• No results found

Fire Spot Identification Based on Hotspot Sequential Pattern and Burned Area Classification

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Fire Spot Identification Based on Hotspot Sequential Pattern and Burned Area Classification"

Copied!
9
0
0

Loading.... (view fulltext now)

Full text

(1)

),5(6327,'(17,),&$7,21%$6('21+276327

6(48(17,$/3$77(51$1'%851('$5($

&/$66,),&$7,21

1$/$5,67,420$+ ,0$668.$(6,+6,7$1**$1* DQG/$,/$16<$8),1$

'HSDUWPHQWRI &RPSXWHU6FLHQFH)DFXOW\RI 1DWXUDO6FLHQFHDQG0DWKHPDWLFV%RJRU$JULFXOWXUDO8QLYHUVLW\,QGRQHVLD

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

8QIRUWXQDWHO\QRZDGD\VPDQ\ILUHVKDSSHQLQ SHDWODQGV,Q.DOLPDQWDQSHDWODQGILUHVZKLFKDUH FKDUDFWHUL]HGE\KRWVSRWRFFXUUHQFHVUHDFKHGDQ DYHUDJHRI LQWKLVGHFDGH7KHQXPEHURI ILUH KRWVSRWV LQ SHDWODQGV DOVR LQFUHDVHG DQG

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

(2)

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

7KH RFFXUUHQFH RI ILUH KRWVSRWV LV XVHG DV IRUHVW ILUH LQGLFDWRU +RWVSRW GDWD KDYH EHHQ ZLGHO\ FROOHFWHG E\ YDULRXV LQVWLWXWLRQV 0HDQZKLOHH[SHUWVDQGSUDFWLWLRQHUVVWDWHGWKDW WKH KRWVSRWV WKDW DSSHDU WZR RU WKUHH GD\V LQ VHTXHQFH DW WKH VDPH ORFDWLRQ KDYH D KLJK SRWHQWLDO RI EHFRPLQJ D IRUHVW ILUH 7KHUHIRUH VHTXHQWLDOSDWWHUQPLQLQJFDQEHDSSOLHGWRREWDLQ KRWVSRWVHTXHQFHSDWWHUQVIRUILUHLGHQWLILFDWLRQ

5HVHDUFK RQ VHTXHQWLDO SDWWHUQ PLQLQJ KDV EHHQ FDUULHG RXW E\ 1XUXOKDT DQG 6LWDQJJDQJ 7KLV VWXG\ FRQGXFWHG VHTXHQWLDO SDWWHUQ PLQLQJRI GDWDKRWVSRWVLQ5LDX3URYLQFHLQ XQWLO XVLQJ WKH 3UHIL[6SDQ DOJRULWKP 7KH RFFXUUHQFHVRI DVHTXHQWLDOSDWWHUQRI KRWVSRWV

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

.KDLUDHW DO DOVR SHUIRUPHG VDWHOOLWH LPDJH FODVVLILFDWLRQ XVLQJ 690 ,Q WKLV VWXG\ /DQGVDW DQG LPDJHV ZHUH FODVVLILHG WR GHWHUPLQHWKHODQGFRYHUFKDQJHVWKHDFFXUDF\RI FODVVLILFDWLRQ ZDV 7KHQ 7KDULTDHW DO FRQGXFWHGDFRPSDULVRQRI GHFLVLRQWUHH DOJRULWKPVWRFODVVLI\VDWHOOLWHLPDJHU\)URPWKLV VWXG\LVNQRZQWKDWWKHEHVWDOJRULWKPVIRULPDJH FODVVLILFDWLRQRI IRUHVWILUHVDUHWKH&ZLWKDQ DFFXUDF\RI

0RUHRYHU6LWDQJJDQJHWDOSURFHVVHG /DQGVDW70LPDJHWRGHWHUPLQHWKHUDGLXVRI D KRWVSRW VXFK WKDW UDQGRP SRLQWV DUH JHQHUDWHG RXWVLGH D KRWVSRW EXIIHU DV IDOVH DODUP GDWD &OXVWHULQJDQGPDMRULW\ILOWHULQJZHUHSHUIRUPHG WRH[WUDFWEXUQVFDUVLQ5RNDQ+LOLU5LDX3URYLQFH ,QGRQHVLD ,W UHVXOWHG WKH UDGLXV RI D KRWVSRW NP %HVLGH WKH ,' DOJRULWKP & DQG H[WHQGHG VSDWLDO ,' KDYH EHHQ DSSOLHG 7KH UHVXOWV DUH GHFLVLRQ WUHHV IRU PRGHOLQJ KRWVSRW

(3)

0$7(5,$/6$1'0(7+2'6 6WXGL$UHDDQG'DWDVHWV

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

5HVHDUFK0HWKRGV

7KLV VWXG\ FRQVLVWV RI WKUHH PDMRU SDUWV DV GHSLFWHG LQ )LJXUH GHWHUPLQH VHTXHQFH SDWWHUQV RI KRWVSRWV LQ DQG XVLQJ 3UHIL[6SDQDOJRULWKPFODVVLI\VDWHOOLWHLPDJH RI EXUQDUHDDQGLGHQWLI\ILUHVSRWV 'DWD3UHSURFHVVLQJ 'DWDSUHSURFHVVLQJFRQVLVWVRI GDWDVHOHFWLRQ GDWD FOHDQLQJ GDWD WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ DQG RFFXUUHQFH ZKLFK KDYH WKH DFFXUDF\ RI

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

(4)

JHQHUDWLRQ RI GDWD VHTXHQWLDO XVLQJ WKH 5 VRIWZDUH,QGDWDVHOHFWLRQDWWULEXWHVWKDWZLOO EH XVHG LQ WKLV VWXG\ ZHUH VHOHFWHG 'DWD FOHDQLQJZDVGRQHE\UHPRYLQJWKHDWWULEXWHV RUGDWDWKDWKDYHPLVVLQJYDOXHRUQRLVH,QGDWD WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ ZH WUDQVIRUP WKH DWWULEXWHV W\SHV 6HTXHQWLDO GDWD ZHUH JHQHUDWHG E\ VRUWLQJWKHGDWDE\ORQJLWXGHODWLWXGHDQGGDWH DWWULEXWH

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

6HTXHQWLDO3DWWHUQ0LQLQJRQ+RWVSRW'DWD 6HTXHQWLDOGDWDJHQHUDWHGIURPSUHSURFHVVLQJ

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

UHSUHVHQWV EXUQHG DUHD ZKLOH RWKHU SL[HOV UHSUHVHQWQRWEXUQHGDUHD)XUWKHUPRUHWKH FODVVLILFD WLRQ UHVXOWV ZHUH ILOWHUHG &ODVVLILFDWLRQ UHVXOWV KDYH VDOWDQGSHSSHU QRLVHV 1RLVH ZDV UHPRYHG XVLQJ WKH VPRRWKLQJ ILOWHU 7KLV VWXG\ XVHV D PDMRULW\ ILOWHU IRU VPRRWKLQJ LPDJH DV WKH UHVXOWV RI FODVVLILFDWLRQ

)LUHVSRWLGHQWLILFDWLRQ

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

(5)

RFFXUUHQFHVRQGD\RI ZKLFKLV6HSWHPEHU DQG GD\ RI ZKLFK LV 6HSWHPEHU 7KLV VHTXHQFH PHDQV WKDW KRWVSRW RFFXUUHQFH DW WKDW ORFDWLRQ KDV D VSDQ RI HLJKW GD\V 6DWHOOLWHLPDJHVXVHGLQWKLVVWHSZHUHFROOHFWHG IURP 86*6 ZHEVLWH ZKLFK FDQ EH DFFHVVHG RQKWWSHDUWKH[SORUHUXVJVJRY 6DWHOOLWH LPDJHV ZHUH VHOHFWHG EDVHG RQ GLVWULFW ZKHUH VHTXHQFH SDWWHUQV WRRN SODFH DQG GDWH ZKHQ VHTXHQFHSDWWHUQVRFFXUUHG

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

WKH JDS PDVN IRU EDQG WKDW RSHUDWHG )LJXUH VKRZWKHUHVXOWRI ILOOLQJJDSRQEDQGDQG

6HTXHQWLDO 3DWWHUQV XVLQJ 3UHIL[ 6SDQ $OJRULWKP

,Q WKLV VWXG\ VHTXHQWLDO SDWWHUQ PLQLQJ ZDV SHUIRUPHGRQWKHVHTXHQFHGDWDVHWRI KRWVSRWLQ .DOLPDQWDQ LQ DQG 7KH YDOXH RI PLQLPXP VXSSRUW XVHG LV 7KH UHVXOWLQJ SDWWHUQ KDV OHQJWK RI HYHQW WR HYHQWV )RU IXUWKHUDQDO\VLVZHXVHRQO\VHTXHQFHVSDWWHUQRI OHQJWK WR HYHQWV EHFDXVH WKHVH SDWWHUQV DUH FRQVLGHUHGWREHFRPHILUHVSRWV

7DEOHVKRZVQXPEHURI VHTXHQFHSDWWHUQV RI KRWVSRWV IRU HDFK GDWDVHW JHQHUDWHG XVLQJ 3UHIL[6SDQ DOJRULWKP WKDW LV DYDLODEOH LQ WKH VHTXHQWLDO SDWWHUQ PLQLQJ IUDPHZRUN 630) IUDPHZRUN KWWSZZZSKLOLSSHIRXUQLHU YLJHUFRPVSPI

7DEOHH[SODLQVWKDWWKHVHTXHQFHSDWWHUQVLQ DUHZLGHO\RFFXUUHGLQ(DVW.DOLPDQWDQ$V LQ WKH VHTXHQFH SDWWHUQV DUH FRPPRQ LQ :HVW .DOLPDQWDQ DQG &HQWUDO .DOLPDQWDQ ,Q :HVW.DOLPDQWDQWKHUHDUHVHTXHQFHVZLWKWKH OHQJWKRI HYHQWVZKLOHLQ&HQWUDO.DOLPDQWDQ WKHUHDUHVHTXHQFHVZLWKWKHOHQJWKRI HYHQWV DQGVHTXHQFHZLWKWKHOHQJWKRI HYHQWV 7DEOH6DPSOHRI KRWVSRWVHTXHQFHV /RQJLWXGH /DWLWXGH 6HTXHQFH )LJXUH([DPSOHRI ILOOLQJJDSRQEDQGDQG 7DEOH1XPEHURI VHTXHQFHSDWWHUQRI KRWVSRWV

:HVW.DOLPDQWDQ 6RXWK.DOLPDQWDQ &HQWUDO.DOLPDQWDQ (DVW.DOLPDQWDQ .DOLPDQWDQ ,VODQG HYHQW

(6)

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² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² &HQWUDO .DOLPDQWDQ 683 683 683 683 683 683 683 683 683 683 ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² ² 683 ² ² D2YHUOD\WKHLPDJH E&OLSSLQJWKHLPDJH )LJXUH2YHUOD\DDQGFOLSSLQJEWKHLPDJHZLWKSHDWODQGPDS

(7)

7KLVVWXG\XVHWKHEDQGFRPELQDWLRQRI DQG 7KLV FRPELQDWLRQ LV YDOLG WR EH XVHG WR GHWHFWWKHEXUQHGDUHD4XLQQ7RJHWWKH LPDJHLQSHDWODQGVLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRSURFHVVWKH LPDJHVXEVHW,QRUGHUWRREWDLQWKHLPDJHVXEVHW ZHGLGLPDJHRYHUOD\DQGFOLSSLQJXVLQJSHDWODQGV PDS2YHUOD\ZDVFRQGXFWHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKHDUHD RI SHDWODQGDQGFOLSSLQJSURFHVVZDVGRQHWRWDNH SDUW RI SHDWODQG RQO\ )LJXUH LOOXVWUDWHV WKH RYHUOD\DQGFOLSSLQJSURFHVV

7RSHUIRUPLPDJHFODVVLILFDWLRQVDPSOLQJZDV QHFHVVDU\,QWKLVVWXG\UHGSL[HOVZHUHWDNHQDV VDPSOHVRI EXUQHGFODVVZKLOHRWKHUFRORXUVZHUH WDNHQDVWKHVDPSOHVRI QRWEXUQHGFODVV7KHQWKH VDPSOHV ZHUH XVHG WR SHUIRUP WKH LPDJH F O D V V L I L F D W L R Q X V L Q J , /: , 6 V R I W Z D U H KWWSVZZZLWFQOLOZLV )LJXUH VKRZV WKH UHVXOWRI LPDJHFODVVLILFDWLRQIRUDUHDRI 3XODQJ 3LVDXFRPSDUHGWRLWVRULJLQDOLPDJH)LJXUHVKRZV WKH UHVXOW RI LPDJH FODVVLILFDWLRQ IRU DUHD RI

3DODQJNDUD\DFRPSDUHGWRLWVRULJLQDOLPDJH

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

)LJXUH 6HTXHQFHVSDWWHUQRI KRWVSRWVRYHUODLGZLWKFODVVLILHGLPDJHVIRUWKHDUHDRI D3XODQJ3LVDXDQGE 3DODQJNDUD\D

(8)

6HTXHQFHV SDWWHUQV LQ EXUQHG DUHD DQG QRW EXUQHG DUHD ZHUH GHWHUPLQHG E\ H[HFXWLQJ WKH 64/VWDWHPHQWV,I DSDWWHUQLVLQWKHDUHDRQILUH WKHQLWLVODEHOHGDV´\HVµRWKHUZLVHLWLVODEHOHGDV ´QRµ,GHQWLILFDWLRQDOVRGRQHLQEXIIHUZLWKWKH UDGLXVRI NPDURXQGEXUQHGDUHD

7KHVHTXHQFHSDWWHUQVRI KRWVSRWORFDWHGLQ WKH EXUQHG DUHD UHSUHVHQWV ILUH VSRWV 7KH VHTXHQFHSDWWHUQVRI KRWVSRWORFDWHGLQWKHEXIIHU RI EXUQHG DUHDV UHSUHVHQW VHTXHQFH SDWWHUQV DURXQG DUHD RI SHDWODQG ILUHV 7DEOH VKRZV SHUFHQWDJHRI VHTXHQFHSDWWHUQVRI KRWVSRWVLQ EXUQHGDUHDDQGLQWKHEXIIHUDUHD

)URP7DEOHLWLVNQRZQWKDWSHUFHQWDJHRI VHTXHQFH SDWWHUQV LQ EXUQHG DQG EXIIHU DUHD LV JUHDWHUWKDQWKRVHRQO\LQEXUQHGDUHD,WLVFDXVHG E\ LQDELOLW\ RI WKH FODVVLILFDWLRQ DOJRULWKP WR LGHQWLI\EXUQHGDUHDLQWKHLPDJHZKHUHWKHUHLV PXFKVPRNH:LWKWKLVWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWLWFDQ EH FRQFOXGHG WKDW LQ 3XODQJ 3LVDX WKHUH ZHUH VHTXHQFHSDWWHUQVWKDWEHFRPHIRUHVWILUH 0HDQZKLOH LQ 3DODQJNDUD\D WKHUH ZHUH VHTXHQFHSDWWHUQVWKDWEHFRPHIRUHVWILUH

&21&/86,216

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

DQG LQ WKH EXIIHU DUHD UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KLV VWXG\ VKRZVWKDWDERXWDQG KRWVSRWV VHTXHQWLDOO\ RFFXUUHG LQ 3XODQJ 3LVDX DQG 3DODQJNDUD\D UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KRVH KRWVSRWV DUH FRQVLGHUHG DV ILUH VSRWV WKDW EHFRPH VWURQJ LQGLFDWRUIRUSHDWODQGILUHV

5()(5(1&(6

&DQW\ 0- ,PDJH $QDO\VLV &ODVVLILFDWLRQ DQG &KDQJH 'HWHFWLRQLQ 5HPRWH6HQVLQJWK(GLWLRQ86$&5& 3UHVV

-XVWLFH&20DOLQJUHDX-36HW]HU$:6DWHOOLWHUHPRWH VHQVLQJ RI ILUHV SRWHQWLDO DQG OLPLWDWLRQV 3 &UXW]HQ -*ROGDPPHU

.LUDQD $3 6LWDQJJDQJ ,6 6\DXILQD / 3RLVVRQ &OXVWHULQJ 3URFHVV RQ +RWVSRW LQ 3HDWODQG $UHD XVLQJ .XOOGRUIIV 6FDQ 6WDWLVWLFV 0HWKRG 7(/.201,.$

.KDLUD 8 6LWDQJJDQJ ,6 /DLODQ 6 'HWHFWLRQ DQG 3UHGLFWLRQ RI 3HDWODQG &RYHU &KDQJHV 8VLQJ 6XSSRUW9HFWRU0DFKLQHDQG0DUNRY&KDLQ0RGHO 7(/.201,.$

/X'$VXUYH\RI LPDJHFODVVLILFDWLRQPHWKRGVDQG WHFKQLTXHV IRU LPSURYLQJ FODVVLILFDWLRQ SHUIRUPDQFH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI 5HPRWH 6HQVLQJ

1XUXOKDT 1= 6LWDQJJDQJ ,6 6HTXHQWLDO SDWWHUQ PLQLQJ SDGD GDWD WLWLN SDQDV PHQJJXQDNDQ DOJRULWPHSUHIL[VSDQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ $GDSWLYHDQG,QWHOOLJHQW$JURLQGXVWU\,&$,$ 3HL-+DQ-0RUWD]DYL$VO%:DQJ-3LQWR+&KHQ4

'D\DO8+VX00LQLQJVHTXHQWLDOSDWWHUQV E\ SDWWHUQJURZWK 7KH 3UHIL[ 6SDQ DSSURDFK ,(((7UDQV.QRZO'DWD(QJ 6LWDQJJDQJ,66SDWLDO0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO$VVRFLDWLRQ 5XOHV0LQLQJLQ)RUHVW)LUH'DWD-RXUQDORI 'DWD $QDO\VLVDQG,QIRUPDWLRQ3URFHVVLQJ 6LWDQJJDQJ,6<DDNRE50XVWDSKD1DQG$LQXGGLQ$1 $ 'HFLVLRQ 7UHH %DVHG RQ 6SDWLDO 5HODWLRQVKLSVIRU3UHGLFWLQJ+RWVSRWVLQ3HDWODQGV 7(/.201,.$ 6LWDQJJDQJ,6<DDNRE50XVWDSKD1DQG$LQXGGLQ$1 %XUQ $UHD 3URFHVVLQJ WR *HQHUDWH )DOVH $ODUP 'DWD IRU +RWVSRW 3UHGLFWLRQ 0RGHOV 7(/.201,.$

7DEOH3HUFHQWDJHVRI VHTXHQFHSDWWHUQVRI KRWVSRWVLQEXUQHGDQGEXIIHUDUHDV

$UHD ,QEXUQHGDUHD ,QEXUQHGDQGEXIIHUDUHD

3XODQJ3LVDX

(9)

6\DXILQD / .HEDNDUDQ +XWDQ GDQ /DKDQ GL ,QGRQHVLD

3HULODNX$SL3HQ\HEDEGDQ'DPSDN.HEDNDUDQ0DODQJ ,'%D\XPHGLD3XEOLVKLQJ

7KDULTD3&RPSDUDWLYH$QDO\VLVRI 6SDWLDO'HFLVLRQ 7UHH $OJRULWKPV IRU %XUQHG $UHD RI 3HDWODQG LQ 5RNDQ+LOLU5LDX7(/.201,.$

4XLQQ -: >LQWHUQHW@ %DQG &RPELQDWLRQV KWWSZHESG[HGXaHPFKLSEDQGFRPELQDWLR QVKWPO>XSGDWHG0HL@

::) >,QWHUQHW@ )RUHVW )LUH >FLWHG 1RY @ $YD L O D E O H I U R P K W W S Z Z Z Z Z I R U L G WHQWDQJBZZIXSD\DBNDPLLNOLPBGDQBHQHUJLVROX VLNDPLDGDSWDVLIRUHVWBILUHFIP

References

Related documents

The research participants comprise of programme coordinators of Bachelor’s Degree of Social work, final year students within the programme and teachers teaching courses relevant

e consisting of the robot’s view. I hypothesized that by helping team members build a shared mental model, the use of mobile robots as a shared visual presence in remote

Wahl Family Dentistry, United States Abstract- Background: Gentle curettage of the socket and/or postoperative antibiotics are standard protocols after an extraction of a tooth

Specifically, when a servent receives a Query- Hit and is willing to download the data file, it connects to the IP address and port number listed in the QueryHit packet and issues

“Not a Horror Story: Competency-Based Education and Writing Instruction.” Conference on College Composition and Communication, Tampa, 20 March 2015. This Article is brought to you

This notice provides general background information on Hawaii Unemployment Insurance laws and is not intended to serve as a substitute for legal counsel.. For specific legal advice

In any developing scientific or technological field, industrial companies have a variety of interests that define the nature of their contributions. They benefit from and contribute

Bond's Path is a small community between Placentia and the Southeast. It is also occasionally mentioned in conversations about Placentia. So each one of them might be