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Volume 2008, Article ID 465909,13pages doi:10.1155/2008/465909

Research Article

On Some Inequalities of Uncertainty Principles

Type in Quantum Calculus

Ahmed Fitouhi,1N ´eji Bettaibi,2 Rym H. Bettaieb,2and Wafa Binous3

1Facult´e des Sciences de Tunis, Universit´e de Tunis El Manar, 1060 Tunis, Tunisia 2Institut Pr´eparatoire aux ´Etudes d’Ing´enieur de Monastir, Universit´e de Monastir,

5000 Monastir, Tunisia

3Institut de Biotechnologie, Universit´e de Jendouba, 9000 B´eja, Tunisia

Correspondence should be addressed to N´eji Bettaibi,[email protected]

Received 19 July 2007; Revised 31 January 2008; Accepted 14 April 2008

Recommended by Wolfgang Castell

The aim of this paper is to generalize theq-Heisenberg uncertainty principles studied by Bettaibi et al.2007, to state local uncertainty principles for theq-Fourier-cosine, theq-Fourier-sine, and theq-Bessel-Fourier transforms, then to provide an inequality of Heisenberg-Weyl-type for the q-Bessel-Fourier transform.

Copyrightq2008 Ahmed Fitouhi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

1. Introduction

The uncertainty principle is a metatheorem in harmonic analysis that asserts, with the use of some inequalities, that a function and its Fourier transform cannot be sharply localized. We refer to the survey article by Folland and Sitaram1and the book of Havin and J ¨oricke 2for various classical uncertainty principles of different nature which may be found in the

literature.

In3, the authors gaveq-analogues of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle for the q-Fourier-cosine and theq-Fourier-sine transforms. One of the aims of this paper is to provide a generalization of their work next to state local uncertainty principles for variousq-Fourier transforms.

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q-Bessel-Fourier transforms. Then, we give a Heisenberg-Weyl-type inequality for some q-Bessel-Fourier transform.

2. Notations and preliminaries

Throughout this paper, we assumeq∈0,1. We recall some usual notions and notations used in theq-theorysee4,5. We refer to the book by Gasper and Rahman4for the definitions, notations, and properties of theq-shifted factorials and theq-hypergeometric functions.

We writeRq{±qn:n∈Z},Rq,{qn:n∈Z}, and

xq 1−qx

1−q, x∈C, nq! q;qn

1−qn, n∈N. 2.1

Theq-derivative of a functionfis given by

Dqf

x fx1qxfqx ifx /0, 2.2

Dqf0 limk→∞Dqfqk, provided that the limit exists.

Theq-Jackson integrals from 0 toaand from 0 to∞, of a functionf, aresee6 a

0

fxdqx 1−qa

n0

faqnqn,

0

fxdqx 1−q

n−∞

fqnqn, 2.3

provided that the sums converge absolutely.

Theq-Jackson integral in a generic intervala, bis given bysee6 b

a

fxdqx

b

0

fxdqx

a

0

fxdqx. 2.4

Theq-integration by parts rule is given, for suitable functionsfandg,by

b

a

gxDqfxdqxfbgbfaga

b

a

fqxDqgxdqx. 2.5

Jacksonsee6defined aq-analogue of the Gamma function by

Γqx q;qqx;q

1−q1−x,

x /0,−1,−2, . . . . 2.6

The third Jacksonq-Bessel functionsee7,8is

z;q2 z ν

1−q2νΓ

q2ν11

ϕ1

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and theq-trigonometric functionsq-cosine andq-sineare defined bysee9

cosx;q2 Γq21/2 q1q−11/2x

1/2J

−1/2

1−q q x;q

2

n0

−1nqnn−1 x2n

2nq! ,

sinx;q2 Γq21/2 1q−11/2x

1/2J 1/2

1−q q x;q

2

n0

−1nqnn−1 x2n1

2n1q! .

2.8

They verify

Dqcos

x;q2−1 qsin

qx;q2, Dqsin

x;q2cosx;q2. 2.9

We need the following spaces and norms.

iS∗qRqis the space of even functionsfonRqsatisfying

∀n, m∈N, Pn,m,qf sup x∈Rq; 0≤k≤n

1x2mDkqfx<∞. 2.10

iiLn

qRq,, x2ν1dqx,n≥1,ν≥ −1/2, is the set of all functions defined onRq,such that

f n,ν,q

0

fxnx2ν1d qx

1/n

<∞. 2.11

iiiLn

qRq, LnqRq,, dqx,n≥1, and · n,q · n,−1/2,q.

ivLqRq,is the set of all bounded functions onRq,. We write f ∞,qsupx∈Rq,|fx|.

3. Generalization of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle

Theq-Fourier-cosine and theq-Fourier-sine transforms are defined assee8,9

Fqfx cq

0

ftcosxt;q2dqt, qFfx cq

0

ftsinxt;q2dqt, 3.1

where

cq

1q−11/2

Γq21/2 . 3.2

Lettingq ↑ 1 subject to the conditionLog1−q/Logq ∈ Zgives, at least formally, the classical Fourier transformssee 3,10. In the remainder of the present paper, we assume

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It was shown in8,9that we have the following result.

Proposition 3.1. 1ForfL1

qRq,, one hasFqf∈LqRq,and

Fqf∞,q 1q−11/2

Γq21/2q;q2

f 1,q. 3.3

2Fqis an isomorphism ofL2qRq,(resp., S∗,qRq) onto itself. Moreover, one hasF−q1 Fq and the following Plancherel formula:

Fqf 2,q f 2,q, fL2qRq,. 3.4

Similarly, it was shown in3,8that theq-Fourier-sine transform verifies the following properties.

Proposition 3.2. 1ForfL1

qRq,, one hasqFf∈LqRq,and

qFf ∞,q≤

1q−11/2

Γq21/2q;q2

f 1,q. 3.5

2qFis an isomorphism ofL2qRq,onto itself; its inverse is given byqF−1 1/q2qF. One has the following Plancherel formula:

qFf 2,qq f 2,q, fL2qRq,. 3.6

Let us now state the following useful density result.

Proposition 3.3. For alln1,S∗,qRqis dense inLnqRq,.

Proof. Let n ≥ 1 and fLn

qRq,. For p ∈ N, put fp f·χqp,qp, where χqp,qp is the

characteristic function ofqp, q−p.

It is clear that for allp ∈N,fpS∗,qRqand|f−fp|n ≤ |f|n. So, the Lebesgue theorem implies thatfppconverges tofinLnqRq,.

Remark 3.4. Using the density ofS∗,qRqinLnqRq, n ≥ 1, one can see that the

q-Fourier-cosineresp.,q-Fourier-sinetransform has a unique continuous extension onLn

qRq,, that will also be denoted asFq resp.,qF. We have the followingq-analogue of the Hausdorff-Young inequality.

Theorem 3.5. Letn∈1,2(resp.,n1) andmn/n−1(resp.,m) be the dual exponent of n. For allfinLn

qRq,, the functionsFqfandqFfbelong toLmqRq,, and one has

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where

C1

1q−11/2

Γq21/2q;q2

1−2n−1/n

, C2

1q−11/2

Γq21/2q;q2

1−2n−1/n

q2n−1/n. 3.8

Proof. The result is a direct consequence of11, Theorem 1.3.4, page 35, and Propositions3.1

and3.2, by takingS∗,qRqas a set of simple functions.

The following lemma gives relations between the two Fourier q-trigonometric trans-forms.

Lemma 3.6. 1ForfL2

qRq,such thatDqfL2qRq,, one has

qF

Dqf

λ −λ qFqf

λ q

, λ∈Rq,. 3.9

2Additionally, if limn→fqn 0, then

Fq

Dqf

λ λ

q2qFfλ, λ∈Rq,. 3.10

Proof. The same steps as in the proof of3, Lemma 2; theq-integration by parts rule and the fact that

0

ftdqtn→lim

qn

qn ftdq

t 3.11

give the result.

In 3, the authors proved the following q-analogues of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

Theorem 3.7. Letfbe inL2

qRq,such thatDqfis inL2qRq,. Then,

tf 2,q λFqf 2,qq q3/21 f

2

2,q. 3.12

In addition, if limn→fqn 0, one has

tf 2,q λqFf 2,qq q−3/21 f

2

2,q. 3.13

Now, we are in a position to generalizeTheorem 3.7. One obvious way to generalize it is to replace theL2

qnorms byLnq norms. This is the purpose of the following result. Theorem 3.8. For 1n2 andfL2

qRq,, one has

f 2

2,qC1 xf n,q λFqf n,q, 3.14

f 2

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where

C1q−11/n1qn1/nC2, C2q−1

1qn1/nC1, 3.16

withC1andC2being given by3.8.

Proof. The casen2 has been dealt with inTheorem 3.7. Now, assume 1≤n <2 and letmbe the dual exponent ofn. LetfS∗,qRqsuch that limt→0ft 0. From the relation

Dq

fft Dqftft fqtDqft, 3.17 theq-integration by parts rule, and the H ¨older inequality, we have, sincet|ft|2tends to 0 ast tends to∞inRq,,

1 q

0

ft2

dqt

0

tDqfftdqt

0

tDqftftdqt

0

tfqtDqftdqt

0

tftn dqt

1/n

0

Dqftmdqt

1/m

0

tfqtn dqt

1/n

0

Dqft m

dqt

1/m .

3.18

However, the change of variableuqtgives

0

tfqtn dqt

1/n

qn1/n

0

tftn dqt

1/n . 3.19 So, 1 q 0

ft2

dqt≤1qn1/n tf n,q Dqf m,q. 3.20

On the other hand, we haveDqf Fq

Fq

Dqf

q−2

qFqF

Dqf

sinceDqfis in L2qRq,. Then, by usingLemma 3.6and theq-analogue of the Hausdorff-Young inequality, we

obtain

Dqfm,qC1Fq

Dqfn,q C1

q2λqFfn,q,

Dqfm,qq−2C2qF

Dqfn,qq−2C2

λqFqf

λ

q

n,q

q−21/nC

2λFqfn,q. 3.21 Thus,

f 2 2,qq−1

1qn1/nC1 tf n,qλqFfn,q, 3.22

f 2

2,qq−11/n

1qn1/nC2 tf n,qλFqfn,q. Now, letfL2

qRq,; it is easy to see that for allp∈N,fpfχqp,qpS∗,qRq, limt→0fpt 0,

andfppconverges tofinL2qRq,. Moreover, if the right-hand side of3.14 resp.,3.15is

finite, then the functionstf andλFqf resp., λqFfare in LnqRq,,and they are limits

in Ln

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4. Local uncertainty principles

In the literature, the first classical local inequalities were obtained by Farissee12in 1978, and they were generalized by Pricesee 13,14 in 1983 and 1987. In this section, we will generalize Price’s results by giving theirq-analogues.

4.1. Local uncertainty principles for theq-Fourier trigonometric transforms

Theorem 4.1. If 0< a <1/2, there is a constantK Ka, qsuch that for all bounded subsetEof Rq,and allfL2qRq,, one has

E

Fq2

dqλK|E|2axaf22,q. 4.1

Here, |E| 0χExdqxand K cq/

1−2aq1−2a/2a4a1/1−2a2, where cq 1q−11/2

q21/2q;q2.

Proof. Forr >0, letχr χ0,rbe the characteristic function of0, randχr 1−χr. Then, forr >0, we have, sincef·χrL1qRq,,

E

Fq2

dqλ

1/2

FqE2,q≤Fqf·χrχE2,qFqχrχE2,q

≤ |E|1/2F

qf·χr∞,qFqχr2,q,

4.2

and by the use of the H ¨older inequality, we obtain

Fqf·χr∞,qcqf·χr1,q

cqx−aχr·xaf1,qcqx−aχr2,qxaf2,q

cq

1−2aq

r1/2−axaf2,q. 4.3

On the other hand, sincefL2

qRq,, we havef·χrL2qRq,, and by the Plancherel formula,

we get

Fqχr2,qf·χr2,qx−aχr.xaf2,qx−aχr∞,qxaf2,qr−axaf2,q. 4.4

So,

E

Fq2

dqλ

1/2

⎛ ⎜ ⎝ cq

1−2aq

|E|1/2r1/2−ar−a

⎞ ⎟

xaf2,q. 4.5

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Corollary 4.2. For 0< a <1/2 andb >0, there is a constantKa,bsuch that for allfL2qRq,, one

has

f ab

2,qKa,bxafb2,qλbFqfa2,q. 4.6

Proof. Forr > 0, putEr 0, r ∩ Rq, andEr r,∞ ∩ Rq,. It is easy to see thatEr is a bounded subset ofRq,and|Er| ≤r.

Then, from the Plancherel formula andTheorem 4.1, we have

f 2

2,qFqf22,q

Er

Fqf2λd

Er

Fqf2λd

Kr2axaf22,qr−2bλbFqf22,q.

4.7

Choosing r > 0 so as to minimize the right-hand side of the inequality, we obtain f 2 2,q ≤ Ka,b xaf b2,q λbFqf a2,q2/ab, withKa,b a/bb/ab b/aa/ab

ab/2

Kb/2, andKis

the constant given inTheorem 4.1.

In the same way, one can prove the following local uncertainty principle for the q-Fourier-sine transform.

Theorem 4.3. If 0< a <1/2, there is a constantKKa, qsuch that for all bounded subsetEof Rq,and allfL2qRq,, one has

E

qFfλ2

dqλK|E|2axaf22,q, 4.8

whereK cq/

1−2aq1−2a/2qa

4a

12qa/1−2a2.

Corollary 4.4. For 0< a <1/2 andb >0, there is a constantKa,bsuch that for allfL2

qRq,, one

has

f ab

2,qKa,b xaf 2b,q λbqFf a2,q, 4.9

withKa,b a/bb/ab b/aa/abab/2Kb/2qab.

Proof. The same steps ofCorollary 4.2give the result.

Theorem 4.5. Ifa >1/2, there is a constantK1K1a, qsuch that for all bounded subsetEofRq,

andfL2

qRq,, one has

E

Fq2d

K1|E| f 22,q−1/axaf

1/a

2,q, 4.10

E

Fq2

dqλK1|E| f 22,q−1/axaf

1/a

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The proof of this result needs the following lemmas.

Lemma 4.6. Supposea >1/2, then for allfL2

qRq,,such thatxafL2qRq,,

f 2 1,qK2

f 2

2,qxaf

2 2,q

, 4.12

whereK2K2a, q 1−qq2a, q2a,−q,−q2a−1;q2a/q, q2a−1,−q2a,−1;q2a.

Proof. From15, Example 1, and the H ¨older inequality, we have

f 2 1,q

0

1x2a1/2|fx|1x2a−1/2dqx

2

K2 f 22,q xaf 22,q, 4.13

whereK2

0 1x2a

−1

dqx 1−qq2a, q2a,−q,−q2a−1;q2a/q, q2a−1,−q2a,−1;q2a∞.

Lemma 4.7. Supposea >1/2, then for allfL2

qRq,, such thatxafL2qRq,, one has

f 1,qK3 f 21,q−1/2axaf

1/2a

2,q , 4.14

whereK3K3a, q 2aK22aq−q1/2a−1 1/2

.

Proof. Fors∈Rq,,define the functionfsbyfsx fsx, x∈Rq,.

We have fs 1,qs−1 f 1,q, xafs 22,qs−2a−1 xaf 22,q. Replacement offbyfsinLemma 4.6gives

f 2

1,qK2s f 22,qs−2a1 xaf 22,q. 4.15

Now, for allr >0,putαr Logr/Logq−ELogr/Logq.We haves r/qαrR q,

andrs < r/q.Then, for allr >0,

f 2 1,qK2

r

q f

2

2,qr−2a1xaf

2 2,q

. 4.16

The right-hand side of this inequality is minimized by choosing

r 2a−11/2aq1/2a f −2,q1/axaf12/a,q. 4.17

When this is done, we obtain the result.

Proof ofTheorem 4.5. Since the proofs of the two statements are similar, it is sufficient to prove 4.11.

LetEbe a bounded subset ofRq,. When the right-hand side of the inequality4.11is

finite,Lemma 4.6implies thatfL1

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Proposition 3.1,Lemma 4.7, and the fact that

E

|Fqfλ|2dqλ≤ |E| Fqf 2∞,q, 4.18

we obtain the result withK1 1q−1/Γ2q21/2q;q

4

∞K23.

Remark 4.8. By the same technique as in the proof of Corollary 4.2, we can show that

Theorem 4.5leads to inequalities4.6and4.9with some different constants.

4.2. Local uncertainty principles for theq-Bessel-Fourier transform

Theq-Bessel-Fourier transform is definedsee16forfL1

qRq,, x2ν1dqxby

Fν,qcν,q

0

fxjν

λx;q2x2ν1dqx, 4.19

where

z;q21−q2νΓq2ν1

1−qq−1z−νJ

ν

1−qq−1z;q2 4.20

is the normalized third Jacksonq-Bessel function, and

cν,q

1q−1−ν

Γq2ν1. 4.21

It was shown in10that forν≥ −1/2, we have the following result.

Theorem 4.9. 1ForfL1

qRq,, x2ν1dqx, one hasFν,qf∈Lq Rq,and

Fν,qf∞,q cν,q q;q22

f 1,ν,q. 4.22

2Fν,q is an isomorphism ofL2qRq,, x2ν1dqxonto itself,F−ν,q1 q4ν2Fν,q, and one has the following Plancherel formula:

∀f∈L2qRq,, x2ν1dqx

, Fν,q2,ν,qq2ν1 f 2,ν,q. 4.23

The following result states a local uncertainty principle for theq-Bessel-Fourier transform.

Theorem 4.10. Forν≥ −1/2 and 0< a < ν1, there is a constantKa,νKa, ν, qsuch that for all fL2qRq,, x2ν1dqxand all bounded subsetEofRq,, one has

E

Fν,q2

λ2ν1d

Ka,ν|E|νa/ν1xaf22,ν,q. 4.24

Here,|E|ν

0 χExx2ν1dqx,cν,qcν,q/q;q2 2

, and

Ka,ν

⎛ ⎜

cν,q

2ν2−2aq

⎞ ⎟ ⎠

2a/ν1

aq2ν1

ν1−a

1−a/ν1 q2ν1

aq2ν1

ν1−a

−a/ν12 .

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Proof. Letν≥ −1/2, 0< a < ν1,fL2

qRq,, x2ν1dqx, and letEbe a bounded subset ofRq,.

Forr >0, we have, sincef.χrL1qRq,, x2ν1dqx,

E

Fν,q2

λ2ν1dqλ

1/2

Fν,qE2,ν,q

≤Fν,qf·χrχE2,ν,qFν,qχrχE2,ν,q

≤ |E|1/2

ν Fν,qf·χr∞,qFν,qχr2,ν,q.

4.26

However, by the use of the H ¨older inequality, we obtain

Fν,q

f·χr∞,q≤cν,qf·χr1,q

cqx−aχr.xaf1,ν,q

cν,qx−aχr2,ν,qxaf2,ν,q.

4.27

Now, ifkis the integer such thatqkr < qk−1, we get, sincea < ν1,

x−aχr22,ν,q

0

x−2aχ

rxx2ν1dqx

qk

0

x2ν1−2ad qx

q21−a 2ν2−2aq

r2ν1−a

2ν2−2aq. 4.28

Then,

Fν,qf·χr∞,q cν,q

2ν2−2aqr

ν1−axaf

2,ν,q. 4.29

On the other hand, sincefL2

qRq,, x2ν1dqx, we havef.χrL2qRq,, x2ν1dqx,and by the Plancherel formula4.23, we obtain

Fν,q

f·χr2,ν,qq2ν1f·χr2,ν,qq2ν1x−aχr·xaf2,ν,q

q2ν1x−aχ

r∞,qxaf2,qq2ν1r−axaf2,ν,q.

4.30

So,

E

Fν,q2

λ2ν1dqλ

1/2

⎛ ⎜

cν,q

2ν2−2aq|E|

1/2

ν 1−aq2ν1r−a

⎞ ⎟

xaf2,ν,q.

4.31

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Theorem 4.11. Forν ≥ −1/2 anda > ν1, there exists a constantKa,ν such that for all bounded subsetEofRq,and allfinLq2Rq,, x2ν1dqx, one has

E

Fν,q2

λ2ν1dqλKa,ν|E| f

21−ν1/a

2,ν,q xaf

2ν1/a

2,ν,q . 4.32

Proof. Sincea > ν1, the same steps as in the proof ofTheorem 4.5and the relation4.22give the result with

Ka,νq

2a, q2a,−q2ν2,−q2a−ν−1;q2a ∞ q2ν2, q2a−ν−1,−q2a,−1;q2a

cν,q,

cν,q 1−q

cν,q q;q22

2

a ν1−1

ν1/a a aν−1

q−2ν1a−ν−1/a.

4.33

Corollary 4.12. Forν≥ −1/2 anda, b >0, there is a constantKa,b,ν Ka, b, ν, qsuch that for all fL2

qRq,, x2ν1dqx, one has f ab

2,ν,qKa,b,ν xaf b2,ν,q λbFν,qf a2,ν,q, 4.34 with Ka,b,ν ⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ b a

a/ab

a b

b/abab/2

Ka,νb/2

q−2ν1ab

2ν2qab/2ν1 ifa < ν1,

Ka,ν 2ν2q

ab/2ν2

q−4ν2 b

ν1

ν1/νb1

b ν1

−b/νb1aνb1/2ν1

ifa > ν1,

4.35 whereKa,ν(resp.,Ka,ν) is the constant given inTheorem 4.10(resp.,Theorem 4.11).

Proof. Forr >0, we putEr 0, r ∩Rq,andEr r,∞ ∩ Rq,.

We haveEr is a bounded subset ofRq,and|Er|νr2ν2/2ν2q.Then, the Plancherel formula4.23and Theorems4.10and4.11lead to

q4ν2 f 22,ν,qFν,qf22,ν,q

Er

Fν,qf2λλ2ν1d

Er

Fν,qf2λλ2ν1d

≤ ⎧ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎩

Ka,νErνa/ν1xaf22,ν,qr−2bλbFν,qf22,ν,q ifa < ν1,

Ka,ν Er f 22,ν,qa−ν−1/axaf22,ν,qν1/ar−2bλbFν,qf22,ν,q ifa > ν1,

≤ ⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ Ka,ν 2ν2a/ν1

q

r2axaf2

2,ν,qr−2bλbFν,qf

2

2,ν,q ifa < ν1,

Ka,ν r

2ν2

2ν2q

f 2a−ν−1/a

2,ν,q xaf

2ν1/a

2,ν,q r−2bλbFν,qf

2

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Remark that whena b 1, we obtain a Heisenberg-Weyl-type inequality for the q-Bessel-Fourier transform.

Corollary 4.13. Forν≥ −1/2, ν /0, one has for allfL2

qRq,, x2ν1dqx,

f 2

2,ν,qK1,1 xf 2,ν,qλFν,qf2,ν,q. 4.37

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to thank the reviewers for their helpful remarks and constructive criticism.

References

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2 V. Havin and B. J ¨oricke, The Uncertainty Principle in Harmonic Analysis, vol. 28 of Results in Mathematics and Related Areas (3), Springer, Berlin, Germany, 1994.

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9 F. Bouzeffour, q-Analyse harmonique, Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia, 2002.

10 A. Fitouhi, N. Bettaibi, and W. Binous, “Inversion formulas for theq-Riemann-Liouville andq-Weyl transforms using wavelets,” Fractional Calculus & Applied Analysis, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 327–342, 2007.

11 L. Grafakos, Classical and Modern Fourier Analysis, Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 2004.

12 W. G. Faris, “Inequalities and uncertainty principles,” Journal of Mathematical Physics, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 461–466, 1978.

13 J. F. Price, “Inequalities and local uncertainty principles,” Journal of Mathematical Physics, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 1711–1714, 1983.

14 J. F. Price, “Sharp local uncertainty inequalities,” Studia Mathematica, vol. 85, no. 1, pp. 37–45, 1986.

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References

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