Student's Manual(Physic 2009 experiment)

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Student’s Manual

Practical Physics

Paper 960/3

(School-based Assessment)

2008/2009 Session

Majlis Peperiksaan Malaysia

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1.0

1.0 General General information information 11

2.0

2.0 Practical Practical Work Work Assessment Assessment Guide Guide 22 3.0

3.0 Table Table of of Summary Summary of of Experiments Experiments 55 Experiment

Experiment 1 1 To determine To determine the the density density of of a a substance substance 77 Experiment

Experiment 2 2 To To verify verify the the principle principle of of conservation conservation of of linear linear momentum momentum 99 Experiment

Experiment 3 3 To To determine determine the the moment moment of of inertia inertia of of a a flywheel flywheel 1212 Experiment

Experiment 4 4 To To determine determine the the coefficient coefficient of of static static friction friction between between two two surfaces surfaces 1414 Experiment

Experiment 5 5 To To determine determine the the acceleration acceleration due due to to gravity gravity using using a a simple simple pendulum pendulum 1717 Experiment

Experiment 6 6 To To study study the the damped damped oscillation oscillation of of a a spring-mass spring-mass system system in in the the air air 2020 Experiment

Experiment 7 7 To To study study stationary stationary waves waves in in a a string string 2222 Experiment

Experiment 8 8 To To determine determine the the velocity velocity of of sound sound using using a a resonance resonance tube tube 2424 Experiment

Experiment 9 9 To To determine determine Young’s Young’s modulus modulus by by cantilever cantilever method method 2626 Experiment

Experiment 10 10 To To verify verify Charles’ Charles’ law law using using the the air air column column trapped trapped in in a a capillary capillary tube tube 2828 Experiment

Experiment 11 11 To To determine determine the the thermal thermal conductivity conductivity of of glass glass 3030 Experiment

Experiment 12 12 To detTo determine ermine the time the time constant and constant and the the capacitance capacitance of caof capacitors pacitors inin

R

R−−C C circuitcircuit

32 32

Experiment

Experiment 13 13 To study To study Ohm’s Ohm’s law law and and to to determine determine the the total rtotal resistance esistance of of resistors resistors inin series and parallel

series and parallel

35 35

Experiment

Experiment 14 14 To To determine determine the the resistivity resistivity of of the the material material of of a a wire wire using using aa Wheatstone bridge

Wheatstone bridge

37 37

Experiment

Experiment 15 15 To To determine determine the the internal internal resistance resistance of of a a cell cell using using a a potentiometer potentiometer 3939 Experiment

Experiment 16 16 To study To study the the behaviour behaviour of a of a bar bar magnet magnet in varyin varying ming magnetic agnetic fields fields andand to estimate the horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic field. to estimate the horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic field.

41 41

Experiment

Experiment 17 17 To To understand understand the the characteristics characteristics of of an an operational operational amplifier amplifier byby measuring voltage gains and bandwidths

measuring voltage gains and bandwidths

44 44

Experiment

Experiment 18 18 To To study study the the magnification magnification of of real real image image by by a a convex convex lens lens 4949 Experiment

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SCHOOL-BASED ASSESSMENT OF PRACTICAL PHYSICS

1.0

1.0 General General informationinformation 1.1

1.1 Continuous Continuous assessment assessment of practical of practical work work will be will be carried out carried out at school at school throughoutthroughout form six.

form six. 1.2

1.2 This assessmThis assessment is ent is expected to expected to commence in early commence in early July 200July 2008 and 8 and to end to end beforebefore 30 August 2009.

30 August 2009. 1.3

1.3 Majlis Peperiksaan Majlis Peperiksaan Malaysia (MPM) Malaysia (MPM) has has determined 20 determined 20 experiments experiments to bto be carriede carried out by students. Of these 20 experiments, only

out by students. Of these 20 experiments, only 15 compulsory experiments15 compulsory experiments willwill be assessed by the teacher. (Refer to the Table of Summary of Experiments on be assessed by the teacher. (Refer to the Table of Summary of Experiments on pages 5 and 6.) The assessment of practical work will be done by the teacher pages 5 and 6.) The assessment of practical work will be done by the teacher while an experiment is being carried out and also based on the student’s practical while an experiment is being carried out and also based on the student’s practical work report.

work report. 1.4

1.4 Students Students should should plan their plan their practical work practical work first before first before an experiment an experiment is carried is carried out.out. 1.5

1.5 Compulsory Compulsory experiments are experiments are to be to be carried out carried out by stuby students indivdents individually, in idually, in pairs, inpairs, in stations, or in groups as recommended in the Table of Summary of Experiments. stations, or in groups as recommended in the Table of Summary of Experiments. 1.6 Students may write their practical work report in either English or 1.6 Students may write their practical work report in either English or Bahasa Malaysia. The report is to be submitted to the teacher on the same day the Bahasa Malaysia. The report is to be submitted to the teacher on the same day the experiment is carried out unless otherwise stated. (Refer to the Table of Summary experiment is carried out unless otherwise stated. (Refer to the Table of Summary of Experiments.) Practical work reports which are not submitted on the day of the of Experiments.) Practical work reports which are not submitted on the day of the experiment are to be awarded ‘0’ mark.

experiment are to be awarded ‘0’ mark. 1.7

1.7 Practical work report Practical work report which can which can be completed be completed at home at home is to is to be submitted be submitted to theto the teacher not later

teacher not later than 3 days from the date of the ethan 3 days from the date of the experiment. A penalty of 2 marksxperiment. A penalty of 2 marks is to be imposed for the report submitted late to the teacher. Practical work reports is to be imposed for the report submitted late to the teacher. Practical work reports which are submitted later than 7 days from the date of the experiment are to be which are submitted later than 7 days from the date of the experiment are to be awarded ‘0’ mark.

awarded ‘0’ mark. 1.8

1.8 For a For a student who student who is absent is absent from an from an experiment, the experiment, the teacher can fix teacher can fix another dateanother date for the student to carry out the experiment.

for the student to carry out the experiment. 1.9

1.9 Practical work Practical work reports which reports which have been have been submitted to submitted to the teacher the teacher can be can be returned toreturned to students only after the teacher has completed assessing the reports and recording students only after the teacher has completed assessing the reports and recording the marks of

the marks of allall students. However, the teacher will collectstudents. However, the teacher will collect allall the practical work the practical work reports before

reports before 15 October 200815 October 2008 for the first year of the course and beforefor the first year of the course and before 15 September 2009

15 September 2009 for the second year.for the second year. 1.10

1.10 Students can check their Student Record which Students can check their Student Record which has been completed by the teacher has been completed by the teacher to ensure that the mark for each experiment and the overall total mark awarded are to ensure that the mark for each experiment and the overall total mark awarded are correct.

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2.0

2.0 Practical Practical Work Work Assessment Assessment GuideGuide 2.1

2.1 To facilitate assesTo facilitate assessment by sment by the teacher, the teacher, it is it is suggested suggested that the that the practical work practical work report should consist of the structures below.

report should consist of the structures below. ((aa) Purpose) Purpose

((bb) Procedure) Procedure

((cc) Observations and measurements) Observations and measurements ((d d ) ) Processing and analysis Processing and analysis of dataof data ((ee) ) Results and Results and discussiondiscussion

(( f f ) Conclusion) Conclusion 2.2

2.2 The total The total mark for mark for each of each of the experiments the experiments is 20 is 20 marks. Tmarks. The aspects he aspects to be to be assessedassessed are as follows.

are as follows. A: Procedure

A: Procedure

⎯

4 marks4 marks B:

B: Observations Observations and and measurementsmeasurements

⎯

5 marks5 marks C:

C: Processing Processing and analysis and analysis of dataof data

⎯

6 marks6 marks D:

D: Results Results and and discussiondiscussion

⎯

3 marks3 marks E: General

E: General

⎯

2 marks2 marks

Total

Total 20 20 marksmarks 2.3

2.3 The The assessment assessment of of A: ProcedureA: Procedure for an experiment is to be carried out by thefor an experiment is to be carried out by the teacher by observing individual student performing actual practical work in the teacher by observing individual student performing actual practical work in the laboratory. In certain cases, the teacher may refer to the descriptions of the laboratory. In certain cases, the teacher may refer to the descriptions of the procedure in the student’s practical work report.

procedure in the student’s practical work report. 2.4

2.4 The The assessment assessment of of aspectsaspects BB,, CC,, DD, and, and EE is to be carried out based mainly on theis to be carried out based mainly on the students’ practical work report.

students’ practical work report. 2.5

2.5 The details The details of the of the aspects to aspects to be assesbe assessed by sed by the teacher the teacher are as are as follows.follows. 2.5.1

2.5.1 A: ProcedureA: Procedure ((4 marks4 marks)) The student is able to The student is able to

((aa) ) choose the correct and suitable apparatus,choose the correct and suitable apparatus, ((bb) ) use the apparatus skillfully and correctly,use the apparatus skillfully and correctly,

((cc) ) set up the set up the apparatus correctly without assistance,apparatus correctly without assistance, ((d d ) ) set up the apparatus which is safe and easy set up the apparatus which is safe and easy to manage,to manage, ((ee) ) follow instructions follow instructions correctly and accurately,correctly and accurately,

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((gg) practice good procedures,) practice good procedures,

((hh) ) show manipulative skills dushow manipulative skills during practical work,ring practical work, ((ii) ) take steps take steps to ensto ensure accurate ure accurate results,results,

(( j j) ) take necessary precautions to take necessary precautions to ensure the safety of apparatus ensure the safety of apparatus and other and other users.

users. 2.5.2

2.5.2 B: Observations and measurementsB: Observations and measurements ((5 marks5 marks)) The student is able to

The student is able to

((aa) ) make relevant observations without assistance,make relevant observations without assistance, ((bb) record readings with reasonable precision,) record readings with reasonable precision,

((cc) ) determine a good and reasonable range of readings includdetermine a good and reasonable range of readings including sufficienting sufficient number of readings,

number of readings,

((d d ) ) obtain a suitable and good distribution of readings,obtain a suitable and good distribution of readings,

((ee) check over observations by a good procedure, eg taking readings) check over observations by a good procedure, eg taking readings repeatedly,

repeatedly,

(( f f ) ) check up check up on abnormal on abnormal or unexpected or unexpected observations,observations, ((gg) perform correct calculations,) perform correct calculations,

((hh) ) present derived data to appropriate number of spresent derived data to appropriate number of significant figures,ignificant figures, ((ii) ) state the state the correct units correct units for data,for data,

(( j j) ) use the use the correct symbols correct symbols or labels or labels for data.for data. 2.5.3

2.5.3 C: Processing and analysis of dataC: Processing and analysis of data ((6 marks6 marks)) The student is able to

The student is able to

((aa) choose appropriate procedures, eg using a suitable graph for data) choose appropriate procedures, eg using a suitable graph for data analysis,

analysis,

((bb) ) choose suitable scales for a graph,choose suitable scales for a graph,

((cc) ) label and plot a glabel and plot a graph correctly and accurately,raph correctly and accurately,

((d d ) ) obtain the expected pattern of data or shape of a graph,obtain the expected pattern of data or shape of a graph,

((ee) make correct deductions or interpretations from the data or graph) make correct deductions or interpretations from the data or graph obtained,

obtained,

(( f f ) ) use appropriate methods use appropriate methods to obtain information, eg uto obtain information, eg using the gradient of sing the gradient of graph,

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2.5.4

2.5.4 D: Results and discussionD: Results and discussion ((3 marks3 marks)) The student is able to

The student is able to ((aa) obtain accurate results,) obtain accurate results,

((bb) ) state the state the results with correct results with correct units and to units and to appropriate number of appropriate number of significant figures,

significant figures,

((cc) ) draw conclusions consisdraw conclusions consistent with the processed observations,tent with the processed observations, ((d d ) ) recognise the sources of error or the limitations of the experiment,recognise the sources of error or the limitations of the experiment, ((ee) ) make a reasonable estimate of make a reasonable estimate of the reliability of the results,the reliability of the results,

(( f f ) suggest steps or modifications to overcome the weaknesses of the) suggest steps or modifications to overcome the weaknesses of the experiment,

experiment,

((gg) ) give useful comments on thgive useful comments on the experiment.e experiment. 2.5.5

2.5.5 E: GeneralE: General ((2 marks2 marks)) The student is able to The student is able to

((aa) ) complete the experiment within the stipulated time,complete the experiment within the stipulated time,

((bb) cover all the major features of practical work in the practical work ) cover all the major features of practical work in the practical work report,

report,

((cc) ) use precise language and terminology in use precise language and terminology in the practical work report,the practical work report, ((d d ) produce a good practical work report in accordance with a logical) produce a good practical work report in accordance with a logical

sequence, sequence,

((ee) exhibit good attitudes or behaviours, eg independent, cooperative,) exhibit good attitudes or behaviours, eg independent, cooperative, honest, curious, etc.

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3.0

3.0 Table Table of of Summary Summary of of ExperimentsExperiments Experiment

Experiment number

number Topic Topic PurposePurpose

Mode of Mode of working working Completion Completion of practical of practical report report 1* Physical 1* Physical Quantities and Quantities and Units Units

To determine the density To determine the density of a substance

of a substance

Individual

Individual In In the the lablab

2 Kinematics 2 Kinematics

and Dynamics and Dynamics

To verify the principle of To verify the principle of conservation of linear conservation of linear momentum

momentum

In

In pairs pairs At At homehome

3* Rotational 3* Rotational Motion of a Motion of a Rigid Body Rigid Body

To determine the moment To determine the moment of inertia of a flywheel of inertia of a flywheel In pairs/ In pairs/ Stationed Stationed In the lab In the lab 4*

4* Statics Statics To To determine determine thethe coefficient of static coefficient of static friction between two friction between two surfaces

surfaces

Individual

Individual At At homehome

5* Simple 5* Simple Harmonic Harmonic Motion (SHM) Motion (SHM) To determine the To determine the

acceleration due to gravity acceleration due to gravity using a simple pendulum using a simple pendulum

Individual

6

6 Oscillation Oscillation To To study study the the dampeddamped oscillation of a oscillation of a spring-mass system in the air mass system in the air

In

In pairs pairs At At homehome

7* Stationary 7* Stationary

Waves Waves

To study stationary waves To study stationary waves in a string in a string In pairs/ In pairs/ Stationed Stationed In the lab In the lab 8*

8* Sound Sound Waves Waves To To determine determine the the velocityvelocity of sound using a of sound using a resonance tube resonance tube Stationed/ Stationed/ In groups In groups of 5 of 5 At home At home 9*

9* Deformation Deformation of of Solids Solids To determine Young’s To determine Young’s modulus by cantilever modulus by cantilever method method Individual

10

10 Kinetic Kinetic TheoryTheory of Gases

of Gases

To verify Charles’ law To verify Charles’ law using the air column using the air column

trapped in a capillary tube trapped in a capillary tube

Individual

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Experiment Experiment

number

number Topic Topic PurposePurpose

Mode Mode of working of working Completion Completion of practical of practical report report 13 Electric 13 Electric Current Current

To study Ohm’s law and To study Ohm’s law and to determine the total to determine the total resistance of resistors in resistance of resistors in series and parallel

series and parallel

Individual

14* Wheatstone 14* Wheatstone Bridge Bridge To determine the To determine the

resistivity of the material resistivity of the material of a wire using a

of a wire using a Wheatstone bridge Wheatstone bridge

Individual

15*

15* Potentiometer Potentiometer To To determine determine the the internalinternal resistance of a cell using a resistance of a cell using a potentiometer

potentiometer

Individual

16* Magnetic 16* Magnetic

Fields Fields

To study the behaviour of To study the behaviour of a bar magnet in varying a bar magnet in varying magnetic fields and to magnetic fields and to estimate the horizontal estimate the horizontal component of the Earth’s component of the Earth’s magnetic field

magnetic field

Individual

17*

17* Electronics Electronics To To understand understand thethe characteristics of an characteristics of an operational amplifier by operational amplifier by measuring voltage gains measuring voltage gains and bandwidths and bandwidths Stationed/ Stationed/ In groups In groups of 5 of 5 At home At home 18 Geometrical 18 Geometrical Optics Optics To study the To study the magnification of real magnification of real image by a convex lens image by a convex lens

Individual

19* Geometrical 19* Geometrical Optics Optics To determine the To determine the

refractive index of glass refractive index of glass using a concave mirror using a concave mirror

Individual

Individual At At homehome

20* Physical 20* Physical

Optics Optics

To study the diffraction To study the diffraction pattern formed by a pattern formed by a

diffraction grating and to diffraction grating and to determine the wavelength determine the wavelength of a laser beam of a laser beam Stationed/ Stationed/ In groups In groups of 5 of 5 At home At home *

* Compulsory experiments to be carried out for assessmentCompulsory experiments to be carried out for assessment.. Note

Note: : Each of the Each of the experiments listed abovexperiments listed above, is allocated a e, is allocated a duration of 1 duration of 1 hour and hour and 20 minutes.20 minutes. For the experiments of which the reports are to be completed in the laboratory, the For the experiments of which the reports are to be completed in the laboratory, the duration should not exceed an hour.

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Experiment 1

Topic:

Physical Quantities and UnitsPhysical Quantities and Units

Purpose:

To determine the density of To determine the density of (i) PVC

(i) PVC (ii) Steel (ii) Steel (iii)

(iii) Cooking Cooking oiloil

Theory:

The density of a substance is the mass per unit volume of the substance, i.e. The density of a substance is the mass per unit volume of the substance, i.e.

ρ ρ

=

M M

V

V ... (1)... (1)

Before the density of a substance could be determined, it is necessary to measure the mass Before the density of a substance could be determined, it is necessary to measure the mass and volume of a sample of the substance. Using relationship (1), the density of the substance and volume of a sample of the substance. Using relationship (1), the density of the substance could be calculated.

could be calculated.

Apparatus:

(i)

(i) PVC PVC tubetube

(ii)

(ii) Steel wire Steel wire (SWG (SWG 18) o18) of approximate f approximate length 50 length 50 cmcm (iii)

(iii) Any kAny kind of ind of cooking cooking oil about oil about 200 200 cmcm33 (iv)

(iv) Triple Triple beam beam balance balance (to (to be be shared)shared) (v)

(v) A A metre metre rulerule (vi)

(vi) A A pair pair of of vernier vernier caliperscalipers (vii)

(vii) A A 500 500 cmcm33 beaker beaker (viii)

(viii) A A micrometer micrometer screw screw gaugegauge (ix)

(ix) A A 250 250 cmcm33measuring cylinder measuring cylinder

Procedure:

(I)

(I) To To determine determine the the density density of of PVCPVC

((aa) Measure the external and internal diameters of a PVC tube at different parts of the) Measure the external and internal diameters of a PVC tube at different parts of the tube. Determine the average external and internal diameters of the tube.

tube. Determine the average external and internal diameters of the tube.

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(II)

(II) To To determine determine the the density density of of steelsteel ((aa) Measure the length of a steel wire.) Measure the length of a steel wire.

((bb) ) Measure the diameter aMeasure the diameter at different parts of t different parts of the wire. Deterthe wire. Determine the averagemine the average diameter.

diameter.

((cc) ) Weigh the wire using Weigh the wire using a triple beam balance.a triple beam balance. ((d d ) Calculate the density of steel.) Calculate the density of steel.

(III)

(III) To To determine thdetermine the dense density of ity of cooking cooking oiloil ((aa) ) Weigh an empty measuring cylinder.Weigh an empty measuring cylinder.

((bb) Measure 200 cm) Measure 200 cm33of cooking oil using the measuring cylinder.of cooking oil using the measuring cylinder. ((cc) Weigh the filled measuring cylinder.) Weigh the filled measuring cylinder.

((d d ) ) Calculate the density of the cooking oil.Calculate the density of the cooking oil. Formulae that facilitate calculations

Formulae that facilitate calculations (i)

(i) Volume Volume of of PVC PVC tube tube = = cross-sectional cross-sectional areaarea

×

lengthlength = = π π

( (

))

4 4 2 2 22 a a

−

bb

×

ll a

a = external diameter,= external diameter, bb = internal diameter, and= internal diameter, and ll = length= length (ii)

(ii) Volume Volume of of steel wire steel wire = cros= cross-sectional s-sectional areaarea

×

lengthlength = = π π 4 4 2 2 a a ll a

a = diameter, and= diameter, and ll = length= length (iii)

(iii) Mass Mass of of oil oil == M M₁₁

−

M M ₂₂ M

M 11 = = mass mass of cylinder of cylinder + cookin+ cooking oilg oil

M

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Experiment 2

Topic:

Kinematics and DynamicsKinematics and Dynamics

Purpose

:: To verify the principle of conservation of linear momentum for a collision of twoTo verify the principle of conservation of linear momentum for a collision of two bodies of equal mass.

bodies of equal mass.

Theory

:: Figure 1 below shows the bob of a pendulum being released from P to Q.Figure 1 below shows the bob of a pendulum being released from P to Q.

If

If vv is the velocity of the bob at Q andis the velocity of the bob at Q and mmis the mass of the bob,is the mass of the bob, then, then, mghmgh== 11 2 2 2 2 mv mv ... (1)... (1) If

If z z = = horizontal dishorizontal displacement of placement of bob bob from Qfrom Q L

L = = length length of of pendulumpendulum and

and θ θ = = angular dispangular displacement of lacement of the bob, the bob, thenthen h h == L L

_{( (}

11−−koskosθ θ

₎₎

= = ⎟⎟ ⎠ ⎠ ⎞ ⎞ ⎜⎜ ⎝ ⎝ ⎛ ⎛ 2 2 sin sin 2 2 22θ θ L L For

For θ θ smaller than 15smaller than 15oo,,

2 2 sin sin22θ θ == 2 2 2 2 ⎠ ⎠⎟⎟ ⎞ ⎞ ⎜⎜ ⎝ ⎝ ⎛ ⎛ θ θ ;; z z == L Lθ θ then, then, hh == 11 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 22 L L z z L L θ θ ==

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Apparatus:

(i)

(i) Hooking Hooking plank plank (ii)

(ii) Two Two bobs bobs equal equal massmass (iii)

(iii) Two Two threads threads of of length length about about 2 2 mm (iv)

(iv) Two Two retort retort stands stands and and clampsclamps (v)

(v) A A metal metal wire wire as as indicator indicator (vi)

(vi) A screen A screen to act to act as marker as marker to the to the distance of distance of collisioncollision (vii)

(vii) A A metre metre rulerule (viii) Plasticine (viii) Plasticine

(ix)

(ix) A A pair pair of of vernier vernier caliperscalipers (x)

(x) Blocks Blocks for raising for raising the hthe height oeight of retort f retort standsstands

Procedure:

((aa) ) Set up the apparatus as shown in Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 2.Figure 2.

Hooking plank Hooking plank Retort stand Retort stand Bob Bob Metal wire Metal wire Metre rule Metre rule Blocks Blocks Screen as Screen as marker marker Figure 2 Figure 2

((bb) ) Using a pair of vernier calipers, measure the diameter of the pendulum bUsing a pair of vernier calipers, measure the diameter of the pendulum bob.ob.

((cc) Hook the pendulum bob on the hooking plank as shown in the diagram above and) Hook the pendulum bob on the hooking plank as shown in the diagram above and make sure that the center of the two pendulum bobs rest at the same level and not less than make sure that the center of the two pendulum bobs rest at the same level and not less than 80 cm from the

80 cm from the hooking plank.hooking plank.

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((ee) Move one of the bobs away, and determine the position of the centre of the other bob) Move one of the bobs away, and determine the position of the centre of the other bob and record the corresponding reading on the metre rule as

and record the corresponding reading on the metre rule as X X 0101. Repeat the process, and record. Repeat the process, and record

the position of the centre of the other bob as the position of the centre of the other bob as X X 0202..

(( f f ) Displace one of the bobs about 20 cm away. Record the position of the centre of the) Displace one of the bobs about 20 cm away. Record the position of the centre of the bob as

bob as X X 11. Release the bob so as to . Release the bob so as to make direct head-on collision with the make direct head-on collision with the other bob (The firstother bob (The first

bob should be almost at rest after the head-on collision). bob should be almost at rest after the head-on collision).

((gg) If it is a head-on collision, record the position of the screen that serves as a marker for ) If it is a head-on collision, record the position of the screen that serves as a marker for the distance of collision. Repeat the process if the collision is not a head-on collision.

the distance of collision. Repeat the process if the collision is not a head-on collision.

((hh) Record the position of the centre of the second bob,) Record the position of the centre of the second bob, X X 22, if the collision is a head-on, if the collision is a head-on

collision. collision.

((ii) ) Repeat Repeat steps steps ((ee) through () through (gg) for displacements between 20 cm to 10 cm.) for displacements between 20 cm to 10 cm.

(( j j) ) Record all your readingRecord all your readings, and tabulates, and tabulate X X 11 Z Z 11= = (( X X 11 -- X X 0101), ), (( Z Z 11))22,, X X 22,, Z Z 22 = = (( X X 22 -- X X 0202),),

(( Z Z 22))22, and, and Z Z Z Z 2 2 1 1 2 2

⎛

⎝

⎜⎜

⎞⎞

⎠

⎟⎟

..

((k k ) Stick a small lump of plasticine on one of the pendulum bobs and repeat steps () Stick a small lump of plasticine on one of the pendulum bobs and repeat steps (e)e) through (

through (gg). After the ). After the collision, both the pendulum bobs should move as one body.collision, both the pendulum bobs should move as one body.

((ll) Record all your readings, and tabulate) Record all your readings, and tabulate X’ X’11,, Z’ Z’11= = (( X’ X’11

−

X’ X’0101), ), (( Z’ Z’11))22,, X’X’22,,

Z’ Z’22= (= ( X’ X’22-- X’ X’0202), (), ( Z’ Z’22))22, and, and Z Z Z Z '' '' .. 2 2 1 1 2 2

⎛

⎝

⎜⎜

⎞⎞

⎠

⎟⎟

((mm) From the results obtained, deduce a conclusion on the momentum and kinetic energy) From the results obtained, deduce a conclusion on the momentum and kinetic energy of the two systems.

of the two systems.

State whether the collisions in the first and second systems are elastic or not. State whether the collisions in the first and second systems are elastic or not.

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Experiment 3

Topic

:: Rotational Motion of a Rigid BodyRotational Motion of a Rigid Body

Purpose:

To determine the moment of inertia of a flywheel.To determine the moment of inertia of a flywheel.

Theory:

Refer Refer to Figure 3 below.to Figure 3 below.

Radius Radius R R h h Figure 3 Figure 3 The load: The load: mmgg − − =TT =mmaa T T == mm((gg

−

aa)) The flywheel:

The flywheel: TRTR − − =τ τ = I I α α

τ

τ = Torque from friction= Torque from friction

α

α = Angu= Angular accelelar accelerationration

∴

_α_α

=

⎛

τ τ

⎝

⎜⎜

⎞⎞

⎠

⎟⎟ −

−

R R I

I T T I I

∴

_{graph of}_{graph of α}_α against_{against T}_{T is a straight line}_{is a straight line}

The gradient, The gradient, ss R R I I

=

∴

_{The moment of inertia of a flywheel,}_{The moment of inertia of a flywheel, I}_I R R

ss

=

Acceleration, Acceleration, aa hh t t

=

22 2

2 , and, and t t = the time taken for the load to reach the ground= the time taken for the load to reach the ground

Angular acceleration,

Angular acceleration, α α

=

aa R R

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Apparatus:

(i)

(i) A A flywheelflywheel (ii)

(ii) A A stopwatchstopwatch (iii)

(iii) A set of A set of slotted masses slotted masses with a hanger with a hanger that could tuthat could turn the flywheel at rn the flywheel at a suitablea suitable speed

speed (iv)

(iv) A A metre metre rulerule (v)

(v) A A retort retort stand stand or or 'G' 'G' clampclamp (vi)

(vi) Thread to Thread to hang the hang the slotted slotted masses masses to the to the flywheelflywheel (vii)

(vii) A soft bA soft board to absoard to absorb the imorb the impact when the pact when the slotted masses slotted masses hit the grouhit the groundnd

Procedure:

((aa) ) The The load load is is released released from from fixed fixed heightheight hh unwinding the thread around the axle.unwinding the thread around the axle. ((bb) ) Record Record the the timetime t t for the load to reach the ground.for the load to reach the ground.

((cc) Vary) Vary mm, and determine the corresponding value of , and determine the corresponding value of t t .. ((d d ) ) Plot Plot a a graph graph of of α α againstagainst T T ..

(16)

Experiment 4

Topic:

StaticsStatics

Purpose:

To determine the coefficient of static friction between two surfacesTo determine the coefficient of static friction between two surfaces

Theory:

Protractor Protractor Retort stand Retort stand Weight Weight Nail Nail Hook Hook Wooden block Wooden block Sliding plane Sliding plane Pendulum Pendulum Nail Nail Figure 4 Figure 4

A wooden block will slide down the inclined plane with acceleration if the angle of A wooden block will slide down the inclined plane with acceleration if the angle of inclination

inclination θ θ exceeds a certain value. Figure 4 shows a wooden block of massexceeds a certain value. Figure 4 shows a wooden block of mass mmresting on anresting on an inclined plane with angle of inclination

inclined plane with angle of inclination θ θ . The wooden block is suspended from one end of a. The wooden block is suspended from one end of a spring. The other end of the spring is being hooked onto a nail at the top of the inclined plane. spring. The other end of the spring is being hooked onto a nail at the top of the inclined plane. If the wooden block is being displaced down the inclined plane, the wooden block will return If the wooden block is being displaced down the inclined plane, the wooden block will return to its original position when released because the net force up the plane exceeds the limiting to its original position when released because the net force up the plane exceeds the limiting friction down the plane. The downward displacement is being reduced gradually until a stage friction down the plane. The downward displacement is being reduced gradually until a stage where the wooden block stays stationary when released. At this point, the net force up the where the wooden block stays stationary when released. At this point, the net force up the plane equalised the limiting friction down the plane. If

plane equalised the limiting friction down the plane. If T T is the tension of the spring andis the tension of the spring and F F isis the limiting friction, then

the limiting friction, then

T

−

mgmgsinsin θ θ

=

F F T

T

−

mgmgsinsin θ θ

=

μ μ mgmg coscos θ θ ,, where

where μ μ

=

The coefficient of static friction.The coefficient of static friction. If

If T T

=

mm

′′

g, whereg, where mm

′′ =

=

mass equivalent to tensionmass equivalent to tension T T ,, thenthen m

(17)

Apparatus:

(i)

(i) A A smooth smooth plank plank as as inclined inclined planeplane (ii)

(ii) Six wooden blocks, Six wooden blocks, one of one of which has which has a smooth a smooth surface and a surface and a hook hook (iii)

(iii) Triple Triple beam beam balance balance (to (to be be shared)shared) (iv)

(iv) A A soft soft springspring (v)

(v) A A 50 50 g g mass mass hanger hanger (vi)

(vi) Five Five 100 100 g g slotted slotted massesmasses (vii)

(vii) A A retort retort stand stand and and clampclamp (viii)

(viii) A A weight weight for for stabilising the stabilising the retort retort standstand (ix)

(ix) A A protractor protractor (x)

(x) A A pendulum pendulum bobbob (xi) Thread

(xi) Thread (xii)

(xii) A A half-metre half-metre rulerule (xiii)

(xiii) Double-sided Double-sided adhesive adhesive tapetape

Procedure:

Part I:

Part I: To determine the relationship between the mass of load and the length of springTo determine the relationship between the mass of load and the length of spring

((aa) Hook one end of the spring on the retort stand and hang the 50 g mass hanger with a) Hook one end of the spring on the retort stand and hang the 50 g mass hanger with a 100 g slotted mass at the other end of the spring. Measure the length

100 g slotted mass at the other end of the spring. Measure the length ll _{of the spring. Record}_{of the spring. Record}

the

the mass mass (the (the mass mass hanger hanger and and the the slotted slotted mass).mass).

1 1

m m₁₁

((bb) Increase the mass) Increase the mass mm and measure the corresponding lengthand measure the corresponding length ll _{of the spring.}_{of the spring.}

1

1 11

((cc) Tabulate) Tabulate ll _and_and _._.

1

1 mm11

((d d ) ) Plot Plot a a graph graph of of ll againstagainst mm ..

1

(18)

Part II:

Part II: To determine the coefficient of friction between two surfacesTo determine the coefficient of friction between two surfaces

((aa) Weigh the mass of the wooden block having a smooth surface. Record down the) Weigh the mass of the wooden block having a smooth surface. Record down the mass.

mass.

((bb) Adjusting the retort stand, the angle of inclination for the inclined plane could be) Adjusting the retort stand, the angle of inclination for the inclined plane could be changed. An angle of inclination is to be obtained such that the wooden block slide down changed. An angle of inclination is to be obtained such that the wooden block slide down freely with acceleration. Set up the apparatus as in figure 4. Measure and record the angle of freely with acceleration. Set up the apparatus as in figure 4. Measure and record the angle of inclination

inclination θ θ ..

((cc) Displace the wooden block downward and release, so that the wooden block will be) Displace the wooden block downward and release, so that the wooden block will be pulled to move upward by tension in the spring.

pulled to move upward by tension in the spring.

((d d ) Repeat step () Repeat step (cc) with smaller displacements until a stage that the wooden block stays) with smaller displacements until a stage that the wooden block stays stationary

stationary upon upon released. released. Measure Measure and and record record the the length length ll of of the the spring.spring.

2 2

((ee) The mass of the wooden block could be increased by adding other wooden blocks on) The mass of the wooden block could be increased by adding other wooden blocks on top of the first. Weigh and record the new combined weight

top of the first. Weigh and record the new combined weight mm of the block. Repeat steps (of the block. Repeat steps (cc)) and (

and (d d ).).

(( f f ) Tabulate) Tabulate mm, , , , andand mm

′′

wherewhere mm

′′

is the corresponding mass for the lengthis the corresponding mass for the length ll _{from the}_{from the}

graph against . graph against . l l 2 2 1 1 2 2 l l 1 1 mm

((gg) Plot a graph of ) Plot a graph of mm

′′

againstagainst m.m.

((hh) Calculate the gradient of graph) Calculate the gradient of graph mm

′′

against magainst m and hence determine the coefficient of and hence determine the coefficient of static friction

(19)

Experiment 5

Topic:

Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

Purpose:

To determine the acceleration due to gravity using a simple pendulum and toTo determine the acceleration due to gravity using a simple pendulum and to investigate the effect of large amplitude oscillations.

investigate the effect of large amplitude oscillations.

Theory:

The oscillation of a simple pendulum is a simple harmonic motion if The oscillation of a simple pendulum is a simple harmonic motion if

(i)

(i) the bob the bob of the of the pendulum is pendulum is a a point mass,point mass, (ii)

(ii) thread thread is is having having negligible negligible mass,mass, (iii)

(iii) the the amplitude of amplitude of oscillation is oscillation is small small ((

<

1010oo).).

From the theory of SHM, the period of oscillation of a simple pendulum is given by From the theory of SHM, the period of oscillation of a simple pendulum is given by

T T ll g g = =22π π .. ll = length of = length of pendulumpendulum

g

g = acceleration due to gravity= acceleration due to gravity g

g could be calculated if T could be calculated if T and correspondingand corresponding ll were known. If a set of values of were known. If a set of values of T T andand ll areare measured, a graphical method could be used by plotting

measured, a graphical method could be used by plotting T T 22againstagainst ll and the average value of and the average value of g

g is obtained from the gradientis obtained from the gradient ss of the graph, i.e.of the graph, i.e. ss g g

=

44π π 22

Apparatus:

(i)

(i) Thread Thread of of length length about about 150 150 cmcm (ii)

(ii) A A pendulum pendulum bobbob (iii)

(iii) Two flat Two flat pieces of pieces of wood/cork to wood/cork to hold the hold the threadthread (iv)

(iv) A A retort retort stand stand and and clampclamp (v)

(v) A A stopwatchstopwatch (vi)

(vi) A A metre metre rulerule (vii)

(vii) A A weight weight for for stabilising the stabilising the retort retort standstand (viii)

(20)

Procedure:

Figure 5 Figure 5 Protraktor Protraktor Benang Benang Nail Nail Table Table Protractor Protractor Pendulum Pendulum ll Wood/cork Wood/cork Retort stand Retort stand Weight Weight

((aa) Set up the pendulum as in Figure 5 above.) Set up the pendulum as in Figure 5 above. ((bb) Measure the length) Measure the length ll of the pendulum.of the pendulum.

((cc) Oscillate the pendulum and the time for proper number of oscillations is measured.) Oscillate the pendulum and the time for proper number of oscillations is measured. Repeat this measurement, so that an average time is obtained and hence the corresponding Repeat this measurement, so that an average time is obtained and hence the corresponding period

period T T is calculated.is calculated.

Repeat the above procedure for other values of

Repeat the above procedure for other values of ll. Obtain a minimum of 6 sets of . Obtain a minimum of 6 sets of readings for

readings for ll andand T T ..

((d d ) Plot a graph of ) Plot a graph of T T 22 againstagainst ll..

(21)

(( f f ) Fix the length) Fix the length ll of the pendulum at 120 cm and displace the bob by 70of the pendulum at 120 cm and displace the bob by 70

°°

from thefrom the vertical and release.

vertical and release.

Measure the time for 5 oscillations and calculate the period Measure the time for 5 oscillations and calculate the period T T ..

((gg) ) Calculate Calculate the the value value of of gg, using the values of , using the values of ll andand T T inin (( f f ) using) using T T ll g g

=

⎛

+

⎝

⎜⎜

⎞⎞

⎠

⎟⎟

2 2 11 11 4 4 22 2 2 π π ssiinn θ θ ..

((hh) Calculate) Calculate gg fromfrom T T ll g g

=

=22π π ..

(22)

Experiment 6

Topic:

OscillationOscillation

Purpose

:: To study the damped oscillation of a spring-mass system in the air To study the damped oscillation of a spring-mass system in the air

Apparatus:

(i)

(i) A retort A retort stand with stand with two clamps two clamps and weights and weights to stabilise to stabilise the retort sthe retort standtand (ii)

(ii) A A metre metre rulerule (iii)

(iii) A A 2 2 inch inch nailnail (iv)

(iv) Two Two small pieces small pieces of woof wood/cork to od/cork to hold the hold the nailnail (v)

(v) A A cellophane cellophane tapetape (vi)

(vi) A A 100 100 g g slotted slotted massmass (vii)

(vii) A A 20 20 g g mass mass hanger hanger (viii)

(viii) An An optic optic pinpin (ix)

(ix) A A stopwatchstopwatch (x)

(x) A A soft soft springspring

Procedure:

((aa) Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 6 below. Make sure that the indicator pin is) Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 6 below. Make sure that the indicator pin is secured firmly on the load.

secured firmly on the load.

Small pieces of Small pieces of

wood cork wood cork Figure 6 Figure 6 Metre rule Metre rule Load Load Weight Weight Retort stand Retort stand Indicator pin Indicator pin Nail Nail

(23)

((bb) Record the total mass) Record the total mass mm of load on the spring. Record the readingof load on the spring. Record the reading y yoo on the metre ruleon the metre rule

as indicated by the indicator pin during equilibrium. as indicated by the indicator pin during equilibrium.

((cc) Determine) Determine T T , when the system oscillates with small amplitude., when the system oscillates with small amplitude.

((d d ) Now, displace the load downward by 6.0 cm from the equilibrium position and) Now, displace the load downward by 6.0 cm from the equilibrium position and release. When the amplitude

release. When the amplitude A A of the oscillation reaches 5.0 cm, start counting number of of the oscillation reaches 5.0 cm, start counting number of oscillation.

oscillation.

Record the corresponding reading

Record the corresponding reading y yon the metre rule as indicated by the indicator pinon the metre rule as indicated by the indicator pin after each 20 oscillations until the number of oscillations

after each 20 oscillations until the number of oscillations N N = 200.= 200. Record all your readings, and tabulate

Record all your readings, and tabulate N N ,, y y,, AA== yy_o_o-- yy and 1n (and 1n ( A A/cm)./cm). ((ee) Plot a graph of ln) Plot a graph of ln A A againstagainst N N ..

(( f f ) ) From From the the graph, graph, determinedetermine (i)

(i) the the gradientgradient

( (

))

⎟⎟

⎠ ⎠ ⎞ ⎞ ⎜⎜ ⎝ ⎝ ⎛ ⎛

₌

N N cm cm A A k k Δ Δ // 1n 1n Δ Δ (ii) interception

(ii) interception cc on the vertical axis, i.e.on the vertical axis, i.e. N N = 0.= 0. ((gg) Calculate) Calculate

(i)

(i) the the value value of of bb, i.e. the damping factor for the spring-mass system, from, i.e. the damping factor for the spring-mass system, from

T T mk mk b b

=

22 ,, (ii)

(ii) the the value value of of τ τ , i.e. the time taken for the amplitude of oscillation to reduce to, i.e. the time taken for the amplitude of oscillation to reduce to half of the original value, from

half of the original value, from

b b m m11nn22 2 2

=

τ τ ..

(24)

Experiment 7

Topic:

Stationary WavesStationary Waves

Purpose:

To study stationary waves in a string and to determine the mass per unit lengthTo study stationary waves in a string and to determine the mass per unit length of the string. of the string.

Theory:

m m T T ll f f 2 2 1 1

=

_where_where f_{f =}_{= oscillation}_{oscillation frequency}_frequency

T

T = = tension tension in in the the stringstring m

m = = mass mass per per unit unit lengthlength

ll = = distance between distance between two sutwo successive nodccessive nodeses

Apparatus

::

(i)

(i) A A 'G' 'G' clampclamp (ii)

(ii) A A reel reel of of insulated insulated copper copper wirewire (iii)

(iii) A.c. A.c. power power supply supply (2(2

−

12 V)12 V) (iv)

(iv) A A metal metal rodrod (v)

(v) Two Two magnadur magnadur magnetsmagnets (vi)

(vi) A A magnet magnet holder holder (vii) Thread

(vii) Thread (viii)

(viii) A A pulleypulley (ix)

(ix) A A wooden wooden wedgewedge (x)

(x) A plastic A plastic dish dish to hold to hold the slotted the slotted massesmasses (xi)

(xi) Slotted masses Slotted masses of combination of combination of 2, of 2, 5, 10, 5, 10, and 20 and 20 gg (xii)

(xii) A A metre metre rulerule (xiii)

(xiii) A A fine fine VV

−

shaped wire to serve as a “rider”shaped wire to serve as a “rider” Note:

Note: Ticker timer can be used as a source of wave to replace items (i) to (vi) above.Ticker timer can be used as a source of wave to replace items (i) to (vi) above.

Procedure

::

(25)

Rajah 7 Rajah 7 Figure 7 Figure 7 Slotted Slotted masses masses Wooden block Wooden block 'G' clamp 'G' clamp Thread Thread Wedge Wedge Power supply Power supply Met Metalal rorodd Copper wire Copper wire Magnadur

Magnadur PulleyPulley

((bb) ) Connect the copper wire winding to the 2 V, 50 Hz power supply.Connect the copper wire winding to the 2 V, 50 Hz power supply. ((cc) ) Place the magnadur magnets above and below thPlace the magnadur magnets above and below the metal rod.e metal rod.

((d d ) Tie one end of the thread to the metal rod and the other end to the plastic dish that) Tie one end of the thread to the metal rod and the other end to the plastic dish that carries the slotted masses. The length of the thread from the end of the rod to the carries the slotted masses. The length of the thread from the end of the rod to the pulley should not be less than 1.5 m.

pulley should not be less than 1.5 m.

((ee) ) Switch on the power supply. Switch on the power supply. Adjust the length of the metal rod so that it is vAdjust the length of the metal rod so that it is vibrating atibrating at maximum amplitude. Clamp the metal rod firmly as shown in Figure 7.

maximum amplitude. Clamp the metal rod firmly as shown in Figure 7.

(( f f ) ) Place the wooden wedge below the thread and nPlace the wooden wedge below the thread and next to the pulley. Adjust the posext to the pulley. Adjust the positionition of the wooden wedge so that a steady stationary wave is observed.

of the wooden wedge so that a steady stationary wave is observed.

((gg) ) Add extra masses to the plastic dish and observe the stationary wave in the string.Add extra masses to the plastic dish and observe the stationary wave in the string. ((hh) Starts from 2 g of slotted mass and mass of dish as) Starts from 2 g of slotted mass and mass of dish as M M , measure and record the, measure and record the

distance

distance ll between two successive nodes. between two successive nodes. ((ii) Tabulate) Tabulate ll andand W W , where, where W W == Mg Mg..

(26)

Experiment 8

Topic:

Sound WavesSound Waves

Purpose:

To determine the velocity of sound using a resonance tubeTo determine the velocity of sound using a resonance tube

Theory:

A column of air could be forced to vibrate by an external vibrating source if the natural A column of air could be forced to vibrate by an external vibrating source if the natural frequency of the air is the same as the frequency of the vibrating source. Resonance is said to frequency of the air is the same as the frequency of the vibrating source. Resonance is said to occur at that instant. Resonance could be produced by placing a vibrating tuning fork or any occur at that instant. Resonance could be produced by placing a vibrating tuning fork or any vibrating source at the opening of a column of air. Figure 8 shows the minimum length of the vibrating source at the opening of a column of air. Figure 8 shows the minimum length of the column of air that could resonance with the vibrating tuning fork. The stationary wave column of air that could resonance with the vibrating tuning fork. The stationary wave formed in the column of air is said to be at the fundamental.

formed in the column of air is said to be at the fundamental.

Water Water Node Node Antinode Antinode Figure 8 Figure 8 If

If ll _{is the length of air column that resonance at frequency}_{is the length of air column that resonance at frequency f}_f and_{and ε}_{ε is the end correction,}_{is the end correction,}

therefore the vibration at the fundamental satisfies therefore the vibration at the fundamental satisfies

l l

+

_ε_ε

=

4 4 1 1 λ λ

=

4 4 1 1 f f vv ,, where

where is is the the velocity velocity of of sound sound in in air air andand λ λ the corresponding wavelength at thethe corresponding wavelength at the fundamental. fundamental. vv

∴

ll

=

4 4 1 1 f f vv

₋

ε ε

(27)

Apparatus:

(i)

(i) A A 500 500 cmcm33measuring cylinder measuring cylinder (ii)

(ii) An An audio audio generator generator (iii)

(iii) A A small small speaker speaker (iv)

(iv) A A half-metre half-metre rulerule (v)

(v) A A retort retort stand stand and and clampclamp

Procedure:

((aa) Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 9 below. Start the experiment with the length) Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 9 below. Start the experiment with the length of air column of about 35.0 cm.

of air column of about 35.0 cm.

l l

Audio

Audio generator generator

Water Water Measuring cylinder Measuring cylinder Retort stand Retort stand Speaker Speaker Figure 9 Figure 9

((bb) ) Adjust the Adjust the audio generator audio generator from zero Hz from zero Hz until the until the first resonance is first resonance is heard. Record theheard. Record the length

length ll of of air air column column and and the the corresponding corresponding resonance resonance frequencyfrequency f f ..

((cc) Decrease) Decrease ll _{gradually until}_{gradually until}

=

_{10.0 cm by adding water into the measuring cylinder}_{10.0 cm by adding water into the measuring cylinder}

and repeat step ( and repeat step (bb).).

l l

((d d ) Tabulate) Tabulate ll,, f f , and, and

f f 1 1

(28)

Experiment 9

Topic:

Deformation of SolidsDeformation of Solids

Purpose:

To determine Young’s modulus by cantilever methodTo determine Young’s modulus by cantilever method

Theory:

Slotted weights Slotted weights Ruler Ruler Metre rule Metre rule Wooden Wooden block block 'G' clamp 'G' clamp Figure 10 Figure 10 L L = length,= length, b

b = width, and= width, and t

t = thickness of metre rule= thickness of metre rule The Young’s modulus

The Young’s modulus E E of wood of the metre rule is given byof wood of the metre rule is given by

d d M M bt bt gL gL E E 44 ₃₃ .. 3 3

=

_{, where}_{, where M}_{M = mass of the slotted masses,}_{= mass of the slotted masses, d}_{d = deflection of the end of the ruler.}_{= deflection of the end of the ruler.}

ss bt bt gL gL E E 44 ₃₃ ..11 3 3

=

(29)

Apparatus:

(i)

(i) A A metre metre rulerule (ii)

(ii) A A half-metre half-metre rulerule (iii)

(iii) A A 'G' 'G' clampclamp (iv)

(iv) A A retort retort stand stand and and clampclamp (v) Thread

(v) Thread (vi)

(vi) A A 50 50 g g slotted slotted mass mass hanger hanger (vii)

(vii) A A set oset of 20 f 20 g g slotted slotted massesmasses (viii)

(viii) A A wooden wooden block block (ix)

(ix) A A pair pair of of vernier vernier caliperscalipers (x)

(x) A A micrometer micrometer screw screw gaugegauge

Procedure:

((aa) Determine the length) Determine the length d d for different valuesfor different values M M of slotted massesof slotted masses used.used. ((b)b) Plot a graph of Plot a graph of d d againstagainst M M ..

(30)

Experiment 10

Topic:

Kinetic Theory of GasesKinetic Theory of Gases

Purpose:

To verify Charles’ law using the air column trapped in a capillary tubeTo verify Charles’ law using the air column trapped in a capillary tube

Theory:

Charles’ law: For a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure, it expands by Charles’ law: For a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure, it expands by

273 273 1 1 of its of its original volume at 0

original volume at 0 ooC for every increase of temperature of 1C for every increase of temperature of 1ooC.C. or

or VV == V V oo

(

11++ αθ αθ

))

α

≈

3.663.66

×

1010-3 -3 ooCC-1-1for all gases at low pressure.for all gases at low pressure.

∴

_{The graph of}_{The graph of V}_V against_{against θ}_{θ is a linear graph with}_{is a linear graph with}

o o Gradient Gradient V V »» 3.663.66

×

1010 -3 -3 oo C C-1-1..

Apparatus:

(i)

(i) A A 1 1 liter liter beaker beaker (ii)

(ii) A A thermometer thermometer (iii)

(iii) A A stirrer stirrer (iv)

(iv) A A 30 30 cm cm wooden wooden ruler ruler (v)

(v) Two Two rubber rubber bandsbands (vi)

(vi) Capillary tube Capillary tube with air with air trapped by trapped by column of column of concentrated sulphuric concentrated sulphuric acidacid (vii)

(vii) Ice cubIce cubes es and and water (to water (to be be shared)shared) (viii)

(31)

Procedure:

((aa) ) Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 11 below.Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 11 below.

Rubber band

Rubber band _Stirrer_Stirrer

Thermometer Thermometer Beaker Beaker Ruler Ruler Ice and water Ice and water mixture mixture Concentrated Concentrated sulfuric acid sulfuric acid Figure 11 Figure 11

((bb) Record the length) Record the length ll of the air column at different temperaturesof the air column at different temperatures θ θ in the range of in the range of 0

0 ooC <C < θ θ < 100< 100 ooC.C.

(32)

Experiment 11

Topic:

Thermal ConductionThermal Conduction

Purpose:

To determine the thermal conductivity of glassTo determine the thermal conductivity of glass

Theory:

Thermal conductivity

Thermal conductivity k k could be expressed in terms of the rate of flow of heatcould be expressed in terms of the rate of flow of heat dd d d Q Q t t

=

= −

−

k k A Add d d Q Q x x ,, where where dd d d Q Q t

t

=

rate of heat conducted,rate of heat conducted, A

A

=

tangential surface area for heat flow,tangential surface area for heat flow, d d d d Q Q x

x

=

temperature gradient.temperature gradient.

Relationship between temperature

Relationship between temperature θ θ and timeand time t t for this experiment is given byfor this experiment is given by lg lgθ θ _o_o

−

lglgθ θ

=

kt kt rx rx B B ,, where

where θ θ

=

temperature intemperature in

°°

C at timeC at time t t in s,in s, θ

θ _o_o

=

2020

°°

C,C, B

B

=

4.844.84

×

101066 JJ mm−−33 K K −−11_,,

r

=

average radius of the boiling tube, andaverage radius of the boiling tube, and x

x

=

thickness of the wall of the boiling tube.thickness of the wall of the boiling tube.

Apparatus:

(i)

(i) A A boiling boiling tubetube (ii)

(ii) A A thermometer thermometer ((

−

1010

°°

CC

−

110110

°°

C)C) (iii)

(iii) A A 1000 1000 cmcm33beaker beaker (iv)

(iv) Two Two stirrersstirrers (v)

(v) A A cork cork stopper stopper (vi)

(vi) A A stopwatchstopwatch (vii)

(vii) A A pair pair of of vernier vernier caliperscalipers (viii)

(viii) A A retort retort stand stand and and clampclamp (ix)

(ix) Ice Ice cubescubes (x)

(33)

Procedure:

((aa) Measure the internal and external diameters of a boiling tube and hence calculate the) Measure the internal and external diameters of a boiling tube and hence calculate the average radius

average radius r r and the thicknessand the thickness x xof the wall of the boiling tube.of the wall of the boiling tube.

((bb) Fill up a beaker with water and ice. Clamp the boiling tube on to a retort stand and) Fill up a beaker with water and ice. Clamp the boiling tube on to a retort stand and lower the boiling tube into the beaker until the whole of the boiling tube almost submerge in lower the boiling tube into the beaker until the whole of the boiling tube almost submerge in the ice and water mixture.

the ice and water mixture.

((cc) Pour hot water into the boiling tube until the water level inside the tube reaches about) Pour hot water into the boiling tube until the water level inside the tube reaches about 1 cm below the ice-water level in the beaker. The temperature of the ice and water mixture 1 cm below the ice-water level in the beaker. The temperature of the ice and water mixture inside the beaker should be 0

inside the beaker should be 0

°°

C before the hot water is poured into the boiling tube.C before the hot water is poured into the boiling tube. ((d d ) ) Insert the stirrer and thermometer through the cork stopper as shown in Figure 12.Insert the stirrer and thermometer through the cork stopper as shown in Figure 12.

Figure 12 Figure 12 Ice-water mixture Ice-water mixture Beaker Beaker Warm water Warm water Boiling tube Boiling tube Cork stopper Cork stopper Thermometer Thermometer Stirrer Stirrer Retort stand Retort stand

((ee) Record time) Record time t t and the corresponding temperatureand the corresponding temperature θ θ starting at temperature aroundstarting at temperature around 30

30

°°

C. Recording of timeC. Recording of time t t and temperature θ and temperature θ proceeds until the temperature in the boilingproceeds until the temperature in the boiling tube reaches about 3

(34)

Experiment 12

Topic:

CapacitorsCapacitors

Purpose:

To determine the time constant and the capacitance of capacitors inTo determine the time constant and the capacitance of capacitors in R R--C C circuit.circuit.

Apparatus:

(i)

(i) A A 6 6 V V d.c. d.c. power power supplysupply (ii)

(ii) An An on on – – off off switchswitch (iii)

(iii) A A d.c. d.c. milliammeter milliammeter (iv)

(iv) A A stopwatchstopwatch (v) Resistor-pack (v) Resistor-pack (vi)

(vi) Two conTwo connecting wires necting wires with a with a crocodile clip crocodile clip at one at one endend (vii)

(vii) Eight Eight 50 50 cm cm connecting connecting wireswires (viii)

(viii) A A 10 10 cm cm connecting connecting wirewire (ix)

(ix) A A capacitor capacitor labelledlabelled C C 11

(x)

(x) A A capacitor capacitor labelledlabelled C C 22

Procedure:

Caution: Before you s

Caution: Before you start the experiment, the capacitor has tart the experiment, the capacitor has to be fully dischto be fully discharged. arged. This isThis is done by short-circuiting the terminals.

done by short-circuiting the terminals.

((aa) Connect up the circuit with switch S as shown in Figure 13. The connecting wires) Connect up the circuit with switch S as shown in Figure 13. The connecting wires with crocodile clips are to be connected to points X and Y and are meant for connection to with crocodile clips are to be connected to points X and Y and are meant for connection to the resistor-pack for selections of

the resistor-pack for selections of R R, where, where R Ris the effective resistance across X and Y.is the effective resistance across X and Y.

Rajah 13 Rajah 13 Figure 13 Figure 13

To

resistor-6 V d.c. supply

(35)

((bb) Starting with) Starting with R R= 6600= 6600

Ω

, close switch S, and decrease, close switch S, and decrease R R in stages by proper selectionin stages by proper selection of combination of resistors from the resistor-pack until the reading of current

of combination of resistors from the resistor-pack until the reading of current I I oo in thein the

milliammeter is 1.0 mA or about 1.0 mA. milliammeter is 1.0 mA or about 1.0 mA.

Record the value of

Record the value of I I ooand the corresponding resistanceand the corresponding resistance R Roo..

((cc) Open switch S and short-circuit the terminals of the capacitor with a short connecting) Open switch S and short-circuit the terminals of the capacitor with a short connecting wire to fully discharge it.

wire to fully discharge it.

((d d ) Close switch S again to charge the capacitor until the reading of the milliammeter ) Close switch S again to charge the capacitor until the reading of the milliammeter shows

shows I I oo..

((ee) Then open switch S and simultaneously start the stopwatch, and observe the reading) Then open switch S and simultaneously start the stopwatch, and observe the reading of the milliammeter. Stop the stopwatch when the current reaches a certain value of

of the milliammeter. Stop the stopwatch when the current reaches a certain value of I I . Record. Record the time

the time t t and the corresponding value of and the corresponding value of I I of the milliammeter.of the milliammeter. (( f f ) ) Repeat Repeat the the steps steps ((d d ) and () and (ee) to obtain a new set of ) to obtain a new set of I I andand t t ..

Record all your readings and tabulate Record all your readings and tabulate I I ,, t t ,,

I I I I _o_o , and ln , and ln ⎟⎟ ⎠ ⎠ ⎞ ⎞ ⎜⎜ ⎝ ⎝ ⎛ ⎛ I I I I _o_o ..

((gg) Now, add a capacitor ) Now, add a capacitor C C 22 to the circuit as in Figure 14. The value of to the circuit as in Figure 14. The value of R R, i.e. the total, i.e. the total

resistance across X and Y, is to be fixed at resistance across X and Y, is to be fixed at R Roo..

C

C 11 C C 22

6 V d.c. supply

6 V d.c. supply To resistor-pack To resistor-pack

Figure 14 Figure 14