Cestodes
Cestodes
Habitat
Habitat
Features
Features
Egg/Larva
Egg/Larva
Mode
Mode
of
of
Infection
Infection
Hosts or
Hosts or
Vector
Vector
Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Disease/
Disease/
Treatment
Treatment
“Fish tapeworm/ “Fish tapeworm/ Broad Broad Tapeworm” Tapeworm” Largest tapeworm Largest tapeworm of man of man SmallSmall intestine intestine Unarmed Unarmed scolex;scolex; spoon shaped or spoon shaped or spatulate w/ spatulate w/ bothria bothria Uterus in rosette Uterus in rosette form form
Ova: bile stained, Ova: bile stained, ovoid, ovoid, operculated, thick operculated, thick shelled shelled embryonated embryonated coracidium coracidium procorcoid procorcoid (IH-cyclops) cyclops) plerocorcoid plerocorcoid (IH-fresh water fish) fresh water fish)
Ingestion of raw Ingestion of raw or uncooked or uncooked infected fish infected fish IS- Plerocercoid IS- Plerocercoid larva larva 1
1ststIH- cyclopsIH- cyclops 2
2ndndIH- freshIH- fresh water fishes water fishes FH-man, dog, cat FH-man, dog, cat
Microscopic exam Microscopic exam of feces for of feces for operculated eggs operculated eggs or vommited or vommited proglottids proglottids Diphyllobothriasiso Diphyllobothriasiso r Bothriacephalous r Bothriacephalous Anemia Anemia Prasiquantel Prasiquantel Niclozamide Niclozamide “beef tapeworm” “beef tapeworm” Small
Small intestine intestine Genital Genital pore pore isis marginal marginal Uterus is Uterus is dichotomous dichotomous Unarmed scolex Unarmed scolex Egg: Egg: Non-operculated; inner operculated; inner embryophore is embryophore is thick walled and thick walled and radially striated; radially striated; With an With an oncosphere oncosphere (hexacanth (hexacanth embryo) embryo) Larva : Larva : Cysticercus bovis Cysticercus bovis Eating of beef Eating of beef infected with infected with Cypticercus bovis Cypticercus bovis
IH- cattle, cow, IH- cattle, cow, buffalo buffalo FH- man FH- man Microscopic exam Microscopic exam of stool for eggs, of stool for eggs, proglottids or proglottids or scolex scolex Taeniasis- leading Taeniasis- leading to obstruction of to obstruction of organs organs Praziquantel Praziquantel Niclozamide Niclozamide “pork tapeworm” “pork tapeworm” Small
Small intestine intestine Armed Armed scolexscolex (hooklets shaped (hooklets shaped like daggers or like daggers or Arabian poniards) Arabian poniards) Uterus is dendritic Uterus is dendritic Genital pore is Genital pore is IS:Cypticercus IS:Cypticercus cellulosae cellulosae Ingestion of Ingestion of infected pork infected pork IS: Cypticersus IS: Cypticersus cellulone cellulone IH- pork IH- pork FH-man FH-man
Stool exams for Stool exams for eggs or proglottids
eggs or proglottids Cypticercosis;Cypticercosis;NeurocysticercosisNeurocysticercosis (most serious (most serious zoonotic disease) zoonotic disease) Praziquantel Praziquantel Niclozamide Niclozamide Diphyllobotrium Diphyllobotrium latum latum Larval stages: Larval stages: Taenia saginata Taenia saginata Taenia solium Taenia solium
Cestodes
Cestodes
Habitat
Habitat
Features
Features
Egg/Larva
Egg/Larva
Mode
Mode
of
of
Infection
Infection
Hosts or
Hosts or
Vector
Vector
Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Disease and
Disease and
Treatment
Treatment
“
“Hydatid worm/Hydatid worm/ Dog
Dogtapeworm” tapeworm” Smallest Smallest
tapeworm of man tapeworm of man
lymphatics
lymphatics -Scolex -Scolex bears bears 44 suckers and a suckers and a protrusible protrusible rostellum rostellum Egg: resembles Egg: resembles Taenia egg but Taenia egg but ovoid ovoid IS: embryonated IS: embryonated egg egg
IS: hydatid cyst IS: hydatid cyst
IH: sheep, goat, IH: sheep, goat, pig, cattle, horse pig, cattle, horse Definitive Host: Definitive Host: (canines like dogs, (canines like dogs, wolf, fox) wolf, fox) Accidental Accidental Host-Man Man radiographic radiographic findings findings Immuno diagnosis Immuno diagnosis Hydatid sand; Hydatid sand; Alveolar cyst Alveolar cyst Surgical removal/ Surgical removal/ Albendazole Albendazole “rat tapeworm” “rat tapeworm” Small
Small intestine intestine Uterus Uterus is is sac-likesac-like and transverse and transverse unarmed unarmed Egg: double Egg: double membrane membrane Larva: Larva: cysticercoid cysticercoid IS: Cysticercoiod IS: Cysticercoiod IH: fleas IH: fleas AH- man AH- man Eggs passed in Eggs passed in feces feces Hymenolepiasis Hymenolepiasis Praziquantel Praziquantel Dipylidium Dipylidium caninum caninum “Dog Tapeworm” “Dog Tapeworm” Double pored Double pored Rose thorn Rose thorn hooklets hooklets Gravid proglottids Gravid proglottids
Ova: Thin walled Ova: Thin walled and spherical and spherical
IS:
IS: Cysticercoid Cysticercoid IH:IH:
: Dog flea : Dog flea
Ctenophalides Ctenophalides files
files : cat flea: cat flea
Echinococcus Echinococcus Granulosus Granulosus Hymenolepsis Hymenolepsis diminuta diminuta Ctenocephalides Ctenocephalides canis canis Pulex irritans Pulex irritans:: human flea human flea Trichoedectas Trichoedectas canis
canis : dog flea: dog flea
Eggs passed in Eggs passed in feces feces Dipylidiasis Dipylidiasis Praziquantel Praziquantel “Dwarf “Dwarf tapeworm” tapeworm” Smallest Smallest Ileum Subglobular Ileum Subglobular armed rostellum armed rostellum Ova: spherical Ova: spherical w/inner embryo w/inner embryo has 3 pair of has 3 pair of lancets and lancets and intermembranous intermembranous
Ingestion
Ingestion of of eggseggs or of infected or of infected arthropod arthropod in in w/cw/c cysticercoid larve cysticercoid larve are released and are released and developed developed
DH:
DH: rodents rodents , , man man EmbryonatedEmbryonated eggs in feces eggs in feces Demonstration of Demonstration of characteristic ova characteristic ova in the stool in the stool Praziquantel Praziquantel Hymenolepsis Hymenolepsis nana nana
Trematodes
Trematodes
Habitat
Habitat
Features
Features
Egg/Larva
Egg/Larva
Mode
Mode
of
of
Infection
Infection
Hosts or
Hosts or
Vector
Vector
Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Disease and
Disease and
Treatment
Treatment
Schistosoma Schistosoma japonicum japonicum “Oriental blood “Oriental blood fluke” fluke” Schistosoma Schistosoma haematobium haematobium ““Vesical bloodVesical blood fluke” fluke” Schistosoma Schistosoma mansoni mansoni “Manson’s blood “Manson’s blood fluke” fluke”
smallest blood fluke smallest blood fluke
superior superior mesenteric mesenteric veins of the veins of the small intestine small intestine vesicle and vesicle and pelvic plexus pelvic plexus of the venous of the venous circulation; circulation; urinary bladder urinary bladder mesenteric mesenteric veins of colon veins of colon and rectum and rectum Eggs: Eggs: nonoperculated; nonoperculated; bottle neck egg bottle neck egg S.japonicum-lateral knob lateral knob S.haematobium-terminal spine terminal spine S.mansoni-lateral spine lateral spine Skin penetration Skin penetration IS: cercariae IS: cercariae for
forS. japonicum S. japonicum
Physopsis for Physopsis for S.S. haematobium haematobium and Australorbis and Australorbis for
for S. mansoni S. mansoni
Stool exam
Stool exam S. japonicum S. japonicum - -Katayama’s disease Katayama’s disease S. haematobium S. haematobium - -“Oriental Lung “Oriental Lung Fluke” Fluke” in pairs or in in pairs or in threes in fibrotic threes in fibrotic capsules or cysts capsules or cysts in the lungs in the lungs flattened flattened opercular and opercular and thick abopercular thick abopercular end end uncooked uncooked crustaceans crustaceans containing containing metacercariae metacercariae 2 2ndnd IH:
IH:Sundathelpusa Sundathelpusa philippina philippina oror Parathelpusa Parathelpusa grapsoides grapsoides Misdiagnosed on Misdiagnosed on pulmonarytubercu pulmonarytubercu losis losis Praziquantel Praziquantel Bithionol Bithionol “pancreatic worm” “pancreatic worm” pancreas
pancreas Stout Stout worm worm withwith ruffled margins ruffled margins oral sucker is oral sucker is
Ova: dark brown Ova: dark brown thick shelled and thick shelled and operculated operculated IH: : IH: : Macrochlamys Macrochlamys indica
indica (snail)(snail)
IH
IH: Onchomelania: Onchomelania
IH
IH: Bulimus and: Bulimus and
IH IH: Biomphalaria: Biomphalaria Bilharziasis or Bilharziasis or bloody urine bloody urine S. mansoni S. mansoni Swimmer’s itch Swimmer’s itch Praziquantel Praziquantel Paragonimus Paragonimus westermani westermani lungs
lungs Coffee Coffee or or beanbean shaped
shaped
Ova: oval; thick Ova: oval; thick shelled; with shelled; with Ingestion of Ingestion of insufficiently or insufficiently or IH: IH:Brotia Brotia asperata asperata (snail)(snail)
Feces and Feces and sputum exam sputum exam Paragonimiasis Paragonimiasis Eurytrema Eurytrema pancreaticum pancreaticum
Trematodes
Trematodes
Habitat
Habitat
Features
Features
Egg/Larva
Egg/Larva
Mode
Mode
of
of
Infection
Infection
Hosts or
Hosts or
Vector
Vector
Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Disease and
Disease and
Treatment
Treatment
“Giant Intestinal “Giant Intestinal Fluke” Fluke” Largest trematode Largest trematode intestineintestine no no cephalic cephalic conecone no shoulders no shoulders
operculated
operculated Ingestion Ingestion of of encysted encysted metacercariae on metacercariae on aquatic plants aquatic plants IS: metacercariae IS: metacercariae 1
1stst IH: snail-IH: snail-Segmentina sp. Segmentina sp. Hippentis sp. Hippentis sp. 2
2ndnd IH: freshIH: fresh water vegetation water vegetation
seed pods of seed pods of water caltrop water caltrop (( bulb of a fresh bulb of a fresh water chestnut water chestnut
Stool exam for Stool exam for unembryonated unembryonated eggs eggs Fasciolopsiasis Fasciolopsiasis Praziquantel Praziquantel “Garrism’s “Garrism’s fluke”fluke”
Intestine
Intestine Oral Oral suckerssuckers surrounded by surrounded by circumoral disk w. circumoral disk w. crown of spines crown of spines Ova:
Ova: “germ ball”“germ ball” egg egg dot-like dot-like operculum operculum Larvae: no Larvae: no sporocyst stage sporocyst stage but with 2 redial but with 2 redial stages stages Ingestion of Ingestion of infected fish or infected fish or vegetation vegetation Infective stage: Infective stage: metacercaria metacercaria IH: IH: 2 2ndndIH:IH: - - (susong pampang) (susong pampang) sp sp (clam) (clam)
Heterophydiasis
Heterophydiasis
“Von Siebold’s “Von Siebold’s Fluke” Fluke”Smallest but most Smallest but most pathogenic pathogenic
intestine
intestine With With 3 3 suckerssuckers oral, ventral and oral, ventral and genital genital Ova: As Ova: As Clonochis Clonochis sinensis sinensis ovumoperculated, ovumoperculated, unembryonated unembryonated No abopercular No abopercular protuberance protuberance Ingestion of Ingestion of metacercariae in metacercariae in infected fishes infected fishes IS: metacercariae IS: metacercariae Detection of eggs Detection of eggs in the stool using in the stool using Kato Katz method Kato Katz method
Unembryonated Unembryonated eggs eggs Praziquantel Praziquantel Fasciolopsis buski Fasciolopsis buski Trapa bicornis, Trapa bicornis, Trapa nutans) Trapa nutans) (Eliocharis (Eliocharis tuberosa) tuberosa) Echinostoma Echinostoma ilocanum ilocanum Gyraulus Gyraulus convexiusculus convexiusculus Gyraulus prashadi Gyraulus prashadi Pila Pila luzonica luzonica (kuhol)(kuhol)
Vivipara angularis Vivipara angularis Corbicula Corbicula Heterophyes Heterophyes heterophyes heterophyes
Trematodes
Trematodes
Habitat
Habitat
Features
Features
Egg/Larva
Egg/Larva
Mode
Mode
of
of
Infection
Infection
Hosts or
Hosts or
Vector
Vector
Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Disease and
Disease and
Treatment
Treatment
“S
“SHEEPHEEP LIVERLIVERFFLUKELUKE””
liver liver Conical projection Conical projection called cephalic called cephalic cone cone
Ova: looks like Ova: looks like hen’s egg hen’s egg Ingestion of Ingestion of metacercariae in metacercariae in aquatic plants aquatic plants IS: metacercariae IS: metacercariae IH:
IH:Lymnea Lymnea philippinensis philippinensis
(snail) (snail) 2
2ndndIH: blades of IH: blades of grass and water grass and water plants plants Unembryonated Unembryonated eggs eggs Fascioliasis Fascioliasis Bithionol Bithionol
“Chinese liver fluke” “Chinese liver fluke”
liver Unbranched liver Unbranched intestine intestine Ova: smallest Ova: smallest like an like an old-fashioned fashioned electric bulb electric bulb or pitcher-shaped or pitcher-shaped Ingestion of raw Ingestion of raw or undercooked or undercooked fish; salted and fish; salted and dried fishes dried fishes IS: metacercaria IS: metacercaria IH: IH: (snail) (snail) 2ndIH
2ndIH:Ctenophary :Ctenophary ngondon idellus ngondon idellus
(fish) (fish)
Embryonated
Embryonated egg egg ClonorchiasisClonorchiasis Triclabendazole Triclabendazole Bithionol Bithionol
ASCIOLA
ASCIOLA HEPATICAHEPATICA
ASCIOLA
ASCIOLA GIGANTICAGIGANTICA “G
“GIANTIANT LIVERLIVER FLUKEFLUKE Chlonorchis sinensis
Chlonorchis sinensis BulimusBulimus
fuschiana fuschiana
