ARBORIST INDUSTRY. Third Edition

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RRAACCTTIICCEESS

Third Edition

The

Arborist Industry Safe Work Practices

guide is a product of the

Arborist Safe Work Practices Committee* and has been developed through a partnership

arrangement amongst industry leaders including the following:

Through an agreement of the partners, the Workplace Safety & Prevention Services (formerly the

Farm Safety Association) manages the copyright of the

Arborist Industry Safe Work Practices

.

The Arborist Safe Work Practices Committee would like to acknowledge the support and contribution of:

The following logos represent a number of active participants in the creation and/or support of the

Arborist Industry Safe Work Practices

and we encourage other organizations to become involved.

* The Arborist Safe Workplace Practices Committee is comprised

of representatives from the industry

T

ABLE OF

C

ONTENTS

Arborist Safe Work Practices Disclaimer ... 4

Forward ... 5

Arborist Safe Work Practices Defined ... 8

How to Use the ASWP's ... 9

I

NTRODUCTION Using the Arborist Safe Work Practices within a 5 Step Health and Safety Management System ... 13

G

ENERAL

L

EGISLATION General Legislation ... 17

J

OB

P

LANNING Work In A Safe Environment ... 21

Protect Self and Others ... 23

Arborist Job Planning ... 25

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RACTICES Climbing Trees ... 29

Work At Heights ... 49

Tree Felling ... 55

Arborist Hand and Power Tools ... 61

Fertilizing and Aerating Soils for Woody Plants ... 65

Installation of Hardware in Woody Plants ... 70

Transplanting Woody Plants ... 73

Aerial Device Operation ... 75

Chain Saw Operation ... 78

Brush Chipper Operation ... 81

Stumper Operation ... 84

Clearing Saw Operation ... 87

Mobile Cranes to Remove Trees ... 90

G

LOSSARY

& A

PPENDIX Glossary of Terms ... 101

Appendix A – Sample Fall Protection Equipment Inspection ... 107

Appendix B – Arborist Fall Protection Equipment ... 109

Appendix C -- Ontario Green Wood Weight Chart ... 111

Appendix D -- Friction Hitches and Termination Knots ... 113

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I S C L A I M E R

The contents of the Arborist Safe Work Practices (ASWP), including all advice, recommendations, and procedures are provided as a service by Workplace Safety & Prevention Services (formerly known as the Farm Safety Association of Ontario). No representation of any kind is made to any person whatsoever with regard to accuracy, completeness or sufficiency of the material. Any and all use of these practices, or anything found herein, is solely and entirely at the user’s risk.

Workplace Safety & Prevention Services wishes to express its appreciation to those who have assisted in the preparation of the Arborist Safe Work Practicesguide.

F

OREWORD

The arborist safe work practices committee has evolved since its inception in 1999 to a well defined working committee that looks after various safety related issues in the arborist industry. A mile stone was reached on January 1, 2011 when the committee put in place a terms of reference to help with committee structure and to ensure its future continuance.

Below you will find some excerpts from the terms of reference as well as the committee members as of the time of this printing.

1.0 Purpose

The Arborist Industry Safe Work Practices (ASWP) committee is a volunteer committee for the arborist trade in Ontario whose purpose is to assist government agencies, WSIB, and Safe Workplace Associations to improve the health and safety of the arboricultural industry.

This purpose is satisfied by:

• The management and control of the content of the Arborist Industry Safe Work Practices document • Providing a location for government agencies, WSIB, and Safe Workplace Associations to access

knowledge, skills and experience on health and safety related arboricultural matters • Providing a location for government agencies, WSIB, and Safe Workplace Associations to

communicate with the arboricultural industry on health and safety related issues

2.0 ASWP Committee

The guiding principle for Committee membership will be a commitment to improving health and safety of the arboricultural workplace.

Membership on the Committee is open to anyone employed or employs workers directly within the arboriculture sector.

Consideration for membership to the Committee will require an application to the Chair. The Chair will present the credentials of the new member to the Committee for consideration. Committee members will vote on all applicants to the Committee with a Majority Rule decision.

Committee make-up will attempt to have an equal representation of employers and employees. Committee make-up will be limited to twelve (12) members, including the Chair and Co-Chair positions, and will include all facets of the industry:

• Commercial (4 members)

• Municipal (4 members)

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OREWORD

Name Organization Representation

Ruurd van de Ven Arborvalley Urban Forestry Co Inc Management

Mark Graves Graves Oak Tree Care Management

Kevin Davis Lakeside Tree Service Management

Mike Weller Weller Tree Service Labour

Jason Doyle (Steve Matsumoto) City of Toronto Management

Peter Wynnyczuk Town of Richmond Hill Management

Jeff McMann Town of Markham Management

Vacant Labour

Mike Greer Hydro one Management

Terry Wharram Davey Tree Experts Management

Gord Hunter Toronto Hydro Management

Vacant Labour

Commercial (4 Members) Municipal (4 Members) Utility (4 Members)

Supporting Organizations Supporting Health & Safety Association(s)

Ontario Commercial Arborist Association Ruurd van de Ven (committee chair member)

Workplace Safety and Prevention Service Dean Anderson

ISA – Ontario Chapter John Ransom

Infrastructure Health & Safety Association Mike Hunter

MTCU - Arborist Industry Committee Chairs / Colleges

Dr Abate Wori Abate Public Services Health & Safety Association Landscape Ontario

Sally Harvey Workplace Safety & Insurance Board

Ontario Parks Association Paul Ronan

Ministry of Labour Roy Ford

Private Training Agencies John Ransom

Sir Sanford Fleming College Joe Outram

Humber College Mark Graves Bruce Tree Care Ian Bruce Gardiner Tree Bill Gardiner

F

OREWORD

In an effort to further the safety of the worker in Ontario, this revised third edition of the ASWP has an added work practice for the use of Crane in arborist work. It cannot be stressed enough that this is a living document, a work in progress. Through further research and development, new techniques will appear in the industry, with the use of this document we endeavor to set a guideline for safety in the workplace by which new techniques can be judged for safe use in the workplace.

The following individuals were instrumental in editing this third edition of the ASWP:

Ruurd van de Ven Arborvalley Urban Forestry Co Inc

Mike Greer Hydro One

Joe Outram Sir Sanford Fleming College

Steve Matsumoto City of Toronto

Terry Wharram Davey Tree

Bill Gardiner Gardiner Tree

John Ransom Arboriculture Canada

Jeff McMann Town of Markham

Peter Wynnyczuk Town of Richmond Hill

Shane Lund Four Seasons Tree Care

Mark Graves Humber College

Kevin Davis Lakeside Tree Service

Suggestions for improvement or changes should be in writing, faxed or emailed to Workplace Safety & Prevention Services at 877-494-9777 or customercare@wsps.ca

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EFINED

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COPE

The Arborist Safe Work Practices (ASWP) contain arboricultural safety requirements for planting, pruning, repairing, maintaining and removing woody plants, cutting brush and for using equipment in such operations, outside of the Construction or Industrial Legislated Limits of Approach to energized electrical apparatus. For work within the Construction or Industrial legislated Limits of Approach the user should contact the Electrical and Utility Safety Association.

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URPOSE

The work practices provide safety criteria for arborists and other workers involved in arboricultural work. They are to act as a guide to Provincial, Municipal and other local authorities in drafting regulations and may be adopted in whole or in part.

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PPLICATION

The ASWP is intended to apply to all employees engaged in the business or trade of arboricultureincluding: planting, pruning, repairing, maintaining, removing woody plants, or cutting brush. They are not intended for use by nursery personnel, who are growing and planting trees for wholesale. The ASWP serves as a reference for safety requirements for those engaged in the practice of arboriculture. The safe work practices may require situational modifications in response to personnel emergencies and is not intended to limit the options available to emergency responders.

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ETAIL OF

ASWP'

S

The Arborist Safe Work Practices contains several pieces of information to be used to create a safe work environment. The user should follow the document and all supporting information.

Each safe work practice document is broken into several sections:

Potential Hazards

Hazards that may be encountered while performing the work.

Legislation

Legislation that is applicable to the practice and the supporting Arborist Safe Work Practices document.

Mandatory Information

Required information to be followed when performing the specific work practice.

Work Practice

H

OW TO

U

SE THE

ASWP

The development of the ASWP included a review of legislative requirements found under the OHSA, Construction and Industrial Regulations. The Safe Work Practices do not supercede legislative requirements but enhance what is found there. The ASWP do not supersede what is found in the manufacturers’ instructions. Electrical hazards must be identified prior to performing any work and readers are directed to the Electrical Safety Rule Book for further information.

In developing the ASWP each task was broken down to its most basic components and from those, a safe work practice was developed. There are no procedures in the ASWP but a series of suggested practices to follow. Any task may be performed utilizing one or more practices, but the basic safety steps will always be the same no matter how the task is performed.

Using the Arborist Safe Work Practices

within the 5 Step Health

&

Safety

Management System

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ITHIN THE

5 S

TEP HEALTH

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AFETY

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ANAGEMENT

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YSTEM

The Arborist Safe Work Practices (ASWP) are safe work guidelines, written by the industry, for the industry. They are recognized and supported by the organizations identified on the acknowledgement pages of this guide. ASWP do not, on their own, ensure that there will be safety on the job. To effectively implement the ASWP, there has to be a systematic approach to managing these within a health and safety program. “The 5 Steps to Managing

Health & Safety” provides a management system approach. The graphic below depicts the Health & Safety management model. A systematic approach is critical to a successful health and safety program.

The ASWP fall under the program element of Control Activities in the 5 Step model. Each safe work practice is managed by using the 5 steps. Management’s role is to establish the safe work practice as a guideline in the company, communicate their expectations with respect to their use, ensure training on the practice is done and evaluate by checking that the practice is actually followed. Based on the evaluation, recognition of success is given and improvements made when needed. This is the continuous improvement loop.

The 5 Step model is incorporated in the WSIB Safe Workplace Awareness Program(SWAP) which has formed the basis for the Safe Communities Incentive Program (SCIP) and Safety Groups. For purposes of the ASWP, this Guide provides an introduction to the 5 Step model. For further information on the 5 Step model and the full

“

THE FIVE STEPS TO MANAGING

HEALTH

&

SAFETY

”

1. S

ET

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TANDARDS

Setting standards means that management identifies their expectations and policies regarding health and safety. A management decision to use ASWP, which have been created and supported by the industry, is an example of setting standards for the company. Another example is setting company standards around doing accident investigation or ensuring Health & Safety Representative training.

2. C

OMMUNICATE

Communicating standards and expectations means that the employer ensures all people in the workplace understand the company rules, what is expected of them and what they can expect from others. This can happen through formal training programs, notices, meetings etc. Communications also happens if management is lax when standards are not met. This communicates that standards are not important.

3. T

RAIN

Training means that the manager, supervisor, and workers all receive health and safety training relevant to company standards. This can include training on use of equipment, including company standards for that equipment or other information appropriate for their role and responsibility, such as the Joint Health and Safety Committee. Job and workplace orientation is an example of training that everyone should receive when they are first hired, change locations or after a long absence from the workplace. Training in ASWP should be ongoing.

4. E

VALUATE

Evaluation means that management reviews compliance to its own expectations. Actual health and safety activity and use of Arborist Safe Work Practices is compared against company expectations, to ensure they are being met. Evaluation techniques include supervision, interview and observation. The standard itself should be assessed to ensure that it still meets legal minimums and is valid and appropriate for the workplace.

5. A

CKNOWLEDGE

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UCCESS AND

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AKE

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MPROVEMENTS

Acknowledge and congratulate those who follow or contribute to maintaining company standards. Due diligence includes correcting and improving any weak areas in the health and safety program.

The 5 Steps for Managing Health & Safety are applied to each element

of a Health and Safety program.

GENERAL

LEGISLATION

GENERAL LEGISLATION

I

NTRODUCTION

The following sections of the Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA) apply to the trade of arboricultureand form the foundation for all of the ArboristSafe Work Practices. It shouldbe noted that the applicable legislation sets minimum standards for the trade. Specific legislation relating to a work practice will be indicated in each individual work practice section.

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EGISLATION

Note: Not all sections of the OHSA and Regulations have been indicated here or in other Arborist Safe Work Practices. It is the responsibility of individuals to know and understand applicable legislation and apply them as required. The most current edition of the OHSA is accessible through e-laws.

OHSA 25 (1) (a) Duties of Employer: ensure that the equipment, materials and protective devices as prescribedare provided.

OHSA 25 (1) (b) Duties of Employer: ensure that the equipment, materials and protective devices provided by the employer are maintained in good condition.

OHSA 25 (1) (d) Duties of Employer: ensure that the equipment, materials and protective devices provided by the employer are used as prescribed.

OHSA 25 (2) (a) Duties of Employer: provide information, instruction and supervision to a worker to protect the health or safety of the worker.

OHSA 25 (2) (h) Reasonable Precautions: take every precaution reasonable in the circumstances for the protection of a worker.

OHSA 26 (1) (k) Additional Duties of Employers: where so prescribed provide a worker with written instructions as to the measures and procedures to be taken for the protection of a worker.

OHSA 27 (1) (a) Duties of Supervisor: shallensure that a worker works in a manner and with the protective devices, measures and procedures required by this Act and the regulations

OHSA 27 (1) (b) Duties of Supervisor: shallensure that a worker uses or wears the equipment, protective devices or clothing that the worker’s employer requires to be used or worn.

OHSA 27 (2) (b) Duties of a Supervisor: shallwhere so prescribed, provide a worker with written instructions as to the measures and procedures to be taken for the protection of the worker.

OHSA 27 (2) (c) Duties of Supervisor protection of worker.

OHSA 28 (1) (a) Duties of Worker: shallwork in compliance with the provisions of this Act and the regulations.

OHSA 28 (1) (b) Duties of Worker: shalluse or wear the equipment, protective devices or clothing that the worker's employer requires to be used or worn.

JOB PLANNING

Work in a Safe Environment

Protect Self and Others

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ORK IN A

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AFE

E

NVIRONMENT

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NTRODUCTION

The purpose of this section is to outline the requirements for establishing and maintaining a safe work environment.

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AZARDS Biotic Conditions Chemical Climatic Conditions Electrical Ergonomics

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EGISLATION

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General Legislation ArboristJob Planning Protect Self and Others

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ANDATORY

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NFORMATION

All hazardsat the work sitemust be identified, mitigated and communicated to all workers prior to starting work.

The work sitemust be continually monitored for changes to hazardsand appropriate barriers put in place.

A first aid kit must be available and workers instructed on its use.

Legislation RRO/RSO Section Referenced

Construction 213/91 21 Industrial 851/90 79 Gravity Mechanical Pedestrian Vehicular

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Identify work to be completed Review Work Orders

Identify Climatic Condition hazards

Place appropriate barriers in place to the climatic extremes such as cold, wind, lightning.

Identify hazards

Eliminate or mitigate hazardssuch as:· Public and vehicular traffic Terrain conditions

Trip objects Pinch points Sharp edges Slippery surfaces

Identify electrical hazards Identify conductors.

Identify voltage levels. Identify controlling authority. Maintain limits of approach.

Identify hazardous material Identify material such as:

Acids Alkaline

Corrosive solvents

Flammable and explosive substances Ensure appropriate labels and containers are used. Clean up spilled material as prescribed in the appropriate literature.

Communicate hazardous situations Identify to all employees and the public, hazardous

equipment and work locations by placing appropriate barriers to control/eliminate hazards.

Monitor work site for changes to hazards Continually monitor the site for new hazards.

Ensure when new hazards are identified, barriers are put into place immediately and all staff are notified of the changes.

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ROTECT

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ELF AND

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THERS

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NTRODUCTION

The purpose of this section is to outline how a worker can protect themself and others at the work site.

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AZARDS Biotic Conditions Climatic Conditions Electrical Ergonomics Gravity Mechanical Pedestrian Traffic Vehicular Traffic

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EGISLATION

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RACTICE

General Legislation ArboristJob Planning Work in a Safe Environment

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ANDATORY

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NFORMATION

All applicable Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) must be appropriately worn at all times.

PPE must be fitted properly.

PPE must not be modified or repaired except by the manufacturer or authorized by the manufacturer.

All tools and equipment must be inspected prior to use.

All guards and barriers must be used.

Head protection must meet the applicable CSA standard and be appropriate to the circumstance i.e. Class E for electrical environments.

Hearing protection must meet the applicable CSA standard and be appropriate to the circumstance.

Eye protection must meet the applicable CSA standard (Z94.3-92) and be appropriate to the circumstance.

Foot protection must meet the applicable CSA standard (Z195-M92) and be appropriate to the circumstance.

Leg protection must meet the BNQ/CAN standard (1961.45).

Hand protection must be appropriate to the circumstance.

High visibility clothing must be worn in appropriate circumstances i.e. night work, vehicular traffic situations.

Legislation RRO/RSO Section Referenced

Construction 213/91 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 67, 69, 93, 112, 183

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Select, inspect, adjust, maintain and wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) appropriate to the circumstance daily / before use

Inspect the following PPE components: Head protection

Eye protection Hearing protection Hand protection High visibility clothing Chain saw leg protection Foot protection

UV Protection

Inspect tools and equipment required for the work Inspect tools for:

Proper operation Sharpness Cracks, damage

Loose connections and leaks Appropriate certification required i.e. dialectical testing

Handle and carry equipment safely Utilize guards and barriers as required.

Complete Job Planning

Complete and document Job Planning as per the ArboristJob Planning Safe Work Practice.

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LANNING

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NTRODUCTION

The purpose of this section is to outline the requirements for appropriate job planning while performing arboricultural work.

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EGISLATION

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RACTICE

General Legislation

Work in a Safe Environment

Protect Self and Others

M

ANDATORY

I

NFORMATION

Job planning is a process of identifying hazardsand placing appropriate barriers to the hazards.

Job planning is an on going process throughout the job and must be constantly monitored and changed as needed.

Prior to the job starting a discussion must be conducted, referred to as a Tailboard Discussion, that outlines all the hazardsand required barriers at the work site.

All members of the crew must be included in the discussion.

All hazardsmust be eliminated or mitigated where possible.

Emergency Plansmust be included with the job planning process.

Legislation RRO/RSO Section Referenced

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Identify hazardsat job site Identify hazardssuch as:

Utilities overhead and underground Mechanical

Structural defects of tree Public pedestrians flow Vehicular traffic

Terrain specifics Weather conditions

Hazardous Biotic Conditions

Bio-hazards

Identify barriers to hazards:

Protective equipment / devices Work practice(s)

Specialized training for the situation

Identify emergency procedures

9 – 1 – 1 or appropriate number

Identify procedures to follow in case of emergency such as:

Emergency phone numbers Closest hospital

Location of work site First Aid kit location Fire Extinguisher location Rescue equipment location

Complete Tailboard Discussion Ensure all crew members are present and participate.

Ensure all assigned tasks are communicated to crew members and understanding is reached.

Crew members introduced after the original Tailboard is completed must be included on the Tailboard and be introduced to the hazardsand barriers in place.

Monitor the work sitefor changes to original job planning

Assess work sitefor changes to hazardsthroughout duration of the work.Changes to hazardsrequire the crew to stop and re-evaluate conditions and barriers.

WORK PRACTICES

Climbing Trees

Work at Heights

Tree Felling

Arborist Hand

&

Power Tools

Fertilizing

&

Aerating Soils for Woody Plants

Installation of Hardware in Woody Plants

Arborist Transplanting Woody Plants

Aerial Device Operation

Chainsaw Operation

Brush Chipper Operation

Stumper Operation

Clearing Saw Use

CLIMBING TREES

I

NTRODUCTION

This section outlines the safe work practice for climbing trees.

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AZARDS Biotic Conditions Chemical Climatic Conditions Electrical Ergonomics

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EGISLATION

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RACTICE

General Legislation

Work in a Safe Environment Protect Self and Others ArboristJob Planning

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ANDATORY

I

NFORMATION

The following are the general mandatory requirements for all arborists ascending trees. In addition to these requirements, the work practice contains specific requirements that must also be followed.

The use of an aerial device, where practical, should be considered first before attempting to physically ascend the tree.

Those engaged in tree climbing must be adequately trained, or in the process of being trained to; plan jobs, perform pre-climb inspections, inspect fall protection equipment, perform ascending methods, use work positioning techniques, descend from tree and emergency response.

Arboristsengaged in climbing trees must be accompanied by at least one ground assistant.

At least one ground assistant at any given work site, where tree climbing is being performed, should be trained in climbing and emergency response.

Prior to climbing, all trees must be inspected to ensure that they have the structural integrity to sustain the weight of the Arboristand all potential loads i.e. rigging or removing limbs.

The arboristrequires knowledge of tree structure, potential defects and species specific characteristics in order to safely assess the structural integrity of the tree and its components.

All climbing equipment must be inspected prior to use or if damage is suspected. See Appendix “A” for inspection techniques and requirements of equipment.

Legislation RRO/RSO Section Referenced

Construction 213/91 26

Gravity Mechanical Pedestrian Vehicular

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ANDATORY

I

NFORMATION

(

CON

’

T

)

All appropriate Personal Protective Equipment must be worn while climbing trees and working at heights.

All climbing equipment must meet the standard as set out in Appendix B.

Friction hitches used to secure the climber aloft must be from Appendix D.

In its final anchor pointthe rope or friction saver must be positioned around the main stem of the tree.

All captive eye snaps and carabiners used as part of a fall protection system must have a minimum of a double action, pull down and twist, auto locking mechanism.

A second attachment (i.e. work positioning lanyard or double tie in technique) is to be used in addition to the climbing line, upon reaching each work position, and for the duration of work at that location.

A figure’8’ knot should be at the end of the climbing line.

Equipment used to secure an arboristin the tree or from the bucket shallnot be used for anything other than its intended purpose.

EXCEPTION: The arborist climbing linemay be used to raise and lower tools.

Rope ends shallbe finished in a manner to prevent unraveling.

Ropes and climbing equipment shallbe stored and transported in such a manner as to prevent damage through contact with sharp tools, cutting edges, gas, oil, chemicals or ultraviolet light.

Arborists shallinspect ropes, lanyards, and other climbing equipment for damage, cuts, abrasion, and/or deterioration before each use and shallremove them from service, if signs of excessive wear or damage are found.

Arborist climbing linesshall never be left in trees unattended.

When working aloft by climbing the tree, you must be tied in twice whenever you are using sharp tools e.g. handsaw, chainsaw, or pole pruner.

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RACTICE

1.0 J

OB

P

LAN

A thorough job plan must be completed prior to ascending a tree .The following is a guideline of topics that should be discussed in the planning process. All crew members must be party to the job planning process, and job plans must be documented in writing Refer to Job Planning Section

S

TEP

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CTION

Determine ascent route and work required within the crown of the tree.

Ascent route must consider hazards such as, electrical, structural integrity of the tree, insect or animals.

Determine locations for interim anchor points Visually assess potential anchor points to ensure that they are strong enough to withstand the forces that will act on them. Look carefully for any

structurally limiting defects that could lead to failure of the anchor point.

Determine location of final anchor point The final anchor pointlocation that will provide the best support and freedom of movement for the climber is generally the highest, most centrally located point within the tree. Visually assess the structural integrity of this potential anchor point.

Ensure safety systems are in place Ensure a second person is available to initiate an emergency response.Ensure that emergency contact information is recorded on the job plan

(emergency phone #s, directions to the work site)

Inspect immediate work siteon ground Identify hazards related to :

Traffic conditions (pedestrian and vehicular) Ground around tree i.e. sloping or uneven terrain;

general topography, buildings, sidewalks, fences, individual obstacles and other structures

Environmental conditions such as: weather, temperature, light, visibility, animals (wild and domestic) and biotic conditions (poison ivy)

Determine appropriate barriers for the

hazardsidentified

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RACTICE

2.0 I

NSPECT

T

REE

As part of the job planning process a thorough assessment of the structural integrity of the tree must be performed. The process allows a climber to determine whether the tree is safe to climb. This includes determining structural strength of the anchor locations.

In arboriculture, diagnosing the structural strength of a tree is an inexact science. The arboristrelies on knowledge and experience gained through formal training programs and related field experience to make a determination of the structural integrity of the tree.

Tree Inspection

During the Tree Inspection, discovery of structural defects or potential hazards will require careful reconsideration of the methods originally selected for use. It may be necessary to select an alternative method for accessing the tree.

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TEP

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Determine work to be performed During the inspection process, consideration must be

given to the type of work to be performed i.e. heavy loading of branches or the stem of the tree.

Inspect root structure Visually inspect root system for visible decay or

indication of decay such as fungal fruiting bodies, grade changes, extensive excavation, circumferential soil cracking, protruding root plate, etc. Further assessment of the root system may be necessary. Consider the history of the site to determine if there have been activities that could weaken the holding capacity of the root system i.e. compacted soil creating rotting of roots

Inspect stem structure Visually inspect stem for: signs or symptoms of wood

decay such as: fungal fruiting structures, conks, cankers, open wounds, abnormally loose bark, irregularities in trunk taper or normal round profile, localized ridges or seams, abrupt changes in normal linear configuration of trunk; whether the tree is alive or dead. Further assessment of the stem may be necessary. This may involve techniques such as trunk sounding or the use of special tools and devices. However, all of these methods require special training and may be beyond the scope of an entry level arborist

Inspect branches and crown of tree Visually inspect the crown of the tree for deadwood, dieback, stunted growth, hanging or broken limbs, weak unions, splits, cracks or missing sections Visually assess proposed interim anchor points Assess anchor pointsfor appropriate diameter,

strength, and angle of attachment.Consider species of tree, current weather conditions, health of branch/stem and branching habit of tree. Anchor pointsmust be able to withstand the anticipated load applied to them.

Anchor Strength Assessment

Many factors determine tree branch breaking strength. Listed below are descriptions of the most common conditions that could produce a limb failure.

Magnitude of load (dynmaic vs. static) applied

Type of loading (distance away from limb attachment to main stem)

Other loads on the limb (foliage, snow, torque caused by limb length, weight distribution, etc.) Tree species

Cross sectional area of solid wood (diameter of limb) Condition of wood (sound, decayed, hollow)

Branch attachment relative to parent stem (angle, “V” or “U” shape) Season and temperature (winter versus summer)

Stage of tree maturity

Movement or rubbing between limbs

Assess the above conditions prior to using a limb as an anchor point. Some of the listed conditions can be scientifically proven without severing the limb from the tree. However, in most cases, combined knowledge and experience will prepare the arborist to determine whether the limb is safe to use as an anchor point. In the absence of adequate knowledge and/or experience, the arboristshould request assistance from a more qualified person with respect to this decision.

In order to minimize the effect of leverage on the limb being used as an anchor, the arborist’s rope must be kept against the main stem of the tree while climbing. To facilitate this, limbs used as temporary anchor points must be horizontal or growing upwards.

3.0

I

NSPECT

F

ALL

P

ROTECTION

E

QUIPMENT

All fall protection equipment must be inspected prior to ascending a tree. (refer to Appendix A).

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TEP

A

CTION

Inspect fall protection equipment See Appendix A Sample Fall Protection

Equipment Inspection

Inspect climbing equipment for defects and function before each use.

Refer to manufacturers data sheets for proper inspection.

Fall protection equipment that arrests a fall must be immediately removed from service. Fall Protection Carabiners with more than 1mm wear shouldbe removed from service. Arborist climbing lineshallbe used exclusively for climbing, except when raising or lowering hand tools.

4.0

P

LACE

A

RBORIST

C

LIMBING

R

OPE IN

T

REE

There are several methods used to place the climbing rope into the appropriate anchor point.

From the ground, the worker may utilize a throw ball or bag, throwing knot or noose knot. Sling shot devices are being used increasingly to assist in getting a throw bag high into a tree.

Once within the tree, the worker may use a rope poking tool, pole pruner or throwing knot to advance the rope up the tree.

5.0

A

SCENDING

T

ECHNIQUES

The ASWP committee suggests five methods of ascending trees, the committee recognizes that there are others and could not list all methods. However the essentials of a fall protection system must be met regardless of what system is used. The five techniques for ascending a tree are; Belay Technique, Secured Foot Locking, Secured Body Thrust, Spurs and Ladders. Each technique requires a thorough inspection of the tree, the site and the equipment and adequate training in climbing techniques and rescue methods.

5.1

B

ELAY

T

ECHNIQUE

The Belay Technique used by arboristsis adopted from recreational rock climbing. The technique utilizes a worker on the ground to assist the arboristascending the tree by securing the arboristto an anchor pointon the ground, using either a mechanical fall arrestor such as a Grigri or a friction hitch, through their climbing rope. As the arboristascends, the ground worker removes the slack in the rope. If the arboristslips, the mechanical device or friction hitch attached to the anchor pointprevents a fall. The anchor must be sufficient to support the forces generated by a worker in a fall

Ascent

S

TEP

A

CTION

Place climbing rope in tree at interim anchor location or if possible final anchor location

Attach climbing rope to arborist Use a termination knot from Appendix D or a captive eye safety snap or carabiner Secure the arboristto the

belaying anchor point

Use a mechanical arrestor, or a friction hitch from Appendix D

Test belay to ensure it is secure Place weight into the system. If the climbing rope slips through mechanical arrestor or friction hitch, the system is not safe to use. Either retie the knot or remove/inspect/re-install the mechanical arrestor. Re-check the system

Interim Anchor Point Repositioning Climbing Rope

Once the arboristhas climbed to an interim anchor point, the following Action applies for continuing ascent.

S

TEP

A

CTION

Secure to tree using a work positioning lanyard Place work positioning lanyard around the main stem of the tree or a suitably strong limb and connect to side “D” rings of arboristbelt

Ensure that the work positioning lanyard is secure Check snaps, place weight into lanyard

Communicate to Belayer Receive and confirm e.g. “on/off belay”

Reposition climbing rope to next interim anchor point

Secure climbing rope to fall protectionsaddle Secure rope using a termination knot or connector to saddle of fall protection harness

Test belay is secure Slowly places weight into system belayer must

ensure that the arboristis secured, there must be no movement of the rope through the mechanical fall arrestor or a friction hitch belayer communicates that arboristis secured

Release work positioning lanyard

Continue ascent

Repeat interim anchor pointprocess until reaching the final anchor point

Final Anchor Point

The final anchor pointis where the arboristwill secure their climbing rope allowing the arboristmobility to work. The final anchor pointis best situated as high in the tree as possible to allow mobility of the worker, similar to a pendulum. The final anchor pointmust meet the requirements of all anchor locations.

S

TEP

A

CTION

Secure to tree using a work positioning lanyard Place a work positioning lanyard around the main stem and over a sufficiently strong limb to secure to tree

Test lanyard is secured Place weight into lanyard to ensure it does not move

Communicate to Belayer Receive and confirm e.g.“remove belay”

Adjust climbing rope to meet work requirements Place rope or friction saver around the main stem

Tie approved friction hitch from list in Appendix D

Test friction hitch Gradually place weight into friction hitch to ensure it

does not move

5.2

S

ECURED

F

OOTLOCKING

T

ECHNIQUE

The secured footlocking technique replaces the need for a Belay person by securing him/herself to the climbing rope using an appropriate approved friction hitch from Appendix D. This system is for ascent only; in an emergency descent use an appropriate fall protection device or system.

While using this technique the following precautions must be adhered to:

tie dress and set knot,

hands below the knot at all times,

for ascent only,

avoid debris in knot,

spread in rope 5:1; the knot must remain 5 times the diameter of the limb below the limb, i.e. for a limb that is 20 cm in diameter the knot must stay 100 cm below the limb to ensure the friction hitch does not slip.

Ascent

S

TEP

A

CTION

Place climbing rope in tree at first interim anchor pointor final anchor pointif possible

Secure approved friction hitch from list in

Appendix D around both legs of the climbing rope Secure friction hitch to arboristusing a

connecting device such as a carabiner

Push friction hitch up the rope to highest reach

Test friction hitch Place weight into hitch

Slippage of friction hitch requires retying of hitch and retesting

Draw legs up and wrap rope around one foot Straighten legs and stand up

Slide friction hitch up rope

Grasp rope below friction hitch to support weight Draw legs up and wrap rope around one foot Straighten legs and stand up

Continue process until reaching interim anchor pointor final anchor point

Interim Anchor PointRepositioning Climbing Rope

Once the arboristhas climbed to an interim anchor point, the following Action applies for continuing ascent.

S

TEP

A

CTION

Secure to tree using work positioning lanyard Place work positioning lanyard around the main stem of the tree or a suitably strong limb

Ensure that lanyard is secure Check snaps, place weight into lanyard

Remove friction hitch

Reposition climbing rope to next interim anchor point Secure climbing rope to arborist

Tie and test friction hitch Slowly place weight into systemSlippage of friction

hitch requires redressing of hitch and retesting Release work positioning lanyard

Continue ascent

Final Anchor Point

The final anchor pointis where the arboristwill secure their climbing rope allowing the arboristmobility to work. The final anchor pointis best situated as high in the tree as possible to allow mobility of the worker, similar to a pendulum. The final anchor pointmust meet the requirements of all anchor locations.

S

TEP

A

CTION

Secure to tree using a work positioning lanyard Place work positioning lanyard around the main stem of the tree or a suitably strong limb

Ensure that lanyard is secured Check snaps, place weight into lanyard

Remove friction hitch from climbing rope Secure climbing rope around main stem of tree and over a suitably strong limb

Secure rope to arborist using carabiner, termination knot or captive eye snap

Tie friction hitch from approved list of friction hitches in Appendix D

Adjust climbing rope to meet work requirements.

Test friction hitch Slowly place weight into system

Slippage of friction hitch requires redressing of hitch and retesting

5.3

S

ECURED

B

ODY

T

HRUST

T

ECHNIQUE

The secured body thrust technique is sometimes called a self-belay technique. The following Action applies for continuing ascent.

Ascent

S

TEP

A

CTION

Place climbing rope in tree at the first interim anchor location or final anchor location if available

Secure rope to arborist Use a termination knot, carabiner, captive eye snap

Secure arboristusing a friction hitch from the list of approved friction hitches in Appendix D

Tie and test friction hitch Slowly place weight into system Slippage of friction hitch requires redressing of hitch and retesting

Pull down on the running end of climbing rope, which pulls arboristup tree

Slide friction hitch up rope

Repeat action until reaching the interim anchor point

Interim Anchor PointRepositioning Climbing Rope

Once the arboristhas climbed to the interim anchor point, the following Action applies for continuing ascent.

Final Anchor Point

The final anchor pointis where the arboristwill secure their climbing rope allowing the arboristmobility to work. The final anchor pointis best situated as high in the tree as possible to allow better mobility of the worker. The final anchor pointmust meet the requirements of all anchor locations.

S

TEP

A

CTION

Secure to tree using a work positioning lanyard Secure work positioning lanyard around the main stem of the tree or a suitably strong limb

Ensure work positioning lanyard is secure Check snaps and place weight into it Remove friction hitch

Reposition climbing rope to next interim anchor point Secure climbing rope to arborist

Test and or tie friction hitch from list of approved hitches in Appendix D

Slowly place weight into system Re test split tail friction hitch

Tie and test friction hitch in conventional system Release work positioning lanyard

Continue ascent

Repeat interim anchor pointprocess as required

S

TEP

A

CTION

Secure to tree using a work positioning lanyard

Ensure that lanyard is secured Check snaps and place weight into it

Remove friction hitch

Adjust climbing rope to meet work requirements Secure climbing rope around main stem of tree and over a suitably strong limb

Secure rope to arboristusing carabiner, termination knot or captive eye snap

Tie friction hitch from list of approved hitches in Appendix D

Test friction hitch. Slowly place weight into system.

Slippage of friction hitch requires redressing of hitch and retesting

5.4

A

SCEND WITH SPUR

Ascend Trees With Spurs

S

TEP

A

CTION

Inspect spurs Inspect spurs for sharpness, cracks and wear.

Ensure gaff lengths are of sufficient length to penetrate the bark of the tree.

Fit spurs appropiately.

Secure fall restricting system A fall restricting system must be used during tree

ascent

Ascend tree Take small steps while ascending.

Keep knees outward and back straight to prevent spurs from kicking out.

Ensure spur is set into the wood of the tree before moving the next foot.

5.5

A

SCENT WITH LADDER

Ascend Trees Using a Ladder

S

TEP

A

CTION

Inspect ladder Inspect for:

• Cracks

• Loose or missing rungs

• Broken supports

• Rotten sections

• Missing parts

• Broken welds

Note: Do not paint wooden ladders. Paint can hide deformations and hazards.

Ensure the appropriate class of ladder is used for the circumstance.

Position ladder to work Ensure ladder is positioned to a 4:1 ratio of vertical

height to base distance

Ensure that the feet of the ladder are securely set on the ground

Ensure that the ladder top is placed squarely on the tree or limb

Ascend ladder Utilize work-positioning lanyards as required

Ensure a ground person is available to hold the ladder during ascent and to warn people away from the base of the ladder.

Secure using work positioning lanyard While working from a ladder a Fall Restricting System must be used

If climbing further, the climbing line can be placed intoa suitable branch union from the top of the ladder

6.0

W

ORK

P

OSITIONING

T

ECHNIQUE

During the process of completing all work required in a tree, it is necessary for the arboristto move in the crown in order to access different work positions. However, the final anchor location may also be the first work position; in this case, the arboristmust utilize a second point of attachment such as a work positioning lanyard.

Work Positioning Techniques

Use of work positioning lanyard

Double tie in technique

S

TEP

A

CTION

Move to work position Maintain a 3 point contact with tree to stabilize

Ensure that the climbing rope is tight at all times

Monitor the friction hitch throughout the climbing Action to ensure the friction hitch does not loosen off

Inspect limb to be cut for defects Secure to tree using a

second point of attachment such as a work positioning lanyard or using the climbing rope secured to a second anchor point i.e. double tie in

A second point of attachment must be used at all times except in circumstances where the hazards of using it are greater than not.

Every effort must be used to eliminate these hazards, so the worker can use a second point of attachment. Perform work Release secondary attachment device to move to next work position

7.0

T

REE

D

ESCENT

T

ECHNIQUE

Once all work is completed aloft, the arboristwill ensure that all tools and hangers are removed from the tree. The arboristthen descends from the tree; the following Action applies for continuing descent

S

TEP

A

CTION

Position rope for descent _{Position rope vertical to the descent route}

Ensure friction hitch is dressed and set

Control descent speed by pulling the friction hitch down the rope

8.0

E

MERGENCY

R

ESPONSE

S

TEP

A

CTION

Assess the Emergency Observation of the scene

Electrical Conductors/Contact (If there’s contact DO NOT proceed before calling the proper authorities) struck by limbs, tree sections, lightning is victim pinned

medical conditions (bug/animal bites, heat exhaustion, diabetes, etc) Try to communicate with the victim

Verbally

Shaking of injured persons climbing line Assessing the Victims condition

is victim able to descend by him/her self is victim unconscious

is victim unresponsive is victim bleeding profusely Determine need for EMS

Determine feasibility/appropriateness of aerial rescue Electrical Conductors/Contact

(If there’s contact DO NOT proceed before calling the proper authorities) Rigging Systems Hazards

Tangled ropes Half cut limbs Ground Hazards

Chainsaws Brush Piles

Tree Hazard/Inspection Check Root Zone

Canopy Trunk Weather conditions

Rescuer’s competency in performing aerial rescue First Aid training

Climbing ability

Availability of appropriate equipment and personnel The following should be used as a guideline for developing your own in-house rescue procedures. It is not intended to be used as a step by step procedure as each emergency situation will differ depending on the circumstances

Emergency Response con’t

S

TEP

A

CTION

Initiate EMS response Call EMS

911

Rural fire and Rescue

High Angle Rescue Team (If Possible) Use of a 3rd party to call and direct EMS to accident Site

Convey Site Location Municipal address Rural fire number

Job Site (i.e. Backyard, Bush, etc.)

Aerial Rescue _{Try to communicate with the victim}

Verbally

Shaking of injured persons climbing line

Select ascension technique Ladder

Spurs Aerial device Climbing systems

Ascend tree

Move to victim’s location

Assess victim’s condition ABCs

Potential neck or back injury

Initiate first aid within scope of training Continue to communicate with victim

Determine course of action Perform rescue Monitor victim Wait for EMS

Emergency Responds con’t

S

TEP

A

CTION

Commence with Aerial Rescue of the victim (if victim is unconscious, or not breathing, or in Cardiac Arrest, and has no suspected neck or back injuries)

Inspect victim’s fall protection system Cuts

Damage Entanglement

Length of climbing rope

Position yourself beside or straddle the victim Secure the victim by connecting the victim’s rated saddle components to the rescuer’s rated saddle components using a carabiner. Preferably secure the victim’s torso upright to your body by using your work positioning lanyard, placing your work positioning lanyard under the arm of the victim and over their opposite shoulder and connect to a rated saddle component.

If the victim can not be secured in a fully upright position monitor their head as you descend to ensure no further injury. Descend with the victim in a controlled and

safe manner, monitoring the condition of the victim. Disconnect yourself and the victim

W

ORKING AT

H

EIGHTS

I

NTRODUCTION

This section outlines the requirements for an arboristworking at heights.

H

AZARDS Biotic Conditions Chemical Climatic Conditions Electrical Ergonomics

L

EGISLATION

/ S

AFE

W

ORK

P

RACTICE

General Legislation

Work in a Safe Environment Protect Self and Others ArboristJob Planning Climb Trees

Chainsaw Operation

M

ANDATORY

I

NFORMATION

All trees must be inspected for hazardsprior to climbing or working at heights.

All appropriate Personal Protective Equipment must be worn while working at heights.

When one or more climbers are working at heights at least one Ground Assistant must be present.

At least one Ground Assistant at any given work sitemust know the emergency response procedures.

Those engaged in working at heights must be trained in proper knot tying, use of appropriate fall protection techniques, conducting pre-climb inspection, aerial rescue techniques, appropriate descent and ascent methods and appropriate rigging techniques.

All rigging and cutting equipment must be inspected, as per manufacturers’ recommendations, prior to daily use.

Legislation RRO/RSO Section Referenced

Industrial 851/90 45, 51 Construction 213/91 172, 173, 174, 179 Gravity Mechanical Pedestrian Vehicular

M

ANDATORY

I

NFORMATION CON

’

T

Ensure that chain saws and other gasoline-powered tools are fueled, sharp and running properly prior to sending aloft.

Synthetic slings must have a load limitation label attached.

All ropes, slings, blocks, connecting links and any other equipment used in rigging tree limbs must not be subjected to forces greater than the manufacturers’ recommended safe working loads.

A minimum safety factorof 5:1 must be incorporated into a rigging system.

All Ground Assistants involved in a rigging procedure must receive prior training and instruction appropriate for the given situation.

While working at heights climbers shouldbe tied in twice to ensure a secure work position.

Precautions must be taken to eliminate the hazard of a potential ‘reverse barber chair’

All pruning tools and equipment not in use must be securely attached to a limb of sufficient strength to hold it and to keep it from coming in contact with any conductor.

Corner cuts, two cuts on either side of notch, shouldbe used to ensure that the bark does not strip down a limb.

When working aloft by climbing the tree, you must be tied in twice whenever you are using sharp tools e.g. handsaw, chainsaw, or pole pruner

W

ORK

P

RACTICES Inspect work site

Ascend tree

S

TEP

A

CTION

Evaluate work site hazards _{Identify hazardssuch as:}

Overhead wires

Traffic conditions (pedestrian and vehicular) Soils and topography

Buildings, sidewalks, fences etc. Weather conditions

Hazardous Biotic Conditions Tree condition

Determine access to tree

Inspect rigging equipment Inspect ropes, blocks, slings, friction devices,

cutting tools (chain saws, hand saws etc) for: Defects and function

Refer to manufacturers data sheets for proper inspection

Determine landing zone Ensure that ground assistants are aware of area.

Ensure appropriate measures are taken to protect against people and vehicles that may come into the area.

S

TEP

A

CTION

Climb tree Refer to Climbing Trees Work Practice.

Inspect limbs that will be removed Check limbs for potential hazardssuch as: Decay Bird holes Cracks Imbedded objects Cankers Structural integrity

Establish rigging points

S

TEP

A

CTION

Choose limbs or branch unions to run lines over/through or attach rigging blocks

Points for rigging must be in suitable locations that are of sufficient size and strength to carry loads applied.

Rigging locations must be wide enough to allow free movement of rigging lines.

Install lines, slings and or rigging blocks Ensure rope size, strength, material and construction are appropriate for rigging line application.

Ensure that anchor pointsare of sufficient size and strength, incorporating an applicable safety factor. Ensure ropes are compatible with other rigging devices such as friction devices, blocks or pulleys. Ensure rigging lines are attached using suitable knots and are at appropriate locations on the limb to be removed.

Climber secures to a safe work position Climber shouldmove to a safe position prior to cutting.

A safe work position shouldbe such that injury will not result due to an inadvertent limb or tree section moving.

Climber must have adequate balance and stability during cutting operation.

Ensure all ropes are not in close proximity of proposed cutting location.

A second work-positioning lanyard shouldbe used to ensure a safer work position.

Prepare to start limb removal. Ensure that climber and ground assistants are

prepared and in agreement as to timing and co-ordination of instructions.

Performing Chain Saw Cuts Aloft

Cutting Limbs

S

TEP

A

CTION

Start chain saw aloft Apply chain brake.

Place body of saw into branch union of tree if available.

Ensure saw bar is clear of vegetation. Secure footing to prevent slips.

Maintain an upright and balanced position. Grasp handle securely.

Push saw down and away from the body.

Operate chain saw Complete required cuts.

Shut saw off. Apply chain brake.

Re-attach chain saw to lanyard or a rope dedicated to support the chain saw. Two tie in methods shouldbe used during chain saw use.

S

TEP

A

CTION

Utilize appropriate cutting technique From: ISA Tree Climbers Guide

Appropriate cuts will be dependant on the desired direction that the limb is to move i.e. under cut if raising, two cuts to ensure bark does not peel.

Control descent of limb Ensure that there is adequate communication

between Ground Assistant and Climber. Climber shalldirect the Ground Assistant’s actions when rigging trees.

Ensure if directing limbs manually that they can be controlled easily.

Sectionalizing Trees

S

TEP

A

CTION

Position rope to achieve safe mechanical advantage Install pull rope.

Install split prevention system - if required Ensure split prevention systemis above the

Fall Protection System.

Note: Reverse Barber Chairing can occur where trees are excessively leaning, straight grained trees or have excessive mechanical loading due to pulling forces.

Set notch Refer to Tree Felling Safe Work Practice.

Communicate Back Cut is to be performed Refer to Tree Felling Safe Work Practice. Place tension on pull rope.

Begin Back Cut Monitor cut to ensure holding wood is not cut off

completely.

Monitor movement of the tree top.

T

REE

F

ELLING

I

NTRODUCTION

This section outlines the practice of felling, bucking and limbing trees during tree removal operations.

H

AZARDS Biotic Conditions Chemical Climatic Conditions Electrical Ergonomics

L

EGISLATION

/S

AFE

W

ORK

P

RACTICE

General Legislation

Work in a Safe Environment Protect Self and Others ArboristJob Planning Chainsaw Operation

Temporary Conditions Field Edition Ontario Traffic Manual Book 7

M

ANDATORY

I

NFORMATION

All trees must be inspected for hazards prior to cutting.

All appropriate Personal Protective Equipment must be worn.

Escape routes must be cleared before felling operations.

All workers must be notified that the "Back Cut" is being performed.

Workers must stay outside of the Hazard Areaand at least 3 metres (10 feet) away from the saw operator when operating a chain saw.

Do not fell trees onto lodged trees.

Do not climb lodged trees.

Do not work directly underneath or within striking distance of a lodged tree unless the work can be done safely.

Do not turn your back to a falling tree.

Workers must be aware of all dangers.

Saw operator must ensure there are no obstacles or hazards within the Hazard zone.

Notches should be used for all trees greater than 13 centimeters (5 inches) diameter at breast height (DBH).

Legislation RRO/RSO Section Referenced

Construction 213/91 43, 52, 53, 54, 55, 67, 68, 69, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 93, 94, 95, 96, 112, 113, 183, 186 Industrial 851/90 22, 23, 39, 42, 43, 45, 60, 73, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 103, 139 Gravity Mechanical Pedestrian Vehicular

W

ORK

P

RACTICES Site Inspection

S

TEP

A

CTION

Inspect tree for hazards Inspect tree for:

Rot Lean

Insect damage

Foreign bodies in tree, staples, wires etc. Structural deficiencies, decay, cavities, cracks, splits etc.

Broken tops and dead limbs Identify hazards within the Hazard Area

Hazard Areais the intended falling path of the tree

Inspect for: Terrain Dead trees Overhead utilities

Pedestrian and vehicular traffic Workers

Climatic conditions / wind, snow loading etc. Ground conditions / slope

Trip hazards

Set control measures Barriers include:

Maintaining appropriate Limits of Approach Utilize traffic and pedestrian control measures Removing dead trees

Lowering stumps

Determine Escape Route Clear escape route45 degrees away from