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Bronchodilators in COPD

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TSANZSRS Gold Coast 2015

Can average outcomes in COPD clinical trials guide treatment

strategies? Long live the FEV1? Christine McDonald  Dept of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Austin Health Institute for Breathing & Sleep University of  Melbourne 

Bronchodilators in COPD  

• Pharmacology= how they work √ • Physiology= why they work √ • Clinical trials=do they work? How does  this translate into effectiveness in  clinical practice?  

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‘Average’ outcomes 

• 1.  Mean outcomes cf subgroups or individuals   • 2.  “Average” patient in trials cf “real world”  • 3.  Trials outcomes‐FEV1 cf patient reported     

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Bronchodilators –History 

• Traditional Chinese medicine –”Ma Huang” ( from  plant Ephedra equisitena) used to treat resp ailments  for over 3000 yrs

• Turn of 20thC –epinephrine s/c for treatment of acute 

asthma

• 1940’s inh isoprenaline for asthma:non β2 selective • Later development of β2 selective agonist salbutamol and subsequently longer‐acting agents

Muscarinic acetylcholine 

receptor antagonists 

• Smoking of anticholinergic plant  alkaloids atropa belladonna and dature stramonium recommended  in literature of Ayurvedic medicine  from 17thC • Introduced to Britain early 19thC‐ belladonna and stramonium  cigs/cigars/burning powders  • Later development of non‐selective  short‐acting mAChR antagonist and  subsequently longer‐acting agents   

Muscarinic acetylcholine 

receptor antagonists 

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Goals of COPD therapy

• Relieve symptoms • Improve exercise tolerance • Improve health status • Prevent and treat exacerbations • Prevent disease progression • Reduce mortality Reduce symptoms Reduce risk GOLD COPD 2015

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Lung Health Study

• Randomised trial of smoking cessation and  inhaled ipratropium bromide in smokers  aged 35‐60 with mild asymptomatic COPD • 10 clinical centres US & Canada • Usual care v smoking intervention ± ipratropium bromide for 5 yrs • Followed up to 14.5 yrs  » Anthonisen et al Ann Intern Med 2005;142:233

Anthonisen, N. R. et. al. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:233-239

All-cause 14.5-year survival

Smoking cessation reduced decline in lung function; no change lung

function decline with bronchodilator

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Annual Rates of Decline in FEV1and FVC before and after bronchodilatation no different over 4 years

Tashkin DP et al. N Engl J Med 2008

UPLIFT study

NS

Annual Rates of Decline in FEV1and FVC before and after bronchodilatation no different over 4 years

Tashkin DP et al. N Engl J Med 2008

UPLIFT study

NS No safety concerns

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Goals of COPD therapy

• Relieve symptoms • Improve exercise tolerance • Improve health status • Prevent and treat exacerbations • Prevent disease progression  X • Reduce mortality X Reduce symptoms Reduce risk GOLD COPD 2015

Stepwise COPD‐X

“ The aim of pharmacological treatment ...to treat  symptoms or to prevent deterioration (either by  decreasing exacerbations or by reducing decline in  quality of life) or both. A stepwise approach is  recommended, irrespective of disease severity,  until adequate control has been achieved”  Use short‐acting medications  Then LAMA and/or LABA for symptom relief and  to prevent exacerbations  

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COPD‐X Stepwise management

GOLD COPD 2015

“(Short‐acting) bronchodilators are given on  either regular or PRN basis to prevent or  reduce symptoms”  References refer only to bronchodilatation and do not focus on symptoms   Few studies of short‐acting agents    examined “patient reported outcomes” such  as relief of breathlessness, cough, fatigue,  exercise capacity, quality of life       

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Clinical trials in COPD 

• Historically,  FEV1 used as a global marker for  pathophysiological changes and by regulators • Correlates with mortality but poorly with  patient reported outcomes (PROs) • Studies of newer drugs are more likely to  – Include PROs as endpoints – Consider responders versus non‐responders (  “responder analyses”) rather than just mean  improvements – Report results in terms of clinically important  improvements (MCID)  ...so, do these bronchodilators  bronchodilate?

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Short‐acting beta2‐agonists for stable chronic  obstructive pulmonary disease: post BD FEV1; for 

SABA v placebo

Ram et al Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

22 JUL 2002 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001495 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001495/full#CD001495-fig-00102 Small mean differences :overall 140mls ? clinically significant Yes they do bronchodilate

Minimum clinically important 

difference

Is a measure of change in a given variable that  is required to produce a clinically perceivable  effect and distinguishes clinical efficacy from  statistical difference – MCIDs are average estimates obtained in a patient  population – An individual patient may have a meaningful  perceived benefit from a result that is below the  MCID threshold Jones P AJRCCM 2014

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MCID for COPD outcomes

• Lung function:  – FEV1  MCID suggested to be roughly  100‐140mls1 but remains poorly defined (within‐subject  variability estimated at 160ml2); ATS/GOLD state  FEV1 inc of >12 % and 200mls to be the threshold  of clinical significance • Health status:  – SGRQ: 4 units  – CRQ 0.5 units per domain  1. Cazzola M et al  ERJ 2008   2. Tweedale PN et al Thorax 1997

MCID

• Dyspnoea – Transitional Dyspnoea Index : 1 unit – UCSD dyspnoea questionnaire: 5‐7 units – VAS :10‐20 units – Borg: 2units • Exercise capacity  – 6MWD: 25‐33m1 – ISWT: 47.5 m – ESWT: 45‐85 m – Constant load cycle 46‐105sec  1.Holland AE et al ERJ 2014

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• Inspiratory capacity and other measures of  hyperinflation?

Conclusion: short‐acting

• Short‐acting bronchodilators significant  bronchodilator effects • Limited data on PROs such as dyspnoea,  quality of life  

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New Bronchodilator Therapies 

Do long‐acting bronchodilators 

relieve symptoms?

• GOLD  – Long‐acting bronchodilators are convenient and  more effective at producing maintained symptom  relief than short‐acting – Combining bronchodilators of different  pharmacological classes may improve efficacy and  decrease risk of side effects compared to  increasing dose of a single bronchodilator 

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Probability of Treatment Discontinuation, Mean FEV1and FVC before and after Bronchodilation, and Scores for Health-Related Quality of Life.

Tashkin DP et al. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1543‐1554.

UPLIFT

Long term efficacy and safety of 

Indacaterol

Chapman K et al CHEST 2011;140:68

No important adverse side effects Decreased exacerbations by 14%

USA FDA approved 75 mcg

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Indacaterol versus Tiotropium

Buhl et al Eur Respir J 2011: 28:797

n = 1600 FEV1 = 1.5 l 12 weeks Indacaterol 150 mcg Tiotropium 18 mcg Outcomes spirometry SGRQ TDI LAMA + LABA (tiotropium + olodaterol) 4 week, crossover studies (n=232)

Aalbers et al. Eur Resp J 2012;40(Suppl 56): 525s (P2882).

• Addition of tiotropium to olodaterol significantly improved FEV1versus olodaterol alone 1.25 1.30 1.75 -1.00 6.00 Time FEV 1 (L ) at 4 w eeks 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.25 1.30 1.75 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.70 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 -1.00 6.00 Time 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 +Tiotropium 5 μg* +Tiotropium 2.5 μg* +Tiotropium 1.25 μg* Olodaterol 5 μg +Tiotropium 5 μg* +Tiotropium 2.5 μg* +Tiotropium 1.25 μg* Olodaterol 10 μg ~0.34 L ~0.36 L Olodaterol 5 μg Olodaterol 10 μg

mean baseline mean baseline

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Long‐acting beta2‐agonist in addition to tiotropium versus  either tiotropium or long‐acting beta2‐agonist alone for 

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease HRQOL

Karner et al Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

18 APR 2012 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008989.pub2

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008989.pub2/full#CD008989-fig-0003

Change from baseline of -6.1 units with combination treatment v -4.5 with tio alone

Conclusion

• Bronchodilators do bronchodilate. • The Ultra‐LABA and LAMA increase FEV1 between 120 and 200 ml • They improve Qol and dyspnoea • Decrease exacerbations. All better than  placebo • Combinations may provide additional benefit

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Personalised medicine 

• Is this bronchodilator ( or combination) likely  to benefit my patient? • How do I choose which of the new  bronchodilators or combinations to use? • How shall I monitor treatment response? • When ( if ever?) do I stop therapy –ie is there  a concept of back titration or cessation in  COPD ?  

Adherence to bronchodilator 

over time

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• Non‐adherence to treatment may account for  many observed differences between efficacy  and effectiveness of drug treatment • Average adherence rates in COPD clinical trials  70‐90% • Much lower in real world

Reasons for lack of adherence

• Poor device technique (up to 90% don’t use  devices properly)‐not getting response • True lack of response: responder analyses in  COPD trials suggest significant proportions of  patients do not have clinically important  benefits in outcomes important for patients • Even if achieve  “MCID”‐may not be relevant  for this patient   

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Thoughts and questions

• Each patient is n‐of‐1 trial • Uncertainties exist: – Which BD to trial first‐device will impact – Is my patient a responder? – How long is treatment trial to ensure not just  placebo effect? – Does my patient meet inclusion criteria for trial (  cardiac, renal exclusions, QT interval, co‐ morbidities)   

– Why am I treating?

•symptoms alone ( non exacerbator) 

•symptoms plus exacerbations( 

longer trial ? how long)

•does my patient have ACOS‐add ICS

– Cease one BD then trial another or 

add‐on?

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Conclusions

• Population mean changes not easily  translatable  outside a clinical trial.  • Responders v non‐responders: useful concept  in addition to  NNT    • COPD clinical trials moving from FEV1 to PROs  • Regulatory bodies –also looking for PROs not  just lung function • Consider clinical rather than just statistically  significant benefits (caveats) • Clinical gestalt still trumps

References

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