A B S T R A C T
J U
D
Y A
N N A D L E
R
.M
i
c r ob i
al T
r a n sf
o rm
at i
o n of
2
,
4
,6
T
ri
ni
t
r ot
ol
u e n eb y
C
om
e
t
ab
o
l
is
m
u nd
e
rA
e r ob
i
cC
o nd
i
t
i
o n s(
U
nd
e rt
h
ed i
r e ct
i
o no
f
D
r .M
i
ch
a el D
.A i
t k
e n)
T h
e
p
u rp
o s e of
t
hi
ss t
ud y w
a st o
i
n v e sti g
at
et
h
em
a
c r o n ut
rie n
t
re
q
ui
r em
e
nt
s,t
o xi
ci
t y
,a
nd k i
n et
ic
s of 2
,4
,6
tr
i
nit
ro t o
l
u e n e(
T N T
)
c
om
et
ab
ol i
s
m b y
a na
e ro
b i
cm i
c
r ob i
a
l
c o n s o r
ti
um d
e riv e
d fr
om
T
N
T
-co
nt
a
m i
nat e
d
s o
il
T h
e re su
lt
sil l
us t
ra
te
d
th
at
s u c ci
n at
ea n
d m
ol
a s s e sw
e r e eff
e ct
iv
e
p
ri m
a
ry
su
b
st
ra
t
e sf
o rt
h
em i
c
ro
b ia
l
t
ra
n sfo r
m
at
i
o n of T N
T
I
n o rg
a
ni
c n ut
rie n
t
ad d it
io n
w
a
s no t
r eq
uir
e
d f
o
rt
h
e
co
m p
l
e t
et
r a nsf
o rm
at
io n
of
T
N
T
w h
e nm
o
l
a s s e sa
nd
s uc c
i
n at
ew
e
r e u se
d
a
sp
rim
a ry
s ub
st
ra t e
sT
o
xi
ci
t
y
(
a s
d
e t e
rm i
ne
d
w i
t
h
th
eM
ic r o
t
o x® b i
o a s s ay
)
d
e c r e a s ed w i
t
h m ic r
o
b ia
l
t
r a n sf
o rm
ati
o n of T N T b
ut
t
o xi
ci
t
y
w
a s n ot
c om p l
et
el
y
eli m in a
t
ed
K in e
t
ic
m
od
e
l i
ng
o
f
t
he
c o
m
e t ab
o
l i
sm
o
f T N T w it
h m
o
l
a s se s
a
st
h
ep
ri m
a ry
s u
b
st
r at
ef
ol l
ow
ed
M
i
ch
a el i
s-M
e nt
e nk in e
t
i
c sf
o rt
h
em i
c r ob i
al
c o n s o rti
um d
e
ri
v ed fr
om
T N T
-c o n
t a
m i
n at
ed
so
i l
A
c cl i m
at
i
o
nt
oT N T w
a
s n ot
ne c e
s sa
ry
f
o
rt
h
e c o-m
et
a
b
ol i
sm
of
T N T
A m i
c
r ob i
al
c o
ns o
rt
iu
m
d
e
riv e
d fr
o
m
a c t
i
v at
ed
slu
d g
et
h
a
t
w
as
no t
ac c
l i m
a
t
ed
t
o
T
N
T
,t
r a n sf
o rm
ed T N T
at a
f
a st
e r r at
et
h
a n a na
c cl i m
at
ed
co
n s o rt
iu
m d
e riv e
d fr
om T N T
A C
K
N
O
W
L E D
G
M
E N T S
I
w
o ul d l i k
et
ot
h
a nk
M
i
ch
a el
D
A i
t
k
e n,J
oh
nF
M
a n ni
ng
, a nd
R
am
a ra
j
B
o op
at
h
y
f
o rg
ui d
a n c et
h
r o ug
h
o ut
m
y
r e s e a r ch
I
w
o
ul d
a
l
s oli k
et
ot
h
a nk
t
h
eD
ep
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m
e
nt o
f
E
n e rg y
,t
h
eW
at
e rE
n vi
r o nm
e nt
F
ed
e r at
i
o n,P E
O
, a nd
t
h
eA m
e ri
c a nA
s s o ci
a
t
i
o no
f
T A B L E
O
F
C O
N T E N T S
P
ag
eL I
S
T
O
F T
A
B L E
S
vi
L I S T O F F I G U R E S
vi i
C
h
ap t
e r1
I N T R O D U C T I O N
1
L
I
O b
j
e ct
iv
e
s a nd Sc o
p
e of R
e s e a r ch
2
2
B A C K G
R
O U N D
4
2 1
P
h
y
si
c al
a nd C h
em i
c al
P
r op
e rt
i
e so
f 2
,4
,6
-
T
ri
nit
r ot
o
l
u e n e(
T N
T
)
4
2 2
A b io
t
i
cT
r a n sf
o rm
at
io n s
5
2
3
B io c
h
e
m i
str
y
o
f T N T
M
i
c
r ob i
al T
r a n sf
o
rm
a
t
io
n s
5
2
4
C
o
m
e t a
b
ol i
sm
of T N T
8
2 5 B i
o r em
edi
at
io n o
f T N T
8
2 6
M
i
c
r ot
o
xA
s s ay
1 0
2 7
T
o
xi
c
it
y
a nd
M
ut a
g
e
ni
cit
y
o
f
T
N T
M
et
ab
ol it
e s1 1
3
M
E T H O D S A N D
M
A T E R
I
A
L
S
1
4
3 1 O p
t
i m
a
l N
ut
ri
e
nt
C
o nc e
nt
ra
t
i
o
nE
xp
e
ri m
e
nt
s
14
3
2
Y
e
ast
E
xt
ra c t
a nd P
e
p
t
o
n eE
xp
e
ri m
e
nt s
1 6
3 3 T
o
xi
c
i
t
y E
xp
e
ri m
e nt
s1 6
3
3
1
M
ic
r ot
o xA
s sa
y
1 7
3
.3
2
D
at
aR
e
du
c
t
io
n2
1
3 4
K in e
t
ic
Stu
d i
e s1
8
3 5
.2 K i
n et
i
cM
o
d
el i
ng
2
0
3 5 A
cti
va t
ed Sl
ud g
eK i
n et
ic
S
t
ud ie
s2
0
3 6
A
n al y
t
ic a
l Pr o c
e
d
u re s
2 1
3 1
.2 H
P L
C A
na
ly
sis
2
1
3
.1
.3
A m m
o nia
C
o n c e nt
r at
io n s
2 2
4
R E S
U
L T
S
A
N
D D I S C U
SSI O
N
2 3
4 1
O p
t
i m
a
l N
ut
rie n
t
C
o n c e nt
r ati
o
nR
e s ul
t
s2 3
4 1 1
Su c
c
i
n at
eE
xp
e
ri m
e nt
s2
3
4 1 1 1
G
r ow
t
h
2 3
4
1
1
.2 B i
ol
og i
c al T
r a n sf
o rm
at
i
o
n of T N T
2 6
4 1 1 3
A m m
o ni
aA
n al
y
s e s2 6
4 1 1 4 P
h
o
sp
h
at
eA
n al
y
s e s3 1
4
1 2
M
ol
a s s e sE
xp
e ri m
e nt s
34
4
1 2
1
G
ro
w
t
h
3 4
4 1
2
2
B i
o
l
o
g i
c a
l
T
ra
n sf
o rm
a t
io n
of T N T
3 4
4 1 2 3
A m m
o ni
a
A
n al
y
s e s4 0
4 1 2 4
P
h
o
sp h
at
eA
n al
y
s e s4 0
4 2
P
ep
t
o n e a nd
Y
e a st
E
xt
r a ct E
xp
e ri m
e nt
al
R
e s ul
t
s4 6
4 3
T
o xic
i
t
y
R
e s ul
t
s4 8
4 4
R
e
s uh
so
f K i
ne
ti
cM
od
e
l i
ng
5
3
4
5 A
ct
iv
a t
ed S lu
dg
eK i
ne
t
i
c
R
es
ul
t s
5 5
4
C O
N
C
L
U SI
O
N
S
5 7
5
R E C O
M M
E N D A
T
I O N S
5 9
6
W
O R K S C
I
T E D
6 0
A PP E N D I X A
-O P T I
M
A L N U T R IE N T C O N C E N T R A T I O N ST U D I E S
6 5
A PP E N D I X B
-K I N E T I
C
M
O D E L I N G D A T A
80
L I ST
O
F T A B L E S
P
ag
eT
a
b l
e2 1 1
P h
y
sic
al
a
nd
c
h
em i
c al p
r op
e rt
i
e so
f T N T
4
T
a
b l
e2 7
1
M
e
t
ab
o
l i
t
e s
t
e s
t
e
d i
nt
o
xi
c
i
t
y
st
ud i
e s12
L I ST
O
F
F I
G
U R
E
S
P
ag
e
F
ig
u r e2 1
P
ro
p
os e
d p
at
hw
a
y f
o rt
h
eb i
o t
r an s
f
o
rm
at
i
o no
f
2
,4
,6
-
t
rin
i
t
ro t
olu
e
ne
7
F
i
g
u r e4 1
B
at
ch g
r ow
t
h w
i
t
h
v a ry i
ng i
ni
t
i
al
n
i
t
r og
e n c o n ce
nt
r at
io n s
,s u c c
i
n at
e a s c o s ub
st
r at
e2 4
F ig
u r e4
2
B
at
ch g
r ow
t
h w i
t
h
v a ry i
ng i
nit
i
al p h
o sp h
o r us
co
n ce
nt
ra
t
i
o
ns
,s
u c ci
n at
ea
sc o
s ub
st
ra
t
e2 5
F
i g
u r e4 3
T N
T
t
r a n sf
o
rm
at
io n
d
u rin
g b
at
ch g
r ow
t
h
o ns
uc
ci
n at
ew i
t
h
v a ry i
ng i
ni
t
ia
l
ni
t
r og
e n c o n c e nt
r at
i
o n s2
7
F
i g
ur e
4
4
T N T
t
r a
ns
f
o r
m
a t
i
o
nd
u
rin
g b
a
t
ch g
ro
w
t
h
o ns
uc
cin a
t
e
w i
t
h
va
ry i
ng i
ni
t
ia
l p h
o sp
h
o r u s c o n c e nt
ra
t
i
o n
s2 8
F i g
u r e4 5
A m m
o ni
a
-n
i
t
ro
g
e nc
o n ce
nt
ra
t
io n s
d
u rin
g b
a t c
h g
ro
w
t
h
o
n s uc c
i
n at e
w i
t
h
v a ry
i
ng i
ni
t
ia
l
ni
t
ro
g
e n c o nc
e nt
ra
t
i
o n s2
9
F
i g
u re
4 6
A
m
m
o nia
-ni
t
r og
e n c o n c e nt
ra
t
io n s
d
u rin
g b
at
ch g
r ow
t
h
o
ns u c c
i
n at
ew it
h
v a ry i
ng i
nit
i
a
l p h
os
p h
o
r u sc o
n c e nt
ra t
io n s
3 0
F
i g
u r e4 7
P ho s
p
h
at
e c o nc
e nt
r at
i
o n sd
uri
ng b
at
ch g
r ow
t
h
o n s u c cin a
t
ew it
h
va
ry i
ng i
ni
t
ia
l
ni
t
ro
g
e n c o n c e nt
r at
i
o n s3 2
F i g
ur e
4 8
P h
o s
p h
a
t
ec o n c e
nt
ra
t
i
o
ns
d
u
ri
n
g b
at
ch g
r ow
t
h
o n s u c cin
a t e
w i
t
h
va
ry
in
g i
ni
t
ia
l p h
o
sp h
o
r us c o n c e
nt
ra t
i
o n s
3
3
F i g
u r e4 9
B
at
ch
g
r ow
t
h
o nm
ol
a
s s e sw i
t
h
v a ry
in
g i
ni
t
i
a
l i
n o rg
a ni
cn
i
t
r og
e n c o nc
e nt
r at
i
o n s3
6
F i g
u r e4 1
0
B
at
ch g
r ow
t
h
on
m
ol
a s
s e sw i
t
h
v a ry
in
g i
ni
t
i
a
l p h
os
p h
o r u sc
o
n c e nt
ra
t
i
o
ns
3 7
F i g
u r e4
1 1
T N T
t
r a n sf
o
rm
a
t
i
o
nd
u rin
g
b
at
c
h g
r ow
t
h
o nm
o
l
as
se s
w i
t
h
v
a
ry i
ng
in
i
t
ia
l
ni
t
r og
e n c o n c e nt
r at
i
o n s3
8
F i g
u r e4 12
T N T
t
ra
ns
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
nd
uri
ng b
at
ch g
r ow
t
h
o
nm
ol
as
s e sw i
t
h
v
a
ry i
ng
in
i
t
i
a
l
p
h
o s
p h
o r
us c o n c e n
t
r a
t
i
o
ns
3 9
F i g
u
r e4 13
A m
m
o
nia
-nit
ro
g
e n c o
nc e
nt
ra
t
i
o n s
du r
i
n
g b
a
t
c
h g
ro
w
t
h
o
nm
ol
a s s e
sw it
h
va
ry i
ng
i
ni
ti
a
l i
n o
rg
a n
ic n
it
ro
g
e n c
o n c e nt
ra
t
io n
s
4 1
F i g
u r e4 14
A m m
o
nia
-ni
t
ro
g
e n
c o nc
e nt
ra
t
io n
s
du
ri
ng
b
at
c
h g
r ow
t
h
o
nm
o
l
a s s e s
w i
t
h
va r
y i
ng i
ni
ti
a
l
p
h
o s
p h
o
r u sc o
n ce
nt
ra
t
i
o
n s4 2
F ig
u r e4
15
A m m
o ni
a-nit
ro
g
e n c o
nc
e nt
ra t
io n
s
du
ri
ng b
a
t
c
h
g
ro
w
t
h
o
nF
i
g
u r e4 1 6
P
h
o sp
h
at
e c o n ce
nt
r at
i
o n sd
u ri
ng b
at
ch
g
r ow
t
h
o nm
ol
a s s e sw i
t
h
v a ry i
ng
i
ni
t
i
al
am m
o ni
a-ni
t
r og
e n c o n c e nt
r at
i
o n s4 4
F
ig
u r e4 1 7
P
h
o
sp h
at
e c o n ce
nt
ra t
i
o n sd
u ri
ng b
at
ch g
r ow
t
h
o nm
ol
a s s e sw i
t
h
v a ry i
ng
i
ni
t
i
al
p
h
o sp h
at
ec o
nc
e nt
r at
i
o n
s4 5
F ig
u re
4 18
I m p
a c
t
o
f p
e
p
t
o ne a
nd y
e a s t e
xt
r a ct
o nT N T
t
ra
ns
f
o rm
a
t
i
o nd
u ri
ng b
a
t
ch g
r ow
t
h
o nm
ol
as
s e s4 7
F
i
g
u r e4 1 9
M
i
c r ot
o x a s s ay
r e s ul
t
s c om
p
a ri
ng
t
h
et
o xi
ci
t
y
of T N
T
a nd
T N T
t
r a n sf
o rm
at
i
o np
r od
u ct
sd
u ri
ng
b
at
ch
g
r ow
t
h
o n
m
o
l
a s s e s5 0
F ig
u re
4 2 0
T N T
t
ra
n sf
o rm
a t
i
o
ni
nt
o xi
ci
t y
st
ud i
e s sh
ow
ni
nF i g
u r e4 1 9
5
1
F i g
u r e4
2
1
P
ea
k T N T
a
nd m
e
t
a
b
o
l i
t e a
re a
so
f H PL
C
c
h
ro
m
a t
og
r am
sf
o r r e a ct
o rA i
nt
o xi
ci
t y
s t
ud i
es s
h
ow
ni
nF
i g
u r e4 1 9
5 2
F i g
u r e4 2 2
F
i
t o
f
e xp
e ri m
e nt a
l d
at
a o ni
ni
t
i
al
r at
eo
f T N
T
t
ra
n sf
o rm
at
i
o nt
ot
h
e
M
i
c
h
a e
l i
s
-M
e nt
e
nk i
n et
i
cm
od
e
l
5
4
1
.I
N T R O D U C
T I
O N
A
s
a re
s ul
t
of
th
em
a n uf
a ct
u ri
ng
,h
a ndl i
n
g
, a nd d i
sp
o s al
o
f
e xp l
o
si
v e s,2
,4
,6
-t
ri
ni
t
r ot o
l
ue
n e(
T N T
)
c
o nt a
m i
na t
i
o nh
a sb
e e ni d
e nti fi
ed i
nb
ot
h
s oi l
a nd w
a t
e r e c o sy
st e
m
sW
at
e r u s ed
t
o ri
n s eT N
T
r e si d
ue s
f
r om
e
q
ui p m
e nt
,i
nt
e ri
o r s u rf
a c e s of f
a cil i
t
i
e s, a nd
r e
j
e ct
ed
sh
el l
sw
a sd i
s ch
a rg
ed
t
ol
ag
o o n sT h
e s ol
i
d m
at t
e r s et t
l
ed
i
nth
e s el
ag
o o n s a nd
t
he
w
a st
ew
a
t
e rw
a s e
v e nt
ua
l l
y
re
l
e a s
ed
t
o
s u rf
ac e
w
at
e
r(
K l
a u sm
ei
e re
t
a
l 19 7 3
)
C
o
ns
eq
ue
nt
l y
,t
he c o
nt
a
m i
n a
t
io n
h
a sl
e a c
h
ed i
n
t
o s o
il
,g
ro u
nd w
a
t
e r,a
nd
s u rf
a c e
w
a
t
e rF
u rt
h
e r c o n ce
r n sh
a v ed
e v el
op
ed f
r om
re
ce
nt
re
ve
g
et
at
i
o n of
t
h
ec
o nt
am in
at
ed l
a nd
t
h
a t
m
a
y
al l
ow i
nt
r od
u ct
i
o n of T N
T
,T N
T t
r a n sf
o rm
at
i
o np
ro
d
u ct
s,a
nd p l
a nt
-p
ro
d
uc e
d T N T
m
et
ab
ol it
e si
nt
ot
h
ef
o od
c
h
ai
n(
H
a r v ey
et
al
1 9 9
0
)
T h
et
o xi
c ef f
e ct
s
of
T
N T h
a ve
b
e e
nw
el l d
e
m
o
n st
r at e
d
T
o xi
c eff
ec t
si
n cl
ud i
ng
a n e
m i
aa
nd l i
v e rd
am
ag
eh
a
v eb
e
e n r ep
o rt
ed i
nw
o
rk
e r si
n v ol
v ed i
nt
h
em
a
n uf
a ct
u ri
ng
a nd
h
a
ndl i
ng
o
f T N T
T N T
t o
xi
c
it
y h
a
sa
l
s ob
e
e n ob
s e r v ed i
nf
u ng i
.G
r am
-p
o sit
i
ve
b
a ct
e ri
a,m i
c e,fi
sh
,a
nd p l
a nt
s(
C h
a n
n o n et a
l 1
9 4 4 ;
L
em b
e
rg
a
nd C
al l
a
g h
a
n19 4 4
;
K l
a
us
m
e
i
e re
t
a
l
1 9 7 3 ;
W
o n et
al
19 7 6
)
F
u rt
h
e rm
o r e,T
N T h
as
b
e
e nf
o u nd
t o
b
e
m
ut
ag
e ni
ci
nth
e
A m
e s
b
a
ct
e ria
l
a s s ay
(W
o n et
al
19 7 6
)
P
r e s e nt
l
y
, s oi l
co
nt
a
m i
na
t
ed w i
t
h
T
N
T
i
s
b
ei
ng i
n ci
ne
r at
ed
(M
aj
o r a nd A m
o s1 9
9
3
)
I
nc
i
ne r a t
i
o ni
s ve
ry
co
st
l
y
a nd i
t s
u se
i
so
fl
e
nc
o nt
r o v e r si
al
,t
h
u s c r e at
i
ng
a ne e
d
f
o r al
t
e r n at
i
v em
et
ho
d
s of
t
r e at
m
e nt
B i
ol
og i
c al
t
r e at
m
e
nt
of
s
oi l
co
nt
a
m i
n at
ed w i
t
h
n
it
ro a
r om
a
t
i
c
s s uc
h
a
sT N T m
ay b
e
a s af
ea
nd
co st
e
ff
ect
i
v em
et
h
od
of
r em
ed i
at
i
o nB
a
ct
e ri
al
t
r a n sf
o rm
a
ti
o n s of T N T h
a v eb
e e n r ep
o rt
ed i
nb
ot
h
a
e r ob i
c a nd
a n a e r ob i
cc
o
nd it
i
o n s.T
h
e r e ap p
e a rt
ob
et
w
od if f
e r e nt
m
et
h
od
sf
o r nit
r o a r om
at
i
c c om
p
o u nd
t
r a
nsf
o
rm
a
t
io
nT he
ni
t
r og
ro
up
c a nb
e
r ed
uc
ed
t
o a na
m i
n og
r o up
vi
a
ni
t
r o so a
nd
h
y
d
ro
xy
la
m i
no
i
nt
e
rm
ed i
a
t
e s
,f
o
l l
o
w
ed by
o
xi d
a
t
i
ve
d
ea
m i
nat
i
o nw it
h
r
e
l
e a s e of
am m
o
ni
a(
K i
t
a
m
u
ra e
t
al
19 8 3
)
C
o n ve
rs e
l y
,t
h
e
ni
t
r
o
g
r o up
c a nb
e re
l
ea
se
d
a
s nit
rit
e
T h
er e
du c
ti
ve s e
q
ue
nc e a
p p
ea
rs
t
ob
et
h
em
aj
o rp
at
h w
ay i
nT N
T
b i
ot
r a n sf
o rm
at
i
o n s(
K
ap l
a n1
.1
O
b
j
e ct
i
v e s a nd
S
c op
e of R
e s e a r ch
P
re
vi
o u s st
ud i
e
sh
a
v e sh
ow
nt
h
at
T
N
T
c a nb
et
r a n sf
o rm
ed
c om
et a
b
ol i
ca
l l
y
,t
h
at
i
si
t
c a n o nl
y
b
e
d
eg
r ad
ed i
nt
h
ep
r e s e n ce
of g
r ow
t
h
s ub
st
r at
e s(
B
o op
at
h
y
et
al
1 9 9 4
a;
S p
a
ng g
o
rd
e
t
a
l
19 8 0
)
S
u c c
i
n at
e a nd m
ol
a s s e
sh
a ve
b
e e
ni d
e
nt
i fi
e
d
as e
f fe
c t
i
ve
c
o s
ub
st
ra
t
e s
f
o
rt
h
e a e
ro
b i
c
d
e
g
ra
d
at
i
o
no
f T N
T
b
y
a
na
t
i
ve s
oi l b
ac
t
e
ri
a
l
c
o ns o
rt
i
um
(
B
o op
at
h
y
et
al
1 9 9 4
b
)
C
ell
ul
a rm
et
ab
ol i
sm
r eq
ui
r e si
n o rg
a ni
cm
a c r o n ut
ri
e nt
s(
ni
t
r og
e na n
d p h
o sp
h
o r u s)
i
n ad di
t
i
o nt
o o rg
a ni
c c a rb
o n a s a s ub
st
r at
eT
h
u s, o n e of
t
h
e ob
j
e ct
i
v e so
f
t
h i
si
n v e st
ig
at
i
o nw
a st
od
et
e rm i
n et
h
e op
t
i m
al
ni
t
ro
g
e n a nd p h
os
p h
o r us
c o n ce
nt
ra
t
i
o
n sf
o rt
h
e a e r ob i
cd
eg
r ad
at
i
o n of
T
N T w i
t
h
s u c ci
n at
e a nd m
ol
a ss
e s a sp ri m
a ry
s ub
st
r at
e sP
i l
ot
sc
al
e
b i
o
r em
e
d i
a
t
i
o
n st
ud i
e s a re
p
r e s e nt
l y b
ei
ng
c
o nd
uc
t
ed
at
J
ol i
et
A
rm y
A
m
m
u n
i
t
i
o
nP l
a nt
i
n
J
o
l i
e
t
,I l l i
no
i
s
T N T
-
c o
nt
a
m i
na
t
e
d
s o
i l i
s
t
re a
t
e
d i
ns o
i l
s
l
u r ry
r
e
a ct
o r st
h
at
ut
i l i
z em
ol
a ss
e s a sa
p
ri m
a ry
s ub
st
r at
eT h
e r e s ul
t
s of
t
h i
si
n v e st
i g
at
i
o np
ro
vi d
ed
us
ef
u
l i
nf
o
rm
at
i
o
no
no
p
t
i m
a
l i
n o rg
a ni
c n ut
ri
e
nt
re
q
ui
re
m
e
nt s
f
o rt
h
e
s oi l
s
l
u
r ry
r e a c
t
o r s.M
a ny
r ep
o rt s
h
a v ei l l
u st
r at
ed
c
om p l
et
eb i
o
l
og i
ca
l
t
ra
n sf
o rm
at
i
o n of
T
N
T
R
ep
o rt
so
f m i
n e ra
li
za
t
i
o
n,h
o
w
e v e r,a
re
ra
r eT h
ea
ro
m
a
t
i
cri
ng i
s oft
e n n ot
cl
e a v ed
; t
h
e re
f
o r e,m
e
t
a
b
ol i
t
e sa c
c um
ul
at
e a nd
s ub
s eq
u e nt
m i
n e r ali
za t
i
o n of
t
h
em
ol
e c ul
ed
o e s n ot
o c c u r(M
c
C
o
rm i
ck
e
t
a
l
1 9 7 6
)
O
n em
u st
co
n si d
e rt
h
at
i
ni
t
i
al
t
r a n sf
o rm
a t
i
o n s r ep
r e s e nt
o nl
y
as u
p
e rfi
ci
al
m
od ifi
c at
i
o n of
t
h
em
o
l
e c ul
e, s ot
h
at
d
em
o n st
r at
ed d i
s ap
p
e a r a n c e of
t
h
ep
a r e nt
c o
m p
o u nd i
s n ot a
l w
ay
s a n a c c ep
t
ab l
e r em
ed
y
W
hi l
et
h
et
o xi
ci
t
y
o
f T N T h
a sb
e e nw
ell
d
oc
um
e
nt
ed
,l i m it
e
d
r e s e a rc
h i
sa
va
il
a
b l
e o
nt
h
et
o
xi
ci
t
y
o
f
T
N
T
b i
o
t
r a n sf
o rm
a
t
i
o np
ro
d
u ct
sT
hi
si
n v es t
i g
at
i
o n st
ud i
ed
t
h
e r el
a
t
i
v et
o xi
ci
t y
of p
r od
u ct
sf
o rm
ed
a s a re
s ul
t
of
T N
T
t
ra
ns
f
o rm
at
i
o nb y
a
n ae
r ob i
c
m i
c
r ob i
al
c o
n s o rt
i
a u si
ng
t
h
e
M
i
c ro
t
o
x®
a ss
ay
,a
b
a c
t
e
ri
a
l b i
o a
s sa
y
sy
s
t
e
m
th
a
t
i
s o
ft
e n
us e
d
t
oa
s se
s sw
a s
t
e
w
a t
e rt
o xi
ci
t
y
L
ab
o
ra
t
o
ry
e
xp
e
ri m
e
nt
s s
t
ud
y
i
ng
t
h
e
b i
o
t
ra
ns
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
no
f T N T b
y
c o
m
e
t
a
b
o
l i
s
m
w i
t
h m
ol
a s s e sh
a v eb
ee
np
e rf
o
rm
ed
t
od
et
e rm i
n eth
ef
ea
si b i l i
t
y
of l
a rg
e-s c al
eb i
ol
og i
c al
t
r ea
t
m
e
nt o
f
T
N
T
-c o nt
am i
n at
ed
s oi l
a nd w
at
e rK i
n et
i
cm
od
el i
ng
of
T
N T
c om
et
ab
ol i
sm
i
s
us e
f
ul f
o rt
h
e
d
e ve
l
o
p m
e
nt
o
f b i
o
l
o
g i
c a
l
re a c
t
o
rs a
nd h
a s
no
t
b
e e
n st
udi
ed
e
xt e
ns
i
ve
l y
B
a
t
ch
t
r a n sf
o
rm
a t
i
o
ne
xp
e
ri m
en
t
sw i
t
h
"g
r ow
t
h
s ub
st
r at
e,m
ol
a s s e s)
w
e r e c o nd
u ct
ed
i
nt
h i
si
n v e st
i
g
at
i
o nt
om
od
el
t
h
ek i
n et
i
cp
a
r am
et
e r s of T N T
c om
et
ab
ol i
sm w h
e nm
ol
a s s e si
s u s ed
a s a c a rb
o n s o u r c eT h
e ab i l i
t y
of m i
c r o o rg
a ni
sm
st
ob i
ot
r a n sf
o rm
ni
t
r o a r om
at
i
c s ap p
e a r st
ob
eu
b i q
ui
t
o us
,f
o rd
eg
r ad
at
i
o
nh
a sb
e e na c
h i
e
ve
d b
y
m i
c r o o rg
a ni
sm
si
nw
a st
ew
at
e r eff l
u e nt
,a c
t
i
v at
ed
sl
ud
g
e
, a nd
e n vi
r o nm
e nt
al
s oil
s am p l
e
s(
H
a
l l
a
se t
a
l
19 8 3 ;
C
a rp
e nt
e r et
al
1 9 7 8
,F
u nk
e
t
a
l
19
9
3
)
A
va
ri
et y
of m i
c r o o rg
a ni
sm
sh
a v e a ni
t
r o-r e
d
u ct
a s ep
r o vi d i
ng
t
h
em
t
h
em
e a
ns o
f
r e
d
uc
i
ng
t
h
e ni
t
ro
g
ro
up
o
f
T
N
T t
o a na
m i
no
g
r o up w h
e na
ne
xt
e r na
l
ca
rb
o n
s o u r c e
i
sp
r o vi d
ed
,
b
ut
n ot
w h
e nT
N T i
st
h
e
s ol
e c a rb
o n s o u r c e(
S p
a ng g
o rd
et
al
1
9
8 0
)
I
nm
o st
st
ud i
e s,h
o
w
e v e r,t
h
em i
c r obi
a
l
co
m m
u ni
t
i
es
a re
a c cl i m
at
ed
t o t
h
e
ni
t
r o a ro
m
at
i
c c om p
o u nd
of i
nt
e r e st
b
ef
o r ebi
ol
og
i
c al
t
r a n sf
o rm
at
i
o n e xp
e ri m
e nt
s a r ep
e rf
o rm
ed
.T
h
ea
b i li
t y
of m i
c r o o rg
a ni
sm
s n ot
a cc
l i m
at
ed
t
oT N T
t
o c om
eta
b
oli
z eT N T w
a s st
ud i
ed i
nt
h i
si
n v e st
i
g
at
i
o nK i
n et
i
c
p
a r am
et
e r s of
T
N
T
t
r a n sf
o rm
at
i
o
nw
e r e c om p
a r ed b
et
w
e e na
m i
c ro
b i
al
co
n s o rt
i
um d
e ri
v ed f
r om
T
N
T
-c o nt
am i
n ate
d
s oi l
a nd
a c o n s o rt
i
um d
e ri
v ed fr
om
a n a c
t
i
v at
ed
sl
ud g
es
y
st
e
m
B
ot
h b
a
ct
e ri
a
l
c
om m
u
ni
t
i
e s
w
e re
e n ri
c
h
ed
o
nm
o
l
a
s se s
b
e
f
o r e2
.B A C
K G
R
O
U N D A N D L I T E R A T U R E R E V I E
W
2
.1
P h
y
si
c
al
a
nd C h
em
i
ca
l
P
r op
e rt
i
e s of
2
,4
,6 T
ri
ni
t
r ot
ol
ue
n e(
T N T
)
R
e
l
e
v a nt
p
r op
e rt
i
e so
f
T
N T
a
r e s um m
a ri
z ed i
nT
ab l
e
2 1 1
T
ab l
e2
.1
.1
P
h
y
s
i
c
al
a nd C
h
e
m i
c
al P
r op
e
rt i
e s of T
N
T
(
U
rb
a n sk
i
1 9 8 4 ;
G
o
r o nt
zy
1 9 9 4
)
.M
o
l
e c
ul
a
rF
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ul
a
:C
7H
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6N
3St
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l F
o
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a
:C
H 3
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M
ol
e
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t
2 2 5
1
5
S
o
l
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nW
at
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ra
t 2 5
°C
(m g /
L
)
1 3 0
L
og
K
ow
1 9 7
V
a
p
o rP
re s
s u re
(
2
0
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)
0
7
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1 0
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a
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e
n r y 's
C
o effi
ci
e nt
a
t
2
0
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*1
1 X
1 0
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H
(
d i m
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s)
=
c o n ce
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i
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r(
m
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c o n c e nt
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m
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a t
eq
ui l i b
ri
um
T N T i
s
t
h
e
m
o s
t
w i d
e
ly
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d m i l i
t
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ry
e
xp l
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e
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t
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l
o
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e
lt
i
n
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oi
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t
ss
t
a
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t
y
,a
nd l
ow
s e ns
i
t
i
vi
t
y
t
oim p
a ct
,f
ri
ct
i
o n, a nd hi g h
t
em p
e r at
u re
s(
U
rb
a n sk i 19
8 4
)
D
u ri
ng
t
h
et
w
oW
o rl d
W
a r s,m i l l i
o n s o
f
t
o n s of T N T w
e r ep
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ai
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i
nb i
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s r el
at
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ns
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o
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a
nd
e
l
e
ct
r o st
at
i
ce
n e rg y
A
2
k il
og
ra
m
2
.2
A b io
t
i
cT
r a nsf
o rm
at
i
o n sT
N
T
u nd
e rg
o e sp h
ot
ol
y
si
sin
t
h
ep
r e se
n c e of
s u nl i g h
t
a nd w
at
e rP
h
ot
ol
y
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le a
d
st
oth
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o rm
ati
o n of
a "p i
nk w
at
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n u nd
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n ed m i
xt
u re o
f di ff
e
r e nt
p
r odu
c t
sS
p
a ng g
o rd
et
al
(
1 9 8 0
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i d
e nt
ifi
ed
a n um b
e r of
T
N
T
t
r a n sfo r
m
at
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p
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ob
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ni
t
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hr a n
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ri
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nd
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d
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T
h
e r ate of
T
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T
p h
ot
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si
n c r e a s e si
nt
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ep
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n at
u r al
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a nic
m
a t t
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S
p
a
ng g
o
rd
e
t
al
19 8
5
)
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o
w
e
ve
r,T N
T
s e e
m
st
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e
p
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s t
e nt
in
st
e ri l
e
s oi l
H
y
d
r ol y
si
sa
nd
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o
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io n
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o
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ap p
e a rt
op l
ay
a sig
ni fi
c a nt
r ol
e
i
nt
h
el
o s s of
T
N T
2
.3 B i
oc
h
em is
t
ry
of T N T
M
ic r
o
b i
a
l T
ra
nsf
o
rm
at i
o n sM
cC
o rm i
ck
et
al
(
19
7 6
)
t
h
o r o ug hl
y
in v
e
st
i
g
at
e
d
t
h
e
b io
c
h
em i
s
t
ry
of b
ac t e
ri
al
t
r a
n sfo r
m
a
t
io n
of 2
,4
,6 t
ri
nit
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ue
n e u nd
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ra
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b ic c o n
d it
i
o ns
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ep
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ng
o n
t
h
e r ed
u cin
g p
ot
e nt
ia
l
of
t
he
sy
st
e
m
, o n e,t
w
o , o rt
hr e e
of
t
h
e ni
t
r og
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e
r e
d
uc e
d
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o
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ro
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p
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s u s c ep
t
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e
t
oin
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io n
(
K
ap l
a n1 9 9 0
)
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r op
o s ed p
at
h w
ay
f
o rT N T
t
r a n sf
o rm
at
io n
is
sh
ow
ni
nF i g
u r e2
3
1
T
hi
s
p
at
hw
ay
i
s si m i l
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at
f
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nsu c c e s s
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ve
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udi
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t
h
t
h
et
h
e rm
op h i l i
cb i
ot
ra
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m
at
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T
N
T
i
n a c om p
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g p
r o c e s s(
K
ap
l
a na
nd K
ap l
a n1
9 8
2 b
)
M
cC
o rm i
ck
et
al
(
1 9 7 6
)
f
o u nd
t
h
at t
h
eh
y
d
r o xy
l
am in o
c om p
o u nd m
ay
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on o n
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a
t
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t
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nt
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t
h
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om p
o
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c e n vi
r o nm
e nt
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z o xy
c
o
m p
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d
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e
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l
so o
b
s e
r ve
d
i
nT N T d
e
g
ra
d
at
io
nby C h
a n no n
et
al
.(
1
9 4 4
)
a
nd
W
o ne t
a
l
(
1 9 7 3
)
in
p
r e vi
o u s st
ud ie s
C
el l
e xt
r a ct
s,fi
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e e o
f
a n a e r ob i
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sm
s,C
.p
a
ste u r
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l ka
l
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nd E
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