A
b
st
r a ct
M
i
tc
h
el l
H
.E
.D y
rd
ah l
:D O C
a nd D O N R
em
o v al
at
F
ul l
-Sc a
l
eM
IE X I
n st
al l
at
i
o n s an
d
T
h
eir
R
el
at
i
o n sh i
p t
oIn
f lu e n
t
O
rg
a nic
M
at t
e rC h
a r a cte r
i
st
ic s
(
U
nd
e rt
h
ed ir e c
t
i
o n of
D
r.P
h i l i
p
C
.Si
ng
e r)
T h
e
m
ag
n eti
ci
o n e x ch
a ng
ep
r o c e s s(
M
I E X
)
i
s a re
l
at
i
v el
y
n ew
p
r o c e s s u s ed i
nd
ri
nk i
ng
w
at
e rt
r e at
m
e nt
p
l
a nt
st
o r em
o v e n atu r al
o rg
a nic
m
at
e ri
al
(
N
O
M
)
fr o
m
r aw d
ri
nk i
ng
w
ate r
.I
t
i
su s e
d
p
ri m
a ri l
y
a s ap
r e-t
r e at
m
e nt p
r o c e s s,p
ri
o rt
o c o ag
ula
t
io n
, o xi d
ati
o n, a nd d i
sin
f
e cti
o n , a nd
s
i g
ni fi
c a nt
l
y
r ed
u c e s r eq
ui
r ed
d
o s e s of
d
ow
n st
r e am
ch
em
i
c al
s a sw
el l
a st
h
efo r
m
at
io n
of
d is
i
nf
e ct
io n
b
y p
r od
u ct
sA
p
r e vi
o u s st
ud
y
b
y
o u rg
r o up
e x am i
n ed
a nd
c om
p
a r ed
r eq
ui
sit
e r e sin
d
o s e sf
o
rth
e r em
o v al
of N O
M
i
nl
ab
o r at
o ry
b
at
ch
e xp
e ri m
e nt
sw i
t
h
c o nt
i
n u o u s-fl
o
w
p
i l
ot
-s c al
ea
n
d fi
jl l
-s c al
em
e a s u r em
e nt
s, a n
d
i
nt
eg
r at
ed
t
h
efi
nd
i
ng
si
nt
o af
r am
ew
o rk f
o r a s s e s si
ng
t
h
ep
e rf
o rm
a n c e of
t
h
eM
I
E X
p
r o c e s s.T
h
e ob
j
e cti
v e of
th i
s r e s e a r ch
w
a st
o e x am i
n eth
ep
e rf
o rm
a n c e of f
ul l
-s c al
eM
I E X i
n st
al la
ti
o n si
nt
e rm
s of
t
h
e r em
o v al
of d
i
s s olv e
d
o rg
a ni
c c a rb
o n(
D O
C
)
,d i
s s ol
v ed
o rg
a ni
c ni
t
r og
e n(
D
O N
)
, a nd
ul
t
r a vi
ol
et
-a
b
s o rb i
ng
s ub
st
a n c e s(
U V 2 5 4
)
f
r om
r a
w w
at
e r s c o nta
i
nin
g
N
O
M
w i
t
h d
i
f f
e r e nt
ch
em i
c al
ch
a r a ct
e ri
st
i
c sR
ep
r e s e nta
t
iv e
s am
p
l
e s of
r aw w
at
e r,tr e a
t
ed w
ate r
, a nd w
a st
eb
rin e
w
e r e c ol l
e ct
ed f
r om
th
eM
I E X
p
r e-tr e a
t
m
e nt
f
a ci l it
i
e s at
s e v e nd
rin
k i
ng
w
ate r
ut
i l i
ti
e sf
r om
a r o u nd
t
h
e c o u ntr
y
a nd
s
h i
p p
ed
t
ot
h
eU
niv e r s
i
t
y
of N
o rth C
a r ol i
n aw h
e r eth
ey
w
e r e a n al
y
z ed f
o rD O
C
,D
O N
,U
V 2
5 4
,a n
d h
y
d
r op h
ob ic
o rg
a ni
c a ci d
s(
H P O
A
)
.S
p
e ci f
i c ult
r a vi
ole
t
ab
s o rb
a n c e(
S U
V A
)
of
e a ch
of
th
es a
m
p
l
e sw
a s c alc u
la
t
ed
.T h
ew
at
e r sw
e r e al
s o s ub
j
e cte
d
t
o e x ci
ta
t
io n
-e
m i
s sio n
fl
u o r e s c e n c em
e a s u r eme nts
(
E E
M
s)
O
p
e r at
i
o n sd
at
af
r om
th
ep l
a nt
s, eg
i
nfl
u e nt
a nd
ef fl
u e nt
fl
ow
r at
e s,T h
e r e s ul
t
si
nd i
c at
et
h
at
t
h
e r em
o v al
of
D O C
,U V 2 5 4
, a nd
D O N
i
n cre a s ed
w i
t
h
i
n c r e a si
ng S U V A
of
t
h
ei
nf l
u e nt w
at
e rT h
el
at t
er-m
e n
t
i
o n ed
r el
at
i
o n sh i p i
s n ot
ew
o rt
h y b
e c a u s ei
t
i
m
p l i
e st
h
at
si g
ni f i
c a nt
am
o u nt
s of D O N
c a nb
e r em
ov ed b y
t
h
eM
I E X
p
r o c e s sS U V A
de c r e a s e
d
a c r o s st
h
eM
I E X
p
ro c e s s ow i
ng
t
ot
h
e ob
s e r v at
i
o nt
h
at
U V
-ab
s o rb i
ng
o rg
a ni
cs u
b
st
a n c e sw
e r ep
r ef
e r e nt
i
al l y
r em
o v ed
r el
at
i
v et
o o v e r al l D O C
.T h
ew
a st
eb ri
n e sh
ad h i g h
e rS U V A
v al
u e sw h i
ch i
s c o n si
st
e nt
w i
t
h
t
h i
sf i
nd i
ng
.S i
m
i l
a r r e s ul
t
sw
e r e ob
s e r v ed
w
i
t
h
r e sp
e ct t
ot
h
eH P O A
.M
a s sb
al
a n c e s a c r o s st
h
eM
I E X
p
r o c e s sw
a sp
e rf
o rm
ed
o n o rg
ani
c c a rb
o nt
ov a
l i d
at
e c o n cl
u si
o n sb
a s ed
o nt
h
e ab
o v e r e s ul
t
s, a nd
sh
ow
ed g
o od
ag
re em
e nt
b
et
w
e e nt
h
em
a s sA
ck
n ow l
ed g
em
e nt
sF i
r st
a nd f
o r em
o st
,I w
o ul d l i k
et
ot
h
a nk D
r.S i
ng
e rf
o rg i
vi
ng
m
et
h
e op p
o rt
u ni
t
y
t
oc o n
d
u ct
r e s e a r ch
und
e rh i
s a u sp i
c e s a nd l
e ad
ersh i p
a nd
t
o st
ud y
at
af i
r st
-cl
a s s
i
n st
i
t
uti
o n s u ch
a st
h
eD
ep
artm
e nt
of E
n vi
r o nm
e nt
al S
ci
e n c e s a nd E
ng i
n e eri
ng
at t
h
eU
ni
v e r si
t
y
of N
o rt
h C
a r ol i
n a.H
eh
a sb
e e n a n e x c el l
e nt
m
e nt
o r a nd
t
e a ch
e r,b
ot
h i
n a nd
o ut
of
t
h
e cl
a s s r o om
, a nd h
a sm
ad
em
y
g
r ad
u at
e s ch
o ol
exp
eri
e n c em
o st
r ew
a rd i
ng
.I w
oul d
al
s ol i k
et
oth
a nk D
r s.C
o ry
a nd C
oronel l
f
o r si
t ti
ng
o nm
y
M
a st
e r 's c o
m m
i
t t
e e.C
on s ci
o u s a sI
am
of
th
ei
rm
y
ri
ad
c om
m i
tm
ent
s,I
a
p p
r e ci
at
et
h
eti
m
et
h
ey h
ave c a r v ed i
nt
oth
ei
rb
u sy
s ch
ed
ul
e sf
o rt
h
e r e ad i
ng
and d
ef
e n s e of
m
y
t
e ch
ni
c al
r ep
o rt.
M
r.M
i
ch
a el B
o u rk
e , vi
c e
-p
r e si d
e nt
of O ri
c aW
at
e r c a r eI
n c.,
w
a s al
s oh
el p f
ul
i
np
r o vi d i
ng i
nf
o rm
at
i
o n r eg
a rd i
ng
t
h
e uti l i
t
i
e si
nt
h i
s st
ud y
.M
y
f ri
e nd
s a nd
c ol l
e ag
u e si
nt
h
eS i
ng
e rl
ab
g
r o up h
a v em
ad
em
y
ed
u c at
i
o n al
a nd
r e s e a r c
h
e xp
eri
e n c eri
ch
e r a nd
m
o r e e nj
oy
ab l
e.I w
o ul d l i k
et
ot
h
a nk R y
a nG
ust
af
s o nf
orh
el p i
ng
m
ew i
th i
n o rg
a ni
c ni
t
r og
e nm
e a s u r em
e nt
s a nd f
o rh i
sf ri
e nd
sh i p i
ng
e n e r al d
uri
ng
th
ep
a st
2 1
m
o nt
h
s.I w
o ul d
al
s ol i k
et
oth
a nk R y
a nK i
ng
sb
u ry
a nd R i l
ey F l
ow
e r sf
o r al l
of
th
ei
rc o
l l
ab
o r at
i
on a nd
th
ei
rw i l l i
ng
n e s st
o sh
a r e e xp
e rti
s e.I
c a n n ot
i
m
ag i
n e ab
et t
e rg
r oup
of
p
e op l
et
ow
o rk
am
o ng
, a nd
m
ak
ef ri
e nd
sw i
t
h
,d
uri
ng
m
y g
r ad
u at
e st
ud i
e s.R
o ry P
ol
e r aw
a s al
s o v e ry
g
e n e r o u sw i
th h i
st
i
m
e a nd
a s si
st
a n c ei
n ob
t
ai
ni
ng E E
M
s of
m
y w
at
e r s am
p l
e s.A
nd l
a st
,b
ut
c e rt
ai
nl y
n ot
l
e a st,
I
ow
e a sp
e ci
al d
eb
t
of g
r at
it
ud
et
om
y p
ar e n ts(
C
ol
eD y
rd
ah l
a nd
L i
nd
aE h l
e nf
el d
t
)
,b
r ot
h
e r(M
at t
D y
rd
ah l
)
, a nd
f i
a n c e(
V
al
e nti
n aB h
a rg
a v a)
F
r u st
r at
ed
a nd
s e em
i
ng l y
o v e rw h
el
m
ed
at t
i
m
e sw i
t
h
a s om
ew h
at
d
eb i l i
t
ati
ng
m
ed i
c al
c o nd i
ti
o n,t
h
ei
rl
o vi
ng
s up p
o rt
, a nd
adm
o ni
t
i
o nw h
e n n e c e s s a ry
,w
a s a c o n st
a nt
s o u r c e of
e n c o u r ag
em
e nt
T
ab l
e of C
o n t e nt
sIn
t
r od
u cti
o n1 0
L i
te r a
t
u r eR
e vi
ew
1 2
2
.1 N
at
u r al O
rg
ani
cM
at t
er(
N O
M )
1 2
2
.1
.1 S
o u r c e s of N
at
u r al O
rg
a ni
cM
at t
e r1 3
2
.1
.2 C h
ara ct
e ri
st
i
c s of N
at
u r al O
rg
a ni
cM
at t
e r1 4
2
.1
.3 C
o n c e r n s ab
o ut
N O
M
i
nR
aw D
ri
nk i
ng
W
ate r
2 1
2
.2 R
em
o v al
of N O
M
f
r om
R
aw D
ri
nk i
ng
W
at
e r2 3
2
.2
.1 C
o ag
ul
at
i
o n2 3
2
.2
.2 A
ct
i
v at
ed C
a rb
o nA d
s o rp
ti
o n2 4
2
.2
.3
M
em b
r a n eF i l
tr a
t
i
o n2 6
2
.2
.4 A
ni
o nE
x ch
ang
e2 7
2
.3
M
I E X
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r
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72 8
2 3 1 T h
eM
I E X p
r o c e s s3 0
2
.3
.2 F
a cto r s a
f f
e cti
ng p
e rf
o rm
a n c e of
M
I E X p
ro c e s s3 3
M
at
e ri
al
s a nd
M
et
h
ods
3 5
3
.1 G
e n e r al E
xp
eri
m
e nta
l A p p
r o a ch
3 5
3
.2 C
ol l
e cti
o n a nd h
a nd l i
ng
of w
at
e r s3 5
3
.3 P
r ep
a r ati
o n of g l
a s sw
a r e3
6
3
.4 D
es cri p
t
i
o n of U
ti l i
ti
e s3 6
3
.5 A
n al y
t
i
c al
m
et
h
od
s3 7
3
.5 1 p H
3 7
3
.5
.2 U l
t
r a vi
ol
et
ab
s o rb
a n c e3 8
3
.5
.3 T
ota
l O
rg
a ni
cC
a rb
o n a nd D i
s s ol
v ed O
rg
a ni
cC
a rb
o n3 8
3
.5
.4 N i
t
r og
e nA
nal y
si
s4 0
3
.5 5 T
ota
l D i
s s ol
v ed N i
tr o
g
e n4 0
3
.5
.6 N i
t
r at
e a nd N i
tr
i
t
e4 1
3
.5
.7 A m m
o ni
a4 3
3
.5
.8 D i
s s ol
v ed
o rg
a ni
c ni
t
r og
e n4 3
3
.5 9
X A D
-8 F
r a c
t
i
o n ati
o n4 4
3
.5
.1 0 F l
u o r e s c e n c e4 4
4
.1 S
um m
a ry
of
W
at
e rQ
u al i
t
y C h
a r a ct
e ri
st
i
c s a nd O p
e r ati
ng P
a r am
et
e r s4 6
4
.2 R
el
at
i
o n sh i p
sA
m
o ng R
aw
W
at
e rQ
u al i
t
y P
a r am
et
e r s4 9
4
.3 T
r e at
ed w
at
e rq
u al i
t
y
a nd
ef f
e ct
s of
r aw w
at
e rq
u al i
t
y
ch
a r a ct
e ri
st
i
c s a nd p
r o c e s s op
e r at
i
ng
c o n
d i
ti
o n s o nt
h
e r em
o v al
of U V 2 5 4
-ab
s o rb i
ng
s ub
st
a n c e s,D O C
, a nd D O N
5 1
4 4
A
n al
y
si
s of w
a ste
b
ri
ne6
1
4
.5
M
a s sB
al
a n c e6 3
C
o n cl
u si
o n s6 6
5
.1 C
o n cl
u si
o n s6 6
5
.2 R
e c o n am
e nd
ati
o n sf
o rF
u rth
e rR
e s e a r ch
6 8
R
ef
e r e n c e s :6 9
A p p
e nd i
c e s7 4
A p p
e nd i
xA
:I
n o rg
a ni
cN i
t
r og
e nC
al i b
rati
o nC
ur v es7 4
L i
st
of T
ab l
e sT
ab l
e2
.1 C h
a r a ct
eri
st
i
c s of
v ari
o u sf
r a ct
i
o n s of N O
M
f
r om
a v ari
et
y
of
s o u r c ew
at
e r s(
m
od i f i
ed
fr o
m
ori g i
n al
,L
e e et
al
.(
2 0 0 7
)
)
1 7
T
ab l
e3
.1 U
t
i l i
t
y
a nd S
o u r c eW
at
e r s3 7
T
ab l
e4
.1 R
aw
W
at
e rQ
u al i
t
y C h
a r a ct
eri
st
i
c s a nd P
r o c e s sO p
e r at
i
ng P
a r am
et
e r s4 7
T
ab l
e4
.2 T
r e at
ed
w
at
e rq
u al i
t
y
ch
a r a ct
eri
st
i
c s. .5 2
T
ab l
e4
.3 Pe
rc e nt
R
em
o v al
of U V 2 5 4
-A b
s o rb i
ng S
ub
st
a n c e s,D O C
, a nd D O N
. .5 3
T
ab l
e4
.4
W
a st
eB ri
n eC h
a r a ct
eri
st
i
c s6 1
T
ab l
e4
.5
M
a s sb
al
a n c e o n org
a ni
c c a rbo n
r em
o v al
a nd
o rg
a ni
c c a rb
o ni
nw
a st
eb ri
n e6 5
T
ab l
eB
-1
:D O N
f
o rA
ug
u st
2 0 0 9 S
am
p l
eR
o u nd
7 6
T
ab l
eB
-2
:D O N f
o rN
ovem b
e r2 0 10 S
am
p l
eR
o u nd
7 7
T
ab l
eB
L i
st
of F i g
ure sF i g
u r e2
.1 R
el
at
i
o n sh i p b
et
w
e e nD O C / D O N
r at
i
o s a nd S U V A
v al
u e s of
v ari
o u sf
r a ct
i
o n s of
N O
M
fr o
m
a v ari
et
y
of
s o u r c ew
at
e r s1 7
F i g
u r e2
.2 C
r o s sp l
o t sb
et
w
e e nN O
M
q
u al i
ty
(
S U V A
a nd F I
)
a nd q
u a nt
i
t
y
(
D O C
)
p
aram
et
e r sf
o r a n a r r ay
of d i
v erse aq
u at
i
c e c o sy
st
em
s(
r ep ri
nt
ed f
r om
J
af f
e et
al
.,2 0 0 8
)
2 0
F i g
u r e2
.3 Sc
he
m
at
i
c of
st
a nd
a rd
M E
X p
r o c e s s3 1
F i g
u r e2 4 S
ch
em
at
i
c of
M
I E X h i g h
-r at
ef l
ui d i
z ed
-b
ed p
r o c e s s3 2
F i g
u r e4
.1 R
el
at
i
o n sh i p b
et
w
e e nSU V A
a nd h y d
r op h
ob i
c o rg
a ni
c a ci d
c o nt
e nt
of
r aw w
at
e r si
n v e st
i g
at
ed
5 0
F i g
u r e4
.2 R
el
at
i
o n sh i p b
et
w
e e nF l
u o r e s c e n c eIn
d
e x a nd S U V A
of
r aw w
at
e r s5 1
F i g
u r e4
.3 R
el
at
i
o n sh i p b
et
w
e e nF l
u o r e s c e n c eI
nd
e x a nd % H P O A
of
r aw w
at
e r5 2
F i g
u r e4
.4 E f f
e ct
of S U V A
o nt
h
e r em
o v al
of
ul
t
r a vio
l
et
-a
b
s o rb in
g
m
at
eri
al
s5 4
F i g
u r e4
.5 E f f
e ct
of S U V A
o nt
h
e r em
o v al
of d i
s s ol
v ed
o rg
a ni
c c a rbo n
5 4
F i g
u r e4
.6 E f f
e ct
of
S
U V A
o nt
h
e r em
o v al
of d i
s s ol
v ed
o rg
a ni
c ni
t
r og
e n5 5
F i g
u r e4
.7 C
om p
a ri
s o nb
et
w
e e nD O N
a nd D O C
r em
ov al
5 5
F i g
u r e4
.8 I
m
p
a ct
of
ef f
e ct
i
v e r e si
ndo s e
o n r em
oval
of
ul
t
r a vi
ol
et
-ab
s or
b i
ng
s ub
st
a n ces5 6
F i g
u r e4
.9 C
om
p
ari
s o n of F l
u o r e s c e n c eI
nde x
i
n r aw
a nd
t
r e at
ed
s am
p l
e s of w
at
e r si
n v e st
i g
at
ed
..5 7
F i g
u r e4
.1 0 C
om
p
ari
s o n of S U V A i
n r aw
a nd
t
r e at
ed
s am
p l
e s of w
at
e r si
n v e st
i g
at
ed
57
F i g
u r e4 1 1 R
el
at
i
o n sh i p b
et
w
e e nD O C / D O N
r at
i
o a nd S U V A
of
r aw w
at
e r si
n v e st
i g
at
ed
T h
eD O N m
e a s urem
e nt
st
h
at
w
e r eB D L
a r e n ot
sh
ow
n5 9
F i g
u r e4
.12 R
el
at
i
o n sh i p b
et
w
e e nD O C / D O N
r at
i
o a nd S U V A f
o rt
r e at
ed w
at
e r s.T h
eD O N
m
e a s u r em
e nt
st
h
at
w
e r eB D L
a r e n ot
sh
ow
n6 0
F i g
u r e4
.1 3 R
el
at
i
o n sh i p b
et
w
e e nD O C / D
O
N
r at
i
oi
n r aw
a nd
t
r e at
ed
st
r e am
s.T h
eD
O
N
m
e a s u r em
e nt
st
h
at
w
e r eB D L
a r e n ot
sh
ow
n6 0
F i g
u r e4
.14 C
om
p
a ri
s o nb
et
w
e e nD O C / D O N
r at
i
oi
n r aw
w
at
e r a nd w
a st
eb ri
n e.T h
eD O N
m
e a s urem
e nt
st
h
at
w
e reB D L
are n ot
sh
ow
n6 3
F i g
u r e4
.15 C
om
p
ari
s o nb
et
w
e e nS U V A i
n r aw w
at
e r a nd w
a st
eb ri
n e6 3
F i g
u r e4 16 C
om
p
ari
s o n of
t
h
e am
o u nt
of
o rg
a ni
c c a rb
o n r em
o v ed
t
ot
h
e am
o u nt
of
org
a ni
c c a rb
onw
a st
ed
.T h
ef
our s am
p l
e sf
rom
t
h
eO h i
of
a ci l i
t
i
e s are n ot
i
n cl
ud
ed
6 5
F i g
u r eA
-1
:I l l
u st
r at
i
v e e xt
e r n al
c al i b
r at
i
o n c u rv ef
o rN O
37 N O
2 "7 4
F i g
u r eA
-2
:I l l
u st
r at
i
v ei
nt
e r n al
c al i b
r at
i
o n c u rv ef
o rN O
37 N O
2'
7 4
F i g
u r eA
-3
:I l l
u st
r at
i
v e e xt
ern
al
c al i b
r at
i
o n c u r v ef
o rN H
3/ N H
4^
7 5
F i g
u r eB
-1
:R
el
at
io n s
h i p b
et
w
e e nt
h
e ch
a ng
ei
nU V 2 5 4
-a
b
s o rb i
ng m
at
e ri
al
s a nd
ch
a ng
ei
nD O C
o
f
t
h
e r aw
w
at
e r a c r o s st
h
eX A D
-8
c ol
um
n7 8
F i g
u r eB
-2
:R
el
at
i
o n sh i p b
et
w
e e nt
h
e ch
a ng
ei
nU V 2 5 4
-ab
s o rb i
ng
m
at
eri
al
s a nd
ch
a ng
ei
nD O C
of
t
h
et
re at
ed w
at
e r a cro s sX A D
-8
c ol
um
n, as
m
e a s ured b
efo r e
and
af
t
ert
h
ew
at
e rw
a sp
a s s ed
t
h
r o ug h
t
he
c ol
um
n7 8
F i g
u r eB
-3
:R
el
at
i
o n sh i p b
et
w
e e nt
h
e ch
a ng
ei
nU V 2 5 4
-ab
s o rb i
ng
m
at
eri
al
s and
ch
a ng
ei
nD O C
o
f
t
h
ew
a st
eb ri
n e a c r o s st
h
eX A D
-8
c ol
um
n7 9
F i g
u r eB
-4 E f f
e ct
of % H P O A
o nt
h
e r e
m
ov al
of
ul
t
ravi
ol
et
-a
b
s orb i
ng m
at
e ri
al
s7 9
F i g
ureB
F i g
ur eB
-6 E f f
e ct
of % H P O A
o nt
h
e r em
ov al
of d i
s s ol
v ed
o rg
a ni
c ni
t
rog
e n8 0
F i g
ur eB
-7 R
el
at
i
o n sh i p b
etw
e e nD O N
a nd S U V A
of
r aw w
at
e r s8 1
F i g
u r eB
-9
to
B
-2 9 E E
M
sf
o r r aw
,
tr e a
t
ed
, a nd w
a ste
b
ri
n e s. . .8 3
C h
ap t
e r1
I
nt
r od
u ct
i
o nT h
em
ag
n et
i
ci
o n e x ch
a ng
e(M
I E X
®)
p
r o c e s s,d
e v el
op
ed b y O
ri
c aW
at
e r c a r e of V i
ct
o ri
a,A
u st
r al i
a,
i
s a r el
at
i
v el y
n ew p
r o c e s s u s ed i
nd
ri
nk i
ng w
ate r
tr e a
t
m
e nt
p l
a nts
t
o rem
o v e n at
ur al
o r
g
a ni
cm
ate r
i
al
(
N O
M )
f
r om
r aw d
ri
nk i
ng w
at
e r .T h
ep
ol y
m
e rm
atr
i
x of
t
h
e st
r o ng b
a s e a ni
o ne x c
h
a ng
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n—
w
h i
ch h
a s ap
ol y
a c ry l i
c,m
a c r op
o r o u s st
r u ct
u r e,q
u ate r n a r
y
am
i
n ef
u n ct
i
o n al
g
r o up
s, a n
d
m
ed i
um
p
o r e si
z e a nd p
o r o si
t
y
—
i
si m p
r eg
n ate
d w i
t
h
am
ag
n et
i
z ed i
r o n o xi d
e ,t
h
e r eb y
c r e at
i
ng i
ts n o v e
l
m
ag
n et
i
cf
e at
u r et
h
at
f
a ci l i
t
at
e sf
a st
e r s et t
l i
ng
of
t
h
e r e si
n.A
s a r e s ul
t
,M
I E X
r e si
nb
e ad
s a r e sm
al l
e ri
nd i
am
et
e rt
h
a nt
r ad i
t
i
o n al i
o n e x ch
a ng
e r e si
n s a nd
c a n,
t
h
e r ef
o r e,b
e ap p l i
ed
to
r aw w
ate r
i
n sl
u r ry f
o rm
i
n a c om
p l
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l y
m
i
x ed f l
ow
r e a cto r
, r at
h
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a n af i
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-b
ed
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o rl i k
et
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t
i
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a ng
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nT h
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n at
i
o n of
t
h
i
sm
ag
n et
i
c r e si
nw i
t
h
au n
i q
u e c o nt
i
n u o u s-f l
ow i
o n e x c
h
a ng
ep
r o c e s sm
e a n st
h
at
M
I E X
r e si
n c a n r em
ov eN O
M
f
a st
e r ,a n
d i
n am
o r e c o st
-ef
f
e c
t
i
v em
a n n e r,
t
h
a ntr a
d i
t
i
o n al i
o n e x ch
a ng
e r e si
n s(
S l
u nj
sk i
et
al
.2 0 0 2
)
.F
u rt
h
e r,M
I E X
r e si
nh
a sb
e e n sh
ow
nto
rem
o v eb
ot
h h y d
r op h
ob i
c a nd h y d
r op h i l i
c o rg
a ni
cc ar
b
o n, a nd
o rg
a ni
cm
at
e ri
al
sw i
t
h
aw i d
e ra ng
e of m
ol
e c ul
a rw
ei g h
t
s(
S i
ng
er a nd B i l y k 2 0 0 2
,L
ee et
al
.2 0 0 3
)
T h
ef i
r st
f
ul l
-s c a
l
eM
I E X
p l
a nt
st
a rt
ed
op
e r at
i
o n si
nJ
ul y 2 0 0 1 i
nS
out
h
A
u str
al i
af
o rt
h
e r em
o v al
of D O C
.T h
e r e a r e c u rre nt
l y 1 7
M
I E X p l
a nt
si
n op
e r at
i
o ni
nt
h
eU
ni
te
d
S
t
at
e s,7
of w h i
ch
a r ei
n v e st
i g
at
ed i
nt
h i
s st
ud y
N O
M
, a ub i q
ui
to u s
c om
p
o n e nt
of
s u rf
a c ew
ate r s
,i
s c om
p
ri
s ed
of
a v a ri
et
y
of
h y d
r op h
ob i
c(
h
um i
c)
a nd
h y d
r op h i l i
c c om p
o u nd
st
h
at a ri
s ef
rom
n at
ur al
v eg
et
at
i
ved
e cay
p
r o c e s s e s a nd
t
h
eb y
-p
r od
u ct
s of l i
vi
ng
o rg
a ni
sm
s.I
t
i
s ad
v a nt
ag
e o u st
o r ed
uc et
h
eco n c en
t
rat
i
o n of N O
M
i
n raw
d
ri
nk i
ng w
at
e rb
e c a u sei
t
sp
r e s enc ei
n cre a s e st
h
e r eq
ui
r ed d
o s e s of
t
ri h
al
om
eth
a n e s a nd h
al
o a c eti
c a ci d
s.T h
e r efo r e
,M
I E X
r e si
ni
s u s ed p
ri
m
a ri l y i
n ap
r e-
t
re atm
e nt
p
r o c e s s,p
ri
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ul
ati
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ti
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si
nf
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i
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h
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.N i
t
r og
e n o u sD B F
s a r e of i
n c r e a si
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nth
ed
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ate r
i
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ustr
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c a nb
em
oreg
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o xi
ct
h
a nm
a ny
of
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h
e c u r r e nt
l y
r eg
ul
ate
d
c a rb
o n-b
a s ed D B F
s.
T h
e r ei
sl i
t t
l
ek
n ow
na
b
o ut t
h
e ef fi
c a cy
of
M
I E X
r esi
nt
o r em
ov ed i
s s ol
v ed
org
a ni
c ni
t
r og
en(D O N
)
W
ate r s
f
r om 7
of
th
e17
uti l i
t
i
e st
h
at
a r e ut
i l i
zi
ng
t
h
eM
I E X
p
ro c e s si
nt
h
eU S
,w i
t
h
v a r
i
o u sl
ev el
s of
r aw
w
at
e rD O C
,D O N
, a nd
ul
tr a v
i
ol
et
(
U V
)
-a
b
s o rb i
ng
s ub
st
a n c e s, a nd
d i f f
eri
ng w
at
e rq
u al i
t
y
ch
a r a cte
ri
sti
c s, s u ch
a s sp
e ci fi
cU V
ab
s o rb
a n c e(
S U V A
)
a nd p
e r c e nt
h y d
r op h
ob i
c o rg
a ni
c a ci d
c o nte n
t
(
% H F O A
)
,w
e r e ch
o s e nf
o ri
n v e st
i g
at
i
o ni
nth i
s st
ud y
.G
r ab
s a
m
p l
e sf
r om
t
h
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a nd
t
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ed
w
at
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m
s of
t
h
eM
I E X p
r o c e s s, a sw
el l
a sth
ew
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ai
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r om
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o r a nal y
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eth
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ci
nf
orm
ati
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p
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h
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e ob
j
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i
v e of
t
h i
s st
ud y
w
a st
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i
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h
ep
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a n c e of
a n ar r ay
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ul l
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i
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at
i
o n si
nt
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eU
ni
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ta
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th
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o v al
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, a nd U V
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b
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st
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r om
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at
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ai
ni
ng N O
M
w i
th d i f f
e r e nt
ch
em
i
c al
ch
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i
c s.F l
u o r e s c e n c em
e a s u r em
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ch
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u r e of
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h
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cm
at
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al i
nt
h
e v ari
o u s st
r e amsA
m
a s sb
al
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s op
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orm
ed
to
h
el p
v al i d
at
eC h
ap
t
e r2
L i
te r a
t
u r eR
e vi
ew
2
.1 N
atu r a
l
O
rg
a ni
cM
at t
e r(
N
O
M )
N O
M
i
s a c om
p
o si
t
et
e rm
u s ed
t
od
e s c ri b
e a c om p l
e xm
i
xt
u r e of
a r om
at
i
c a nd
al i p h
at
i
co r
g
a ni
cm
a c r om
ol
e c ul
e s r e s ul
t
i
ng f
r om
t
h
eb
r e ak d
ow
n of
aq
u at
i
c a nd
t
e r r e st
ri
al f l
o r a, s u ch
a sh
um
i
c a ci d
s,f
r om
d
e c ay i
ng p l
a nt
m
at
e ri
al
.I
t
c o n si
st
s of l
arg
e, c o
m
p l
e x o rg
a ni
cm
ol
e cul
e st
h
at
a r e
t
h
eb y
-p
r od
u ct
s of l i
vi
ng
o rg
a ni
sm
s, s u ch
a st
h
ep
ol y
s a c ch
a ri d
e s c r e at
ed b y b
a ct
e ri
ai
nt
h
ew
at
e r.S
u ch b
a si
c str u c
t
u r e s ar e c r e ate
d f
r om
c el l
ul
o s e,
ta n n
i
n, cut
i
n, a nd l i g
ni
n, al
o ng w i
t
h
ot
h
e rva r
i
o u sp
r ote
i
n s,l i p i d
s, a nd
s ug
a r s.N O
M
c a nh
a v e aw i d
e a r r ay
of f
u n ct
i
o n al g
r o up
s,
i
n cl
ud i
ng
a
m
i d
e s, carb
o xy l
s,h y d
r o xy l
s,k
eto n e s
, a nd
ot
h
e r s(
L
e enh
e er a nd C
r o u e2 0 0 3
)
H
et
e r og
e n e o u sm
ol
e c ul
a r ag g
r eg
at
e sf
u rt
h
e ri
n c r e a s et
h
e c om
p l
e xi
t
y
of N O
M
i
n n at
u r al w
at
e r s.N O
M
c a n e xi
st
i
nw
at
e ri
n v a ri
o u sf
o rm
s,i
n cl
ud i
ng p
a rt
i
c ul
ate
, c ol l
oi d
al
, a nd d i
s s ol
v ed
, a nd
i
s vi
rt
u al l y
u
b i q
ui
to u s
i
n n at
u r al w
at
e r sM
o st
N O
M
i
s c o n si d
e r ed
to
b
e r ef
r a cto r
y
t
o r ap i d b i
od
eg
r ad
at
i
o n ,i
.e.t
h
e r at
e s of b i
od
eg
r ad
at
i
o n a r e sl
ow
c om
p
a r ed
to o
t
h
e r o rg
ani
cm
at t
er.B i
od
eg
r ad
ab l
e o rg
a ni
cm
at t
e ri
sm
e a s ured b
a sed
o n op
erat
i
o n al l y d
efi
n ed p
roto c o
l
s, such
a st
h
e e xt
e nt
of b i
od
eg
r ad
at
i
o no v e r a
g i
v e nt
i
m
e.A
sd i
s c u s s ed b
el
ow i
nf
u rt
h
e rd
ep
t
h
,N O
M
c a n n ot
b
em
e a s u r ed d i
r e ct
l y
,b
ut
su r r o
g
at
em
e a s u r em
e nt
s s u ch
a s ul
t
r avi
ol
et
2 5 4
(
U V 2 5 4
)
ab
s o rb
a n c e, e x ci
t
at
i
o n em
i
s si
o nm
at ri
xf l
u o r e s c e n c e sp
e ct
r o s c op y
(
E E
M
s)
,t
ota
l
o rg
a ni
c c a rb
o n(
T O C
)
,d i
s s ol
v ed
o rg
a ni
c c arb
o n(
D O C
)
, a nd
sp
e ci fi
cU V
ab
s o rb
a n c e(
S U V A
)
,w h i
ch i
st
h
e rat
i
o of U V 2 5 4
t
oD O C
, c a np
r ovi d
ei
n si g h
t
i
nt
ot
h
e n atu r e o
f N O
M
a nd i
t s c o n c e ntr a
t
i
o n.T
r eat
m
e nt
of
r aw d
ri
nk i
ng w
ate r
i
s stro ng l y i
nfl
u e nc ed b y
t
h
e n ature a nd
c o n c ent
rat
i
on of
5 0 m g / L
a sC i
nw
et
l
a nd
s a nd b
og
s(
L
et t
e rm
a n et
al
.,1 9 9 9
)
N O
M
i
s al
s o ap
r e c u r s o rm
at
e ri
al
f
o rt
h
ef
o rm
at
i
o n of d i
si
nf
e ct
i
o nb y p
r od
u ct
s(
D B F
s)
a nd
c a n c a u s et
a st
e a nd
od
o rp
r ob l
em
s(
L
e e nh
e e r a nd C
r o u e,2 0 0 3
)
F
u rt
h
e r,N O
M
al
s oi
m
p
a ct
sd
ri
nk i
ng w
at
e rt
r e at
m
e nt
p
ra ct
i
c e sb y
f
o ul i
ng
m
em
b
r a n e s a nd i
o n e x ch
a ng
e r e si
n s(
K
u ni
n1 9 7 2
,C l i f f
o rd 1 9 9 9
,T
ay l
o r a nd
W
i
e s n e r1 9 9 9
)
, c om
p
e ti
ng w i
t
h
m
i
c r op
ol l
ut
an tsf
or ad
so rp
t
i
o n si
t
e s on a ct
i
v at
ed
c a rb
o n, a nd i
nc r e a s e st
h
er e
q
ui
r ed
c o ag
ul
a nt
d
o s ef
o rp
a rt
i
cl
e o rt
u rb i d i
t
y
r em
o v al
(
D
em
p
s ey
et
al
.1 9 8 4
,
H
a rri
ng
t
o n19 9 7
,L
et t
e rm
a n et
al
1 9 9 9
)
A
n ot
h
e r c o n c e r ni
st
h
e s o rp
t
i
o n of
t
r a c ep
ol l
ut
a nt
s, s u ch
a sp h
a rm
a c e ut
i
c al
s a nd p
e st
i
ci d
e s,b y N O
M
a nd
t
h
ei
r e nh
a n c ed
m
ob i l i
t
y
N O
M
r e s e a r ch
c a nb
ed i
vi d
ed i
nt
ot
w
o c at
eg
ori
e s :w
h
ol
ew
at
e r st
ud i
e si
nw
h i
ch N O
M
i
sc
h
ara ct
e ri
z ed i
n v ari
o u st
y p
e s of w
at
e r s, a nd
st
ud i
e s of N O
M
f
r a ct
i
o n si
s ol
at
ed f
r om
n at
u r al
w
at
e r(
L
e e nh
e e r a nd C
r ou e2 0 0 3
)
.2
.1
.1 S
o u r c e s of N
at
u r al O
rg
a ni
cM
at t
e rA q
u at
i
cN O
M
i
s cl
as si f i
ed
a c c o rd i
ng
t
ot
h
e s o urc efr
om
w h i
ch
i
t
ori g i
n at
e s.A l l
o ch
t
h
o n o u s o rg
a ni
cm
at t
e r r ef
e r st
oN O
M
t
h
at
ori g i
n at
e sf
r om
t
e r r e st
ri
al w
at
e r sh
ed
s a nd
a u
t
o ch
t
h
o n o u s o rg
a ni
cm
at t
e ri
sd
e ri
ved f
r om
b i
ot
ag
r ow
i
ng w i
t
h i
nt
h
ew
at
e rb
od y
(
C
r o u e et
al
.1 9 9 9
)
.T h
e s o u r c e of
N O
M
i
s si g
ni f
i c a nt
b
e c au s eN O
M
c o n c e nt
r at
i
o n, c om p
o si
t
i
o n, a nd
c
h
em
i
st
ry
a r eh i g h l y
v a ri
ab l
e a nd d
ep
end
o nw h
erei
t
ori g i
n at
e sf
rom
.A d d i
t
i
on al f
a ct
or s s u ch
a st
em p
e r at
u r e,i
o ni
c st
re ng
t
h
,p H
,m
aj
o r c at
i
o n c om
p
o si
t
i
on of
t
h
ew
at
e r,t
h
e s u rf
ace ch
em
i
st
ry
of
s e
d im
e nt
s o rb
e nt
st
h
at
a ct
a s s ol
ub i l i
t
y
c o nt
r ol
s, a nd
t
h
ep
r e s e n c e of
p h
ot
ol y
t
i
c a nd
m
i
c r ob i
ol
og i
c al d
eg
r ad
at
i
o np
ro c e s s e s af f
e ct
N O
M (
L
e e nh
e e r a nd C
r o u e2 0 0 3
)
T h
em
aj
o rm
at t
e rd
eri
v ed f
rom
d
e c ay i
ng
v eg
et
at
i
on and d
e ad
org
a ni
sm
s(
C
ol l i
n s et
al
.,19 8 6
;
R
e ck h
ow
and
S i
ng
e r,19 9 0
;
C
r o u e et
al
.,1 9 9 9
)
.2
.1
.2 C h
a r a ct
e ri
st
i
c s of N
at
u r al
O
rg
a ni
cM
at t
e rH y d
r op h
ob i
cf
r a ct
i
o n s of N O
M
a r e of
t
e n r ef
e r r ed
t
o a sh
um
i
cm
at
eri
al
a nd
c a nb
ef
u rt
h
e rd i
vi d
ed i
nt
oh
um
i
c a ci d
s,f
ul
vi
c a ci d
s, a nd
n e ut
ral
s.H
um
i
c a ci d
s a r et
h
o s eh
um
i
c s ub
st
a n c e st
h
at
p
r e ci p i
t
at
e at
p H 1
,w h i l
ef
ul
vi
c a ci d
s r em
ai
n s ol
ub l
e(
S
t
um
m
a nd
M
o rg
a n19 9 6
)
H
um
i
c a ci d
sg
e n e r al l y h
a v eh i g h
a r om
at
i
ci
t
y
,w h
e r e a sf
ul
vi
c a ci d
s a r em
o r e al i p h
at
i
c a nd
c o nt
ai
nm
o r ec a r
b
o xy l i
c a nd p h
e n ol i
cf
u n ct
i
o n al g
r o up
s(
O w
e n et
al
.19 9 5
,K
r a s n e r et
al
.1 9 9 6
)
.N
u cl
e a rm
ag
n et
i
c r e s o n a n c e(
N
M
R
)
sp
e ct
r a of
t
h
eh y d
r op h
ob i
cf
r a ct
i
o n s e xh i b i
t t
h
eg
e n e r al f
e at
u r e s of
a
l i p h
at
i
c, al k
o xy l
, u n s at
u r at
ed
, a nd
c a rb
o ny l
c a rb
o n s(
W
o ng
et
al
.2 0 0 2
)
.O
rg
a ni
cm
at t
e rd
eri
v ed
f
r om h i g h
e rp l
a nt
si
s ch
a r a ct
eri
z ed b y h i g h
a r om
at
i
c c a rb
o n c o nt
e nt
a nd l
ow
ni
t
r og
e n c o nt
e nt
I
nc o n
t
r a st
,N O
M
d
eri
v ed fr
om
al g
a e,b
a ct
e ri
a, a nd
aq
u at
i
cp l
a nt
si
s e nri
ch
ed i
n al i p h
at
i
c c a rb
o na n
d
o rg
a ni
c ni
t
r og
en(
B
oy
e r et
al 2 0 0 8
)
.N
o n-h
um
i
cN O
M
i
sg
e n e r al l y
ch
a r a ct
eri
z ed
a sh y d
r op h i l i
c a nd
c o nt
ai
n sm
o r e al k
o xy l
c a r
b
o ng
r oup
st
h
at
a r e a s s o ci
at
ed w i
t
h
c a rb
oh y d
r at
e s(
W
o ng
et
al
.2 0 0 2
)
T h
e a r om
at
i
c c o nt
e nt
o
f h y d
r op h i l i
c o rg
a ni
cm
at t
e ri
sl
e s st
h
a nt
h
at
of h
um
i
c a ci d
s a nd f
ul
vi
c a ci d
s(
R
e ck h
ow
et
al
19 9 0
,K
r a s n e r et
al
1 9 9 6
)
.F
ul
vi
c a ci d
s a nd
t
h
eh y d
rop h i l i
cf
ra ct
i
o n of N O
M
h
ave ah i g h
erc o n c e n
t
r at
i
on of
c a rb
o xy l i
c a ci d
st
h
a nd
oh
um
i
c a ci d
s(
O w
e n et
al
.19 9 5
)
a nd
,t
h
e r ef
o r e,h
av e ah i g h
e r ch
a rg
ed
e n si
t
y
(
S i
ng
e r et
al
,2 0 0 9
)
T h
e s e ch
a r a ct
eri
st
i
c sm
e a nt
h
at
i
t
i
sm
o r ed i f f i
c ul
t t
oc o a