ISLDiSSiLCt,. sreirdssr.. by me.. ^1. tlie. root,. together ivith VIC.. sr/Kisc. iBLDLDireo, sr isj 3,. <o(r IT. <k.

(45) EXEBCISE. LESSON. 10.. 1!,. Exercise 10. 3S. (a.). GTiEissrr. tSl^frQi^. SUIT.. rsLhiSli—sjêO.. euBi—^êO. eurr.. iBUDLoneO. (oTiskQ(SV)(S. firrek.. (18, a-). !. STSsrC^®. eiear. ^Lîs^neir.. <o76srd(^d. ^tkiQs.. ûuu^. ^suissr ^/szd^. (Bi—sQp^.. tSl&r'^serr. eS®.. (sresrsîsmLûj mniss. QsrrQ.. (&) [s^]. isreor. Qs^lu. ^-eurspieat—uj. [31. 6.]. Ljeh>. ^sar ^suu(osr sSlL ^s^<3S)^ [<?] &<5sr(osr [u] (siauiUGpidf^ [d] Qsn®. Lîo ^(ms@(rrj'a. rELnQpeai—UJ u<3? <srTLLin.QsO QmiLSlp^. [Qldujllj^- 35.] is tlieir good bullock? My bullock does this for us? How does he do this for us? good cow in our house. They are destroying my new house. How does he do it? I [am] a physician. This [is] my book. Read it to me. Learn it with him. He is wiping my new book. They are These are my little books. When rubbing down your big bullocks. Where is my father? Wliich of us is does our cow feed in tlie jungle? reading (aloud)? Which of you is learning? The little child [is] in the. Come He. Cb.). [is] here.. to rae (Ttli case).. does this. Where. Who. us.. I'or. A. house with them.. Lesson 39.. VocAB.. Q^fffiLjili, it is. (ip€urlei£l,. 11.. a munshi or native teacher, (Pevs.). I understand. understood. sreB7-<s@^ Q^rftu^LD,. to me). QîBujfrffi, it. is. it. not intelligible. (orsi!ra>(^^Q^fflujrr^,. um—il-,. a lesson.. (It is intelligible. I don't understand. [To rae, &e]. 2_#-<?^//?, pronounce, (pr. S-'3=£=if^<iQQpQsr past, ^--s^-a^rR^Q^m. fut. ^-s^îBuQum. [Com. 15.] Write out the whole of the present tense as Q^LoesiLDUJiTaj [Q^p/ienu) + ^lu^, rightly. .a^rHiuniu [_-3=!fl + îLiI, in 34.). it. correctly. Qi^&tliaUiTiu [O^srRa!/ Qeii<sik(SiLD,. it is. +^;Zy],. necessary/,. clearly.. one must.^. (vulg. Q<S]^)ild). I. Qeuessri—rTLD,. must. not,. it. is. iinnecessari/,. one. Defective verbal forms.. j^-. need not. \. (vulg.. (?(aiy(etw)ii),. or. si;ff"(Sro)L9.). J. noun may generally be converted into what may be called an ADVERB by adding ^«J [or ^ê] to it. In English "ly" is added in the same way, hut to an adjective. [Com. 136.] 41. To make a form answering to our infinitive mood in many respects when any verb has sQgii iti the present te?i.se change sSgu into -is; and lohen it has Qsu; add ^, uj or su to the roof. Examples will be found in Ex. 11.. A. 40.. :. Form. for yourself the (so called) infinitive. mood. of. all. the verbs in the. preceding lessons.. ^^. fVe fErrii). read,. mitst. f^jfrSda Qeu<sm(BLh.. We — to. read. —. it is. 37. necessary.. ~~~.

(46) EXEUCISE [This infinitive. forming with. a. it. is. 11.. LESSON. The pronoun may be regarded as = our reading; a word may. in fact a verbal noun.. Thus. compound.. /eiild. 12.. surr&ds. —. intervene; thus: mrru} Q^LixsmLD'uiTuj ev/rSds. Exercise. 1. our rightly reading.'}. 1. ^lUUisf- [#]. Q&^LULU QsuessTi—fTLD^ Qs^LDGSLDUJ fTiLi. îûuni—LD. ST(oard(^^ Q^ffliLjih.. (W^. QsuessrQuD-. ûQurr. QîflajfT^.. <sufTesr^<5m^LLjm L^LSlemujiijil) ustsL—^^rrir.. (Lpesflex^ eu q^Q (rrf> fr .. sufT-. s^s^s^rflda. ^<su^s(^ [^]. lEasbr eiuui^ S-4^s=ff)<ss [comp. 15. f.] LDfTiLiomL^ Sgu^^ Q<siJ6ssr®m. QeyemîJD? Qeiismi—nLD^ Qurr! âuuQssr. êms; [i^] Qs^lulu Qsii€sst®ld. ^fjQuj ûuis^ [<?] Qs=n&)60 Qsy&ssrL^rriM. ^.(ourd(^ gtuul^ [^] Q^tflu^LD?. [The terms Father and Mother are constantly used by Tamilians as signs of reis always called father, and his wife and female. spect and affection; a missionary children mothers.]. You must. {b.). Speak. cleai'ly.. Read. read rightly.. Do. clearly.. it. You must pronounce You must do it rightly. The. rightly.. rightly.. He does not understand the lesson. (To little boy learns the lesson. This must not be done, f^ssi^^ q<3=iLuj him, &c.) This must be done. How must I do this? When must they do [inf. mood.] QeuemQih.) this ? He must rub down our bullocks now. The new Munshi is comThe physician understands it well. You must ing now into the house. go home. Don't read. Don't walk in the mud. The accountant does not understand that account.. «'^^^>& Lesson 43. s-sBsr®, there. ^. .. 5. .7. ^<ix&o, there. êoeo,. .. is. ,.. ). ,. i. ^. x. (irregular verbal forms). '. }. ,. not.. 12.. -,. '. ). not, no.. ^^^ ÊjQs îmQs. LDjjrmsm 2_e33r®, there are trees here. LDffijsm @j&)dso,. ^sasns&r. The. is.. LDjjiEjssfr. ^&)(dO,. there are no trees here. those are not trees.. between the two negatives, gjiso&o and ^&>€o, is that the former denies the existence of any thing, while êêo denies something that is said concerning it. gi&idsi) denies the subject trees are not .êoed denies the predicate: those (which are there) are not trees here, (but something else). 44.. difference. :. [The same distinction obtains between (McKerrell,. Gram.. p.. p.. 182); between. 193), and between. KADU. AYIN. ILLA. and. ALLA. in. Canarese. and LEDU in Telugu (see Brown's and LO or AL in Hebrew. (See Nord-. heimer's Gram. § 1062—1065.)]. 38.

(47) EXERCISE. LESSON. 12.. 13.. Exercise 12. 45. (a-) shlLl^Qg^. LrurrEisîr. ^pfSlQeO. ^ssot®.. Q^^. sêm®. ^rnu. There is a cow in that jungle. Tiiere is a good physician here. Put that here. You must put (Qum-.) that not a little child. must take this up (<5r(Bds). I must read with the munshi. there. (h.). He. is. We. must pronounce clearly. The little boy must come (ajsr) to my The mother must not walk (iei—ss) in the mud. She has house. There are cows there. Wliere [are] the cows ? children ?. We. <J^^^îJ'. Lesson. 13.. (Iiiterrogatives.). 46.. ^ or. When we wish to ^ at the end of an EiiQFjQQrj^sst,. we can. ask a question. he comes.. ^. does he come? but does he come. (siQf^QQr^t^?. \ (mi(ir)Q(rjQ(e^ ?. ^. simply asks the question,. ii. and. en. are inserted. [A and. A. and. E. generally do so by putting. affirmative sentence.. gg. often suggests that there. when necessary. are used in precisely the. are both used as the. as in 18.. ?. an alternative.. «, b.. same way. Tamil ^, and. is. in. Telugii;. Tamil. as the. gg;. in. Canarese. alone. is. found. in Malayalim.]. we saw that er also was an interrogative letter, er and ^fr prefixed to words, are sometimes used in the same way. (or lufrir) is commonly used for "who?" erew-ajr is used for "what?" and differs from er^ which means rather, "whether of the two?" or "which among many?" istssicutld is used for ersirGsr occasionally, and is then declin47. In lesson 6,. lUfT. when. ed like a noun. 84. is. VocAB.. uarruffdr, God. (The christian. a God. s=iTQeijemurreir,. = universal. Lord.. (^SrGurrS^Qêir,. used by Romanists.. e^si-snirQ, believe, (pr.. I. believed, fut.. usage of this word industriously.. is. is. t.. word. for. God. It is Sanscrit,. ulsolutely; îreu. shgn a-gn. (40.) sfTaipsirrrm, a watchman.. 39. Qêum. ^munm.. (^s-sua&dQQêiir, I believe, past.. i^sKsntrSuQueir, I shall believe.. not quite native,. +. ~~. u. ,. i-f. indiislrtj.. t.. The Christian s^gasgauuiruj,.

(48) EXERCISE. LESSON. 13.. 14.. Exercise 13. 49.. (a-). ^su&JT s6SSTas(^?. ^lElQs. Ql—fT?. er<5sr<osrQîfl[Lii}i?. (b.). When. êm^. eSa-su n&sQQfD6nr.. unfTuji'^GST. ^^. ^-(oir^(SS)i—Uj. LDJJIEJSiSfr. ^6\)'2io\)UJfT ?. eSQi—n? ^fraQa LDiriEis&r p^&sar (oIiSl5r<S(g LDSTLD ^GdeOSUn?. ^^. snsijpsrrij^s(^3^ Qs^neo^.. will 3'ou read. £S<9?(Sijn&<s,sQ<su6m. sfreu^sniirT. (21. h. 3.). my lesson ?. [15/. 31. a.] Is that. ?. !. Where. munshi? What does the physician say? Is the watchman there? The watchman is not there. He is not the watchman. Who is the watchman? Is there a watchman ? Is tliere mud in the river? Are Are there children in my house? Are there there trees in the jungle?. is. the. not. little. children in the father's house.. Lesson common. 50. In. convei'sation. the higher style of. Tamil. 14.. this is. (sssr IT. Qd5/r(SS3r®ia//r,. 33^' ^sm(5sSfr is. bring. altogetliei'.. very frequent.. 2_iJL/<sO<s/r®, give [me] the salt (not S-uss>u. ^ sssr. ?. the signs of the cases are often inter-. changed, and those of the 2nd and 6th cases sometimes omitted. In. God. Do'st thou believe in. mc [some]. commonly jjronouuced. water,. ^sin-essr,. =. ^-ui-j. (not. and Q & ir. +. «).. s;isssr<sssr€iafT).. (oB:;r. (B (Sii rr. becomes. 0<s/r(533rL_/r.. urrSiiiQ Qs'iLâssr,. forms may. The. he. committed. sin. (not ufreijêis^'S^QsîLiîrim).. Such. be considered as compounds.. learner should consider carefully whether the omission of the casal If not he may omit it, in most cases.. sign would occasion ambiguity.. From this must be excepted nouns signifying rational beings (s^tun-^'hsEr) both mas. and fern., which have the case termination in full, in common Tamil. In Poetry ellipsis is the rule. It may be stated as a rule that the sign of the Ind case sitig. of impersonal nouns (^'oo/S'Ssssr) should nut be expressed. [Compare. tliis. with the usag-e of Indo-European languages in which neuter nouns. have the nominative and accusative. alike.]. After nouns of number the plural sign often omitted thus,. ssh-. also is in the. same way. :. He. built four houses.. mirspt. g^. QuujiT. (Com. 173.). euii^rrirasiT.. Four persons came. (Com. Camp. Tel. Gram. 158.) Remark that no ambiguity can arise here.. _. i.

(49) EXERCISE 51.. ^ may become s. before. til. LESSON. 14.. 15.. The nasal is changed info. (Q \. class. the. it. lohich. to. that of. the following. J-. fS. may. Lo. i } consonant belongs. disappear altogether.. and must however be thoroughly understood by every student of the poetical dialect. These changes are gradually going out of use. A few only which affect the pronunciation are retained. They will all be explained as occasion requires. Compare also App. xi. JJJ'. The whole system. of the transmutations of letters, their insertion. their elision, is very complicated.. VocAB.. 52.. u (5m. sk.uiS®. ,. call.. —uQum).. fut.. 53. &) before. money.. ill,. Qeu^, work,. a doer, an agent.. —^Q^m.. [^(sm,. ^smmlriT, cold water,. &-ULJ, salt. uireuLn, sin.. watchman.']). It. cool.. [so afrexi&), a. guard. u^gj, ten. means. luatcr).. iSir,. QsuSscssrrrrsir, a servant,. or ivatch.. (^srrff&r,. srrejensirrreir,. ^l^, beat. (pres. — aficâir.uhuld, a burden, umsn^, a bandy. QiDtseis^,. d may become. jb:. a table,. +. thus, aireuso. srrrjm. —. srreuflstrjm.. a. past.. [App.. xi.]. Exercise 14. uni—uD. 54. (a.) ui<^<iQ(yr/'<osr.. UfT<Sij(^. (for. QsîLuj QeiKsmL—nuD-. isnesiUJ.). LDrri-Liss)!-.. (SSii—Oj Q(sy'2sodsfTiriT Uf.. ui^^^nsisr.. ^suesfli—SêO. Qsir6ssT(dQjff'f. Qsûil). [15. /.] êsarossPn (otiejQs?. usssrua o-saar®. Qld(S!)S=. srrsii/bsrrji'SGsrd. ^jiaQs Qun®.. fBrriLi. sûiSl®-. j)jL^^^fT<oir. Sj^'i'^ [or lditl-I^ss] Qeyemi—iTLh.. eriaQs?. Qs=a6\)^.. u^ûufTjuD. ^(TjiiiL^ GT<SldSl(irîTS(srr.. sksstgî. uem. Qeij^^dsnu-ssr ueoarijL Q'SirsmQisujKsSso'hso. lurr?. (b.) He the jungle.. is. learning a lesson in the house.. He. reading a book in. is. Does he learn a lesson? Is there water want [some] * salt. (To me salt is necessary). He. money salt.. to. me.. Read. this to. Did he give money. me.. my. Call. to the servants?. Lesson. in the sins.. house? I Bring the. Bring ten loads of. servant.. [15./.]. 15.. Future tense.. Past tense.. 55. The personal terminations of the present tense are used also for The middle particle the past and future tenses, with a slight exception. (Carefully go over again Lessons 3 and 9.) determines the tense.. *. a. The word some. is. seldom expressed. in. Tamil, unless. little.. 6. 41. ~~. it. means emphatically.

(50) LESSON. 15.. Write out in full the past and future tenses of all verbs you meet with; except the 3d person future singular and plural, which will be given in 72. 56. The middle particle of the present is @£ii or «©^. For this a few The general rules will be given, but the dictionary must be consulted. middle particles of the past and future are ascertained by the root and the present.. The I.. following. @gii. general rules must be attended. Thus. Root.. Pres. Obtain.. I obtain.. But there. slB pass off. II.. future.. oi'. I shall. obtained.. away and. in the future.. Fut.. Past.. I. <su. are some exceptions.. are conjugated the verbs ^/Sl, know.. ^(w, fall.. smite,. :. of the present should have /f^ in the past, and. These are intransitive forms. Ex.. to. ^,. give.. a large. Inf.. obtain.. \. To obtain.. s<snL—, churn.. number. êinjD,. of others.. Roots in s- have Q^n in the present, ôt in the past, and <3j in the These forms are common to both transitive and intransitive verbs.. Pres.. Ex.. Fut.. Past.. Inf.. ^L I. Submit, go. I ivilL. submit.. g^* [Final. submit.. To. submit.. I submitted.. under.. vowel of a following word, or of a termination is + ^sir = î—iEiQ^k. This preceded by one short syllable: thus, u* + êi5r = us-. £- before the. often elided, for the sake of euphony, thus: ^l—eji^ is. not done. eflcsr. is. in. when. not u@sir.. 2_. is. Comp.. added euphonically Malaydlam.] III.. Ill. Gram.. dQjpi of the present, requires. These harsher forms are mostly exceptions to. Ex.. ^^. s_. ^. is is. evidently not radical.. in Ihe past,. and. transitive [com. 160].. I. bite.. Past.. I ~A2. bit.. uu. in the future.. There are a few. Fut.. I. It. added in the same way. this.. Pres. Bite.. The. 24.. to aid the enunciation.. ivill bite.. Inf.. To. bite..

(51) LESSON. lo.. Special Rules.. (I.). future.. Ex.. R.. ^. (and the greater number of the few in ^j, take and foUuw gen. rule 1. in the past, and 111. in the. Roots ending in. iQffi in the present,.

(52) LESSON R.. Pres.. ] Ent. 2.. Briny forth (of cattle.) OcF60. 16.. EXERCISE Past.. 15..

(53) LESSON [not very. common.]. 17.. semrdsesr ^sjd^cF. uesBrêaû^tii ^siJ(eu)QeO ^smi—Qeuai}).. <cS(Sla'bs(nLitJa. QsLieikrQil).. i§. î^. ^LL&ai—s. sn<sun:)srr. sîfliundj îfSlwrKssr.. ît. @«n^. ^fSluu. QsneOeoQsuessrL—nu:).. (b.) The day has passed away. We must churn in the house. They perished in the jungle. God knows our sins. The accountant and the watchman will obtain those cows from him. The watchman perished with the son. The good boy knows the lesson correctly. I know it by the lesson. You must not smite the child. The bullock fell down. He fell in the mud.. Lesson 58.. 17.. VOCAB.. Exceptions to the First R.. Quiu. r. General Rule.. 56.. I.. Pres. Past.. ii,iuiuw'J'D<s!!r. )uiu(Jset!r. ). jîLiW^jDeur. )<s=iU(o«(S3r. Q. QiBiLiwQjrxssr. iiBiu^Ssesr. O/EtuQevdr. Fut.. u tu. Inf.. (^ eu issr. Rain.. Q^LU. <s^. uj Q eu sir. Q<3=IJJIU.. Do. Qisiu. Qmiuiu.. Weave. esiSnQsesr. «B>au(oai;e5r. ^Qesreir. ^Qeusir [or. [occasionally. ^©Ca/OT]*. eiosuiHUfflisar. \. eta. su luiu. Abuse.. I.. (^ become [^(^-] be finished, completed.. (. ossr. [Ob. 268.]. also îlSGot-ot for ^SiQejêsTj. II.. j. Quit,. III.. Go. QuirQQpm. (?i_//r(?<o3r(SiJr[poet.. [Co. 258.]. QuiTii5lQasrecr.\. sîrmQpssr. Q)3= ^Qîasr. QuirQsum <9îrQ(Siim. Die.. ?/r(5(?«usijr.. QeuSQpdr. QeuQisjsir. [or. Quits.. [or. ]* [or. Qsus.. Burn.. IV.. QlSIT. QrsiTwQjDdii. Q IE IT Q en im. Gi'îTiBQsssr. Ache, suffer, pain.. LDissiW,. rain.. Q eu essr Q em lu. a woman's cloth, garment.. * In. all. QlSITS.. -]. ,. (Oeueir, white.. butter. ^8so, a head,. aireo, leg. these forms, which are rather pedantic,. euphony.. 45. ®. Qisiu, ghee).. uL—isaeu. and foot. is. inserted for the sake of.

(54) KXERCISE. LESSON. 16.. 18.. Exercise 16. 59.. (a-). LD(SS)Lp. Q<fdj(oSuio3r. srrrr'2t5sr. LJi_(S3)a/(S35aj. Q. ssi&j. (b.J It rains. in the jungle.. â. ss) su. common. talk]. Lj^. QurTi^(eu)?. 35.]. iQuLuiLi^.. LDfrQ. îsû. it S'Str.. ^<ou<sn Qeu'êos. <oS)Uuj<nsr. my. (I suffer pain in. Qsf^^^nl. S\^^. Q<Sij'Se\). His leg pains. She is churning for Did the house burn? Who died?. s^rfliumuf. ^/(Sroî-. [or uLîssiSu. 14.] QfBtu^rresr-. eresr'Sesr. nt?(S[r .. \Q'T;n(^^ always, in (o<5. QuujQpî. s smr d <s dir. head.). <sj(5sr. ^s. butter.. When. He. will die. did he die?. When will they go home (to the house)? [Is] this your leg? do they revile the watchman ? They weave cloths in the house. [are]. you? (You. — who?). Who. [is]. there?. Go. îsi. ^;a)'8sv)?. Why Who. to the vvatchman's house.. €<€^^^& Lesson 18. 60.. VOCAB.. The Second General Rule, R.. Pres.. Lie. Roots. to 56. II.. in &-.. Fut.. Past.. u(B. 1,. I.. Exceptions. 'jQ^m. u(BuQuiasr. jG^sar. &-(biuiûesr. Inf.. d-Miin.. 2. \S^®i. Clothe.. ^^ II.. And. so all in £_,. 3.. having. d3^. in the present.. uQuesr. ssl^jDesr. S)C5. only irregular in this tense. Be.. III. 4,. îr [or ^0] Remove, he cleared. sQKQeuiasr. ÎT.. regular from I. IrootS/r. 56. I.. off.. 5.. [or. euetriT. eu&rqF^SlQpiasr. (auevn^'j. eu&riTtBQêar. Grow.. 56.. I.. 56.. I.. (Si). eir. (mQ en ek âS/r.. 6,. liemove. put aivay. j. 7,. [or. BJirip. euiripmQêsr. GuiTQ^']. Prosper. piTLp [or^/r(7^]. Be. êum. firrQ^QQpdr. îTLpiBQêar. humble.. [or. êunp^. 56.. so all roots in. irrip.. îripQeiKzk. ÎTlfi.. senrLoQsuesr. £B£l]ip.. I.. ^siiQ^QQpm. Crawl.. And. eutrapQsnsisr j. 56. I.. 56. I. ir. or Cp, which. 46. may. optionally add 2-..

(55) EXERCISE. 17..

(56) LESSON. 19.. EXERCISE. 18..

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