TSANZSRS Gold Coast 2015
Can average outcomes in COPD clinical trials guide treatment
strategies? Long live the FEV1? Christine McDonald Dept of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Austin Health Institute for Breathing & Sleep University of Melbourne
Bronchodilators in COPD
• Pharmacology= how they work √ • Physiology= why they work √ • Clinical trials=do they work? How does this translate into effectiveness in clinical practice?‘Average’ outcomes
• 1. Mean outcomes cf subgroups or individuals • 2. “Average” patient in trials cf “real world” • 3. Trials outcomes‐FEV1 cf patient reported
Bronchodilators –History
• Traditional Chinese medicine –”Ma Huang” ( from plant Ephedra equisitena) used to treat resp ailments for over 3000 yrs
• Turn of 20thC –epinephrine s/c for treatment of acute
asthma
• 1940’s inh isoprenaline for asthma:non β2 selective • Later development of β2 selective agonist salbutamol and subsequently longer‐acting agents
Muscarinic acetylcholine
receptor antagonists
• Smoking of anticholinergic plant alkaloids atropa belladonna and dature stramonium recommended in literature of Ayurvedic medicine from 17thC • Introduced to Britain early 19thC‐ belladonna and stramonium cigs/cigars/burning powders • Later development of non‐selective short‐acting mAChR antagonist and subsequently longer‐acting agentsMuscarinic acetylcholine
receptor antagonists
Goals of COPD therapy
• Relieve symptoms • Improve exercise tolerance • Improve health status • Prevent and treat exacerbations • Prevent disease progression • Reduce mortality Reduce symptoms Reduce risk GOLD COPD 2015Lung Health Study
• Randomised trial of smoking cessation and inhaled ipratropium bromide in smokers aged 35‐60 with mild asymptomatic COPD • 10 clinical centres US & Canada • Usual care v smoking intervention ± ipratropium bromide for 5 yrs • Followed up to 14.5 yrs » Anthonisen et al Ann Intern Med 2005;142:233Anthonisen, N. R. et. al. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:233-239
All-cause 14.5-year survival
Smoking cessation reduced decline in lung function; no change lung
function decline with bronchodilator
Annual Rates of Decline in FEV1and FVC before and after bronchodilatation no different over 4 years
Tashkin DP et al. N Engl J Med 2008
UPLIFT study
NS
Annual Rates of Decline in FEV1and FVC before and after bronchodilatation no different over 4 years
Tashkin DP et al. N Engl J Med 2008
UPLIFT study
NS No safety concerns
Goals of COPD therapy
• Relieve symptoms • Improve exercise tolerance • Improve health status • Prevent and treat exacerbations • Prevent disease progression X • Reduce mortality X Reduce symptoms Reduce risk GOLD COPD 2015Stepwise COPD‐X
“ The aim of pharmacological treatment ...to treat symptoms or to prevent deterioration (either by decreasing exacerbations or by reducing decline in quality of life) or both. A stepwise approach is recommended, irrespective of disease severity, until adequate control has been achieved” Use short‐acting medications Then LAMA and/or LABA for symptom relief and to prevent exacerbationsCOPD‐X Stepwise management
GOLD COPD 2015
“(Short‐acting) bronchodilators are given on either regular or PRN basis to prevent or reduce symptoms” References refer only to bronchodilatation and do not focus on symptoms Few studies of short‐acting agents examined “patient reported outcomes” such as relief of breathlessness, cough, fatigue, exercise capacity, quality of lifeClinical trials in COPD
• Historically, FEV1 used as a global marker for pathophysiological changes and by regulators • Correlates with mortality but poorly with patient reported outcomes (PROs) • Studies of newer drugs are more likely to – Include PROs as endpoints – Consider responders versus non‐responders ( “responder analyses”) rather than just mean improvements – Report results in terms of clinically important improvements (MCID) ...so, do these bronchodilators bronchodilate?Short‐acting beta2‐agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: post BD FEV1; for
SABA v placebo
Ram et al Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
22 JUL 2002 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001495 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001495/full#CD001495-fig-00102 Small mean differences :overall 140mls ? clinically significant Yes they do bronchodilate
Minimum clinically important
difference
Is a measure of change in a given variable that is required to produce a clinically perceivable effect and distinguishes clinical efficacy from statistical difference – MCIDs are average estimates obtained in a patient population – An individual patient may have a meaningful perceived benefit from a result that is below the MCID threshold Jones P AJRCCM 2014MCID for COPD outcomes
• Lung function: – FEV1 MCID suggested to be roughly 100‐140mls1 but remains poorly defined (within‐subject variability estimated at 160ml2); ATS/GOLD state FEV1 inc of >12 % and 200mls to be the threshold of clinical significance • Health status: – SGRQ: 4 units – CRQ 0.5 units per domain 1. Cazzola M et al ERJ 2008 2. Tweedale PN et al Thorax 1997MCID
• Dyspnoea – Transitional Dyspnoea Index : 1 unit – UCSD dyspnoea questionnaire: 5‐7 units – VAS :10‐20 units – Borg: 2units • Exercise capacity – 6MWD: 25‐33m1 – ISWT: 47.5 m – ESWT: 45‐85 m – Constant load cycle 46‐105sec 1.Holland AE et al ERJ 2014• Inspiratory capacity and other measures of hyperinflation?
Conclusion: short‐acting
• Short‐acting bronchodilators significant bronchodilator effects • Limited data on PROs such as dyspnoea, quality of lifeNew Bronchodilator Therapies
Do long‐acting bronchodilators
relieve symptoms?
• GOLD – Long‐acting bronchodilators are convenient and more effective at producing maintained symptom relief than short‐acting – Combining bronchodilators of different pharmacological classes may improve efficacy and decrease risk of side effects compared to increasing dose of a single bronchodilatorProbability of Treatment Discontinuation, Mean FEV1and FVC before and after Bronchodilation, and Scores for Health-Related Quality of Life.
Tashkin DP et al. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1543‐1554.
UPLIFT
Long term efficacy and safety of
Indacaterol
Chapman K et al CHEST 2011;140:68
No important adverse side effects Decreased exacerbations by 14%
USA FDA approved 75 mcg
Indacaterol versus Tiotropium
Buhl et al Eur Respir J 2011: 28:797
n = 1600 FEV1 = 1.5 l 12 weeks Indacaterol 150 mcg Tiotropium 18 mcg Outcomes spirometry SGRQ TDI LAMA + LABA (tiotropium + olodaterol) 4 week, crossover studies (n=232)
Aalbers et al. Eur Resp J 2012;40(Suppl 56): 525s (P2882).
• Addition of tiotropium to olodaterol significantly improved FEV1versus olodaterol alone 1.25 1.30 1.75 -1.00 6.00 Time FEV 1 (L ) at 4 w eeks 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.25 1.30 1.75 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.70 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 -1.00 6.00 Time 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 +Tiotropium 5 μg* +Tiotropium 2.5 μg* +Tiotropium 1.25 μg* Olodaterol 5 μg +Tiotropium 5 μg* +Tiotropium 2.5 μg* +Tiotropium 1.25 μg* Olodaterol 10 μg ~0.34 L ~0.36 L Olodaterol 5 μg Olodaterol 10 μg
mean baseline mean baseline
Long‐acting beta2‐agonist in addition to tiotropium versus either tiotropium or long‐acting beta2‐agonist alone for
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease HRQOL
Karner et al Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
18 APR 2012 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008989.pub2
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008989.pub2/full#CD008989-fig-0003
Change from baseline of -6.1 units with combination treatment v -4.5 with tio alone
Conclusion
• Bronchodilators do bronchodilate. • The Ultra‐LABA and LAMA increase FEV1 between 120 and 200 ml • They improve Qol and dyspnoea • Decrease exacerbations. All better than placebo • Combinations may provide additional benefitPersonalised medicine
• Is this bronchodilator ( or combination) likely to benefit my patient? • How do I choose which of the new bronchodilators or combinations to use? • How shall I monitor treatment response? • When ( if ever?) do I stop therapy –ie is there a concept of back titration or cessation in COPD ?Adherence to bronchodilator
over time
• Non‐adherence to treatment may account for many observed differences between efficacy and effectiveness of drug treatment • Average adherence rates in COPD clinical trials 70‐90% • Much lower in real world