Name_______________________________________Period________________________Date_________
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11
Religion and Reform
1820 – 1860
A. True – False
Where the statement is true, mark T. Where it is false, mark F.
___ 1.Transcendentalism was a Westward movement led by Ralph Waldo Emerson. ___ 2. Unitarians believed God was a single being.
___ 3. Christians believed God was a singe being.
___ 4. Ralph Waldo Emerson supported organized religions.
___ 5. Ralph Waldo Emerson had a pantheistic outlook on God, different from traditional Christian doctrines.
___ 6. Ralph Waldo Emerson’s book, Walden, had little impact during his lifetime.
___ 7. Henry David Thoreau supported Margaret Fuller, who edited the leading transcendentalist journal, The Deal.
___ 8. Transcendentalists were often very naïve and overly optimistic.
___ 9. Nathaniel Hawthorne exemplified the theme of Individualism in “The Scarlet Letter”. ___ 10. The Brook Farm community was an economic success.
___ 11. Ann Lee Stanley believed that she was an incarnation of Jesus Christ. ___ 12. Shakers believed that God was “a dual person, male and female” ___ 13. New York City possessed some 200 brothels during the 1820’s.
___ 14. During this time, inner city jobs were bountiful and life seemed to be easy. ___ 15. Popular entertainment was a major facet of the new urban culture in New York. ___ 16. In 1830, Walker and other African American activists called a national convention in Philadelphia.
___ 17. The Liberator demanded that slavery not be abolished. ___ 18. Abolitionist leaders developed a three pronged attack.
___ 19. The white workers of the North, motivated by racial fears, took action in violent mobs ___ 20. Men were often strong supporters of the women’s movement and took roles to further their cause.
B. Multiple Choice
Select the best answer and write the proper letter in the space provided.
___ 21. William Lloyd Garrison started out as an anti-slavery advocate, and then went on to a. fight for the temperance cause.
b. embrace woman’s rights, pacifism, and the abolition of prisons. c. support the continuation of brothel construction.
d. write novels that portrayed his views and feelings.
___ 22. The New England transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson celebrated a. the anniversary of the United States of America.
b. the abolition of slavery and temperance movement. c. the liberation of the individual from traditional constraints. d. the birth of his son, Michael.
___ 23. The Lyceum movement promoted a. the general diffusion of knowledge. b. the general effusion of knowledge. c. religious freedom and utopian societies. d. Chinese immigration.
___ 24. Ralph Waldo Emerson issued a literary declaration from the “courtly muse” entitled as a. Walden.
b. The Dial.
c. “The American Scholar”. d. The Bill of Rights.
___ 25. Throughout her life, Margaret Fuller explored
a. the temperance movement and fought against alcohol consumption. b. the world of brothels and the rights of men.
c. the rights of children who were in sweat shops. d. the possibilities of freedom for women.
___ 26. Fuller’s philosophy began with the transcendentalist belief that women a. had a mystical relationship with God that gave them identity and dignity. b. had the power to change the world through the temperance movements. c. were not equal but greater than men.
d. represented mankind.
___ 27. The poem, Leaves of Grass, can best be described as a. bold, and radical.
b. wild, and exuberant. c. opinionated, and dim. d. breathtaking yet depressing.
___ 28. The transcendentalists can best be described as a. lazy, and inactive.
b. naïve and not optimistic c. optimistic and not naïve. d. very religious and radical.
___ 29. Herman Melville wrote the great classic, that was at first a commercial failure, a. The Scarlet Letter.
b. Great Gatsby.
c. Moby Dick.
d. Memoirs of an American General.
___ 30. The radical reformers, such as the transcendentalists, created utopian societies in the hope that they would
a. allow their members to realize their spiritual and moral potential. b. prove to the world that their society was successful and functional.
c. increase their numbers until they would be nationally or internationally known. d. secede from the nation and form their own independent country.
___ 31. All of the major transcendentalists included a. Thoreau, Melville, and Hawthorne. b. Emerson, Fuller, and Melville. c. Melville, Fuller, and Hawthorne. d. Emerson, Thoreau, and Fuller.
___ 32. The utopian society, Brook Farm, was evidently a(n) a. economic failure.
b. economic success. c. society small in numbers. d. haven for convicts.
___ 33. After the results of Brook Farm, the Emersonians
a. abandoned their quest for a new system of social organization. b. continued on their quest for a new system of social organization. c. switched to a more reliable path towards possible success. d. experienced rapid growth in numbers.
___ 34. Rural utopias were symbols of a. wealth and prosperity. b. patriotism and pride.
c. social protest and experimentation. d. equality and happiness.
___ 35. Unlike other utopian societies, the Shakers were the first a. to advertise their communities to increase their numbers. b. successful American communal movement.
c. Native American tribes to mix with whites.
d. radicals to buy out other businesses and experience success. ___ 36. The Shaker’s radical theology was that God was
a. forever punishing them for their sins committed in previous lives. b. also the devil.
c. an animal and human.
d. a dual person, both male and female. ___ 37. The Shakers founded
a. forty communities mostly in New York. b. thirteen communities mostly in the West. c. twenty communities mostly in New England. d. fifteen communities mostly in New Jersey.
___ 38. The charismatic and religious founder of the Oneida Community was a. John Humphrey.
b. Nathaniel Hawthorne. c. Margaret Fuller. d. Ralph Waldo Emerson.
___ 39. Similarities between the Shakers and Oneida were
a. that they were utopian societies that failed and came to an end. b. both against marriage and family life.
c. both against child labor and sweat shops. d. that they were runners of local brothels.
___ 40. As utopian reformers organized new communities on the land, rural and foreign migrants a. created a new culture in the cities.
b. continued to practice their traditional beliefs and remained ethical. c. infested cities and crowded towns.
C. Identification
Supply the correct identification for each numbered description.
41. The intellectual movement rooted in the religious soil of New England. 42. The word used to describe the social world of native-born white Americans. 43. The man that celebrated the liberation of the individual from traditional constraints. 44. The German philosopher involved in the new conception of self society known as
romanticism who rejected the rational world of the eighteenth century Enlightenment.
45. A public hall derived from the name of the place where the philosopher Aristotle taught.
46. New England intellectual who turned away from society and embraced the natural world.
47. The book written by Thoreau that has become an essential text of American literature and an inspiration to those who reject the dictates of society.
48. The commercial failure written by Herman Melville that failed to capture the middle class audience.
49. The first successful American communal movement started by Mother Ann Lee. 50. French reformer who devised an eight-stage theory of social evolution that predicted
the imminent decline of individualism and capitalism. 51. The new order that replaced capitalism.
52. The man inspired to create a community that defined sexuality and gender roles in new ways.
53. Religion founded by Joseph Smith Jr.
54. Joseph Smith’s leading disciple that led 10,000 Mormons to present day Utah. 55. First African-American newspaper published by John Russwurm and Samuel D.
Cornish.
56. The man who started his own anti-slavery weekly and founded the New England Anti-Slavery Society.
57. The name of the anti-slavery weekly started by William Lloyd Garrison.
58. The law that allowed owners and their hired slave catchers seize suspected runaway and carry them back to bondage.
59. The enormously successful treatise on natural science and moral improvement. 60. Book by Harriet Beecher Store charged that among the greatest moral failings of
D. Matching People, Places, and Things
Match the person, place, or event in the left column with the proper description in the right column by inserting the correct letter on the answer line.
___ 61. Second Great Awakening ___ 62.Transcendentalism ___ 63. “The American Scholar” ___ 64. Henry David Thoreau ___ 65. Walden
___ 66. Margaret Fuller ___ 67. Brook Farm ___ 68. The Liberator
___ 69. William Lloyd Garrison ___ 70. Uncle Tom’s Cabin ___ 71. Ralph Waldo Emerson ___ 72. The Shakers
___ 73. Charles Fourier ___ 74. Immanuel Kant ___ 75. Moby Dick
___ 76. Nathaniel Hawthorne
A. A book by Henry David Thoreau is one of the best-known non-fiction books written by an American.
B. A 19th century American novelist and short story writer
C. The first women's rights convention held in the United States, and as a result is often called the birthplace of feminism.
D. An American author, naturalist, transcendentalist, tax resister, development critic, and philosopher who is best known for Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay, Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state
E. A speech given by Ralph Waldo Emerson in 1837 to the Phi Beta Kappa Society in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
F. A journalist, critic and women's rights activist.
G. A transcendentalist Utopian experiment that was put into practice by
transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley and his wife Sophia Ripley.
H. The second great religious revival in United States history and consisted of renewed personal salvation experienced in revival meetings.
I. An abolitionist newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison in 1831. ___ 77. Dorothea Dix
___ 78. Seneca Falls ___ 79. Susan B. Anthony ___ 80. Mormonism
J. A term used to describe the religious, ideological, and cultural elements of certain branches of the Latter Day Saint movement.
K. A group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in New England in 19th century.
L. A prominent, independent and well-educated American civil rights leader who played a pivotal role in the 19th century women's rights movement to secure women's suffrage in the United States.
M. An American essayist, poet, and leader of the Transcendentalist movement in the early nineteenth century.
N. A German philosopher from Königsberg in East Prussia.
O. A Protestant religious denomination officially called the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing.
P. A French utopian socialist and philosopher.
Q. An American activist on behalf of the indigent insane who, through a vigorous program of lobbying state legislatures and
the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums.
S. An anti-slavery novel by American author, Harriet Beecher Stowe.
T. A prominent United States abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer known as the editor of the radical abolitionist newspaper,
The Liberator, and as one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.
E. Matching Cause and Effect
Match the historical cause in the left column with the proper effect in the right column by writing the correct letter on the blank line.
Cause
___ 81.Transcendentalists preached self-realization and individualism. ___ 82. Brook Farm attempted to become
self-sufficient in food production and exchanging surplus.
___ 83. William Lloyd Garrison wrote “The Liberator”.
___ 84. Abolitionist meeting in 1830 at Philadelphia.
___ 85. The U.S. acquired Mexican northern territories.
___ 86. John Humphrey Noyes’ deeply religious and radical ideals.
Effect
A. The Mormon Church was formed by Joseph Smith
B. Added to the growing racism in the cities and U.S.
C. Rural migrants and foreign immigrants created a new culture and urban cities
D. Mormons had lived their lives practicing polygamy and reorganized the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
E. Many women wrote books stating the horrors facing women, such as Uncle Tom’s Cabin or Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl.
___ 87. Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s activism in the fight for women’s suffrage.
___ 88. The publishing of “Conversations on Common Things”
___ 89. The conservative ideals of previous utopians had been enhanced.
___ 90. Rapid creation of Utopian societies and new communities.
___ 91. A new naturalist, individualistic form of thinking had formed.
___ 92. Minstrel shows in urban cities performed by white actors in blackface.
___ 93. Following the death of Joseph Smith, Brigham Young led the Mormons to Mexican territory in present day Utah ___ 94. The commercialization of sex, and sex
in general in the new urban culture. ___ 95. Samuel Cornish had published the first
African American newspaper, the Freedom’s Journal.
___ 96. The religious ideals of the Second Great Awakening taught racial equality ___ 97. Many whites despised abolition and
attempted to hinder many attempts to remove slavery.
___ 98. Reverend Fowler preached about republican motherhood
___ 99. This mistreatment of women and sexual slavery.
___ 100. White workers of the north take action in violent mobs.
F. Transcendentalists had emerged as the American naturalists of their time.
G. Helped immediate abolition of slavery without compensations to slaveholders.
H. Led to economic failure and eventual dissipation of the colony
I. Led to the treatise on natural science and moral improvement.
J. Sporting men who engaged in sexual conquests had been very common.
K. Slave revolts and threatened violence.
L. Mormons petitioned to create a new state in the Salt Lake area.
M. Furthered the movement for abolition and black respectability
N. Seneca Falls Convention was held in New York in 1848.
O. The gender equal society of Oneida was created.
P. More religious men had been attracted to fight for the abolitionist cause.
Q. The Fugitive Slave Law was passed.
R. Women strove to break out of the home and gain more rights.
S. Hundreds of lectures preaching an individualistic lifestyle had been made.
Answer Sheet
1. F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T 6. F 7. T 8. F 9. T 10. F 11. T 12. T 13. T 14. F 15. T 16. T 17. F 18. T 19. T 20. F 21. b. 22. c 23. a 24. c 25. d 26. a 27. b 28. c 29. c 30. a 31. d 32. a 33. a 34. c 35. b 36. d 37. c 38. a 39. b 40. a 41. Transcendentalism 42. Individualism43. Ralph Waldo Emerson 44. Immanual Kant 45. Lyceum
46. Henry David Thoreau 47. Walden
48. Moby Dick 49. The Shakers 50. Charles Fourier 51. Socialism
52. John Humphrey Noyes 53. Mormonism
54. Brigham Young
55. Freedom’s Journal 56. William Lloyd Garrison 57. The Liberator
58. Fugitive Slave Law
59. Conversations on Common Things 60. Uncle Tom’s Cabin
61. H 62. K 63. E 64. D 65. A 66. F 67. G 68. I 69. T 70. S 71. M 72. O 73. P 74. N 75. R 76. B 77. Q 78. C 79. L 80. J 81. S 82. H 83. G 84. K 85. L 86. O 87. N 88. I 89. A 90. C 91. F 92. B 93. D 94. J 95. M 96. P 97. Q 98. R 99. E 100. T
