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ISSN : 2349-3076
CODEN (USA)- JBPCBK
Journal of Biological Pharmaceutical And Chemical Research , 2015,2(1):1- 12
)
http://www.jobpcr.com/arhcive.php (
Review of Induction Heating system – a comprehensive replacement BSD 2000
in Hyperthermia Treatment Technology
A.Ms. Agamani Chakraborty1, B. Prof..P.K. Sadhu2 ,C. Dr. Atanu Banerjee3 1-Electrical Engineering, Asansol Engineering College, Asansol, India
2-Electrical Engineering, ISM Dhanbad
3- Electrical & Electronics Engineering, NIT Meghalaya
ABSTRACT
The induction heating is a well known method for producing heat in a localized area on a susceptible metallic object. It consists of a source of high frequency power, a work coil and a work piece. Induction heating finds its application in both industrial and domestic domain where uniform and rapid heating is required. Induction heating techniques for hyperthermia therapy of cancer have the requirements of better localized heat-treatment and precise control in heating of deep-seated tissues. Magnetic induction heating of ferromagnetic implants is one of the several available techniques for producing interstitial hyperthermia to redistribute heat within an array of controlled temperature. This would in turn call for induction heating-coil designs that can be used for producing strong magnetic field around ferromagnetic seed implants located in different sides of a body. Proper selection of heating coil configuration will simplify patient setup, improve the safety of patient treatment and pave the way for future applications in interstitial heating at sites that were previously untreatable. Ferro magnetic alloys heated through magnetic induction have been investigated as interstitial hyperthermia delivery implants for over a decade, utilizing low curie temperatures to provide thermal self-regulation. This is attractive for curing tumors, which are not easily heated by microwave or ultrasound techniques.
INTRODUCTION
Induction heating is the process of heating an electrically conducting object (usually metal) by electromagnetic induction, where eddy currents are generated within the metal and resistance leads to joule heating of the metal. It is a non contact heating process. It uses high frequency electricity to heat materials that are electrically conductive [1]. Since it is a non contact, the heating process does not contaminate the material being heated. The three main components of induction heating are as shown in fig. 1 -
• A source of high frequency electrical power.
• A work coil to generate alternating magnetic field.
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Fig. 1 Induction heated system with spiral heating coil
• Source of high frequency electrical power
Induction heating at high frequency is achieved by one of the two widely used devices, they are the voltage-fed inverters and the current fed inverters [2]. One of the most important advantages of current-fed inverter is the short circuit protection capability. The high frequency current which gets developed produces a high frequency alternating magnetic field through the work coil. While designing an induction heated system selection of high frequency inverter is very important [3]. The resonant inverter consists of resonant circuit and it delivers maximum power to the load at resonant frequency[4]. The mirror inverter, used in the present configuration of induction heated system, is a half bridge series resonant inverter[5]. It offers reduced switching losses for the power devices and also more efficient, light weight, overall simplicity in terms of inverter are its added advantages.
• Work Coil to generate the alternating magnetic field
The work coil (heating coil) is a vital factor in induction heated system[6]. Losses due to skin effect and proximity effect are the two major factors while designing the coil for induction heated system operating at such high frequency[7]. Minimization of these factors is possible with the use of litz wire conductors made up of multiple individually insulated strands twisted or woven together have proved to be promising[8]. In the present paper, the heating coil considered is spiral shape which will provide immense heat to the load[9]. The coil parameters-equivalent value of the coil ac resistance and equivalent value of the coil inductance have already been computed [10].
• An electrically conductive piece to be heated
The work piece that is to be heated with the help of induction heated system has to be electrically conductive[11]. The electrical current flows into the outer skin of the work-piece only, this means the center of the work-piece remains theoretically cold [12].
Advantages of Induction Heating [13]:
• Heating speed linked to the possibility of obtaining very high power density.
• The possibility to heat at very high temperatures with efficiency practically independent of the temperature.
• Easy automation of equipment.
• Absence of pollution from the source of heating.
• Often extremely high heating efficiency
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MATERIALS AND METHOD
neoplasm, is a broad group of diseases involving malignant
known medically as a Cancer,
mors, u divide and grow uncontrollably, forming malignant t cells
unregulated cell growth. In cancer,
stant parts of the body to more di
and invading nearby parts of the body. The cancer may also spread
Cancer can be detected in a number of ways, including bloodstream.
or lymphatic tem through the
medical imaging. Once a possible screening tests, or
signs and symptoms, the presence of certain
tissue sample. Cancer is usually of a
icroscopic examination m
cancer is detected it is diagnosed by
Hyperthermia also forms a part of the cancer .
radiation therapy therapy,
o treated with chem
treatment.
Hyperthermia (also called thermal therapy or thermotherapy) is a type of cancer treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures (up to 113°F). Research has shown that high temperatures can damage and kill cancer cells, usually with minimal injury to normal tissues[14]. ), hyperthermia may 2
and structures within cells ( proteins
By killing cancer cells and damaging
shrink tumors. Hyperthermia is almost always used with other forms of cancer therapy, such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Hyperthermia may make some cancer cells more sensitive to radiation or harm other cancer cells that radiation cannot damage. When hyperthermia and radiation therapy are combined, they are often given within an hour of each other. Hyperthermia can also enhance the effects of certain anticancer drugs[15].
II.1. Different Techniques of Hyperthermia Treatment
Several methods of hyperthermia are currently under study, including local, regional, and whole-body hyperthermia[16].
o In local hyperthermia, heat is applied to a small area, such as a tumor, using various
techniques that deliver energy to heat the tumor. Different types of energy may be used to apply heat, including microwave, radiofrequency, and ultrasound. Depending on the tumor location, there are several approaches to local hyperthermia:
o External approaches are used to treat tumors that are in or just below the skin.
External applicators are positioned around or near the appropriate region, and energy is focused on the tumor to raise its temperature[17].
Intraluminal or endocavitary methods may be used to treat tumors within or near body cavities, such as the esophagus or rectum. Probes are placed inside the cavity and inserted into the tumor to deliver energy and heat the area directly. Interstitial techniques are used to treat tumors deep within the body, such as brain tumors. This technique allows the tumor to be heated to higher temperatures than external techniques. Under anesthesia, probes or needles are inserted into the tumor. Imaging techniques, such as ultrasound, may be used to make sure the probe is properly positioned within the tumor. The heat source is then inserted into the probe. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a type of interstitial hyperthermia that uses radio waves to heat and kill cancer cells. In regional hyperthermia, various approaches may be used to heat large areas of tissue, such as a
body cavity, organ, or limb[18].
• Deep tissue approaches may be used to treat cancers within the body, such as cervical or bladder cancer. External applicators are positioned around the body cavity or organ to be treated, and microwave or radiofrequency energy is focused on the area to raise its temperature.
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patient’s blood is removed, heated, and then pumped (perfused) back into the limb or organ. Anticancer drugs are commonly given during this treatment.
• Continuous hyperthermia peritoneal perfusion (CHPP) is a technique used to treat cancers within the peritoneal cavity (the space within the abdomen that contains the intestines, stomach, and liver), including primary peritoneal mesothelioma and stomach cancer. During surgery, heated anticancer drugs flow from a warming device through the peritoneal cavity. The peritoneal cavity temperature reaches 106–108°F.
Loco regional hyperthermia can be differentiated into external, interstitial and endocavitary hyperthermia[19]. Different heat delivery systems are available: antennae array, capacitive coupled, and inductive devices. The processes maintained are shown in fig. 2. Loco regional hyperthermia can be differentiated into A. External hyperthermia
• Local hyperthermia (short waves/radiofrequencies (SW/RF), microwaves (MW))
• Regional deep hyperthermia (RF, MW, ultrasound (US))
• Part-body hyperthermia (RF, MW, infrared (IR), heat perfusion) B. Interstitial hyperthermia with
• RF electrodes (f.e., needles)
• HF or MW antennas
• laser fibres
• ultrasound transducers
• magnetic rods/seeds and fluid C. Endocavitary hyperthermia ( intraluminal)
• RF electrodes (i.e., coils)
• radiative (IR, laser),heat sources (hot fluid perfusion, extra corporal perfusion)
•
• Fig. 2(A) External Hyperthermia (B)Interstitial Hyperthermia
• (C) Endocavitary Hyperthermia
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are used more frequently for deep seated tumors and higher frequencies for superficial tumors. Molecules with dipoles, like water, can be excited in such alternating electromagnetic fields which will be measured as heat [20]. Interstitial hyperthermia delivers the heat directly at the site of the tumor. For interstitial hyperthermia high frequency needle electrodes at 375 kHz (i.e., high frequency-induced thermotherapy; HiTT), microwave antennas, ultrasound transducers, laser fiber optic conductors (laser-induced thermotherapy; LiTT), or ferromagnetic rods, seeds or fluids (magnetic fluid hyperthermia (f.e. with nanoparticles), MFH) are injected or implanted into the tumor. In some cases the interstitial hyperthermia is combined with a brachytherapy by an after loading method. With these applicators a heat can be applied high enough to induce in tumors thermo necrosis at a distance of 1 to2 cm around the hot source. This technique is suitable for 1-5 tumors less than 5 cm in diameter. Perfusion hyperthermia with fluids (water, blood) is used to deliver heat with fluids into cavities like the peritoneum, the pleural space, or the bladder. The perfusate is combined with antineoplastic agents or cytokines, like TNF-α (see Chapter entitled “Perfusion Peritoneal
Hyperthermia”). Extra corporal heat exchange is commonly used to heat up blood for the perfusion of extremities. Deep hyperthermia (DHT) is referred to the induction of heat in deep seated tumors-e.g., of the pelvis, abdomen, liver, lung, or brain-by external energy applicators. The technical features for the treatment of deep seated tumors are interstitial applicators (f.e. conductive), electromagnetic antenna-dipole arrangements, capacitive-coupled electrodes, ultrasound, and magnetic fields. The technique used, will restrict the application to certain body areas.
Different heat delivery methods 2
. II
The different electromagnetic techniques used for transferring energy in regional deep hyperthermia are:
• radiofrequencies (RF-DHT) between 5-27 MHz
• high frequencies (HF-DHT) between 60-430 MHz (decimeter waves)
Microwaves (MW-DHT) at frequencies larger than or equal 1 GHz (centimeter waves). The most recent device used for hyperthermia treatment is BSD 2000 developed by BSD Medical Corporation. The BSD-2000 creates a central focusing of energy that can be electronically focused to target the shape, size and location of the tumor, thus providing dynamic control of the heating delivered to the tumor region. The BSD-2000 has Humanitarian Device Exemption (HDE) marketing approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in conjunction with radiation therapy for the treatment of cervical cancer patients who are ineligible for chemotherapy. Fig. 3 shows the total structure of BSD 2000.
6 III Description of BSD 2000
The BSD-2000 Hyperthermia System delivers localized therapeutic heating (hyperthermia) to solid tumors by applying radiofrequency (RF) energy at the frequency range of 75 to 120 MHz. The BSD-2000 delivers energy to a patient using a power source and an array of multiple antennae that surround the patient's body. The BSD-2000 creates a cylindrically convergent radiated wave front that utilizes the principles of constructive and destructive interference to create a central focusing of energy. Thus, the energy delivered by the BSD-2000 can be electronically focused to produce a localized power field that can be adjusted to target the three dimensional shape, size, and location of the tumor, thus providing dynamic control of the heating delivered to the tumor region. This method of therapeutic heating utilizes the adjustment of frequency, phase, and amplitude from multiple power sources, along with applicator selection and patient positioning, to optimize the deposition of heating energy into the targeted body tissues. The BSD 2000 consists of the following major components:
• An RF power delivery subsystem
• A proprietary
• Thermistor-based
• Thermometry subsystem
• A computerized monitoring and control subsystem
• An applicator subsystem which includes an applicator and patient supported system
• Various accessories which includes a tissue equivalent QA lamp phantom that provides verification of the energy focus, pattern steering and system operations
• Power Delivery System
Fig. 4 Device for BSD 2000
A solid-state amplifier with 4-channel independent phase and amplitude adjustment capability with a maximum power output of 2000 watts (computer limited to a maximum of 1800 watts), 0 to 500 watts per channel. Each channel is monitored and controlled by the computer and can be individually adjusted for phase and amplitude. The computer monitors forward and reflected power, phase, and power on each channel.
Thermometry Subsystem
A set of non-perturbing, electromagnetically insensitive, temperature sensors with an accuracy of +0.2 0C over a range of 25 to 520 C, are inserted into the patient using standard, sterile, disposable, closed-tip, insertion catheters (not furnished by BSD). Thermal mapping is an automated positioning system that allows the operator to map the sensor tip along the length of the catheter in order to determine the temperature profile.
7 Applicator Subsystem
The Sigma applicators (Sigma 60 and Sigma 60 Ellipse) are annular phased array applicators that are comprised of a clear plastic shell, 8 radiating dipoles, and a bolus membrane. The 8 dipoles are evenly spaced around the inside of a clear plastic shell and are oriented so that the radiated electric field is dominantly aligned with the central axis of the patient's body. The software automatically restricts the frequency range to 75-120 MHz for the Sigma 60 and 80-120 MHz for the Sigma 60 Ellipse.
Applicator and Patient Support System
The Sigma Treatment Base is part of the applicator subsystem and includes both the patient and applicator support system. A water system in the base is used to fill the bolus and to control the bolus water temperature. During treatment, the patient lies in a prone position on a fabric sling inside the applicator. The applicator is positioned over the tumor area and de-ionized water is pumped into the bolus to fill the space between the patient and the shell.
Computer Control System
An operator console containing computer controls to obtain and display data from the temperature sensors; to control the treatment power amplitude and temperatures using a closed-loop feedback system; and to record, display, and print relevant patient treatment parameters. Treatment parameters, including power output, frequency, amplitude and phase, tissue temperatures, core temperature, and treatment time are monitored and controlled by the Computer Control System, based on operator specified parameters. The System includes software pre-treatment planning programs that provide basic qualitative guidance, based on Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) testing, of the heating effects in the body.
Fig. 5. Patient undergoing hyperthermia treatment in BSD 2000 Precautions of using BSD 2000
• Patients who have implanted, worn or carried medical devices, including cardiac pacemakers, implanted defibrillators, infusion pumps, insulin pumps, cardiac monitoring electrodes and devices, deep brain stimulators, cochlear implants, radiofrequency identification devices attached to devices, or any other implanted active electronic device or monitoring system[21]
• A body diameter >49 cm from left to right.
• Severe dysfunction of the heart or lungs
• Severe pulmonary disease with a forced expiratory volume (FEV) <50%
• Patients who cannot adequately respond to pain (those with significant neuropathies)
• Patients who have had prior irradiation to the treatment site
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Known decrease in circulation in the heated area produced by any means (i.e.,Vasoconstrictive drugs, DIC, ischemia or other cause)
• Patients who have electrically conductive, metal, or foreign objects in or on or attached to their body
• Unstable angina pectoris (under medication) with imminent threat of an infarction
• Myocardial infarction <6 months ago
• Cardiac decomposition necessitating medication.
• Heart rate >90bpm
Inability to place either an intratumoral or an intraluminal temperature sensor for monitoring of tumor indicative temperatures.
In all the above procedures that are followed for hyperthermia treatment heating plays the key role. The site affected with carcinogen is heated with various means to raise its temperature which is the principle of hyperthermia treatment. Hyperthermia treatment can be applied to the patient through different processes.BSD 2000 is a device which uses hyperthermia treatment. However there are several disadvantages of using BSD 2000. Patients who are suffering from chronic cardiac disease or have artificial equipment implanted with their body cannot be treated with BSD 2000[22]. Moreover, the frequency needed to operate BSD 2000 is much high approximately 128MHz. The age of the patient is also a determining factor while using the BSD 2000. Induction heating, if applied to hyperthermia treatment can overcome many of the problems that the conventional processes are facing[22].
Role of Induction heating in hyperthermia treatment
Hyperthermia requires high temperature which will burn the malignant cells of the specific region. The recent device BSD 2000 has got various disadvantages like it is not applicable to patients who are suffering from certain diseases. Moreover the implementation of the device is very sensitive as it requires skilled persons who are familiar in operating the equipment. It requires large space to be installed [23]. The most important limitation of BSD 2000 is its operating frequency which is in the range of 128 MHz. The other method of hyperthermia treatment uses a frequency range of 33-128 MHz. Using induction heating, the rate of heating will be fast and if the frequency is optimized between the above mentioned range then hyperthermia treatment can be used through various processes at a fixed optimized frequency.
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Fig. 6. Induction heated system applied for hyperthermia treatment showing the work piece
The BSD 2000, which is conventionally used for hyperthermia treatment, mainly treats the tumors of regional areas of human body. But hyperthermia treatment has got various processes of implementation depending on the position of tumor on the human body. These techniques require varied frequencies range. BSD 2000 uses simple resistive heating at a frequency of 125 Mhz, which is capable enough to generate sufficient amount of heat to destroy the malignant cell. But this variation of frequency is not acceptable as BSD 2000 cannot be used for other hyperthermia treatment[24],[25].
Future Scope of Work
The main ingredient of hyperthermia treatment is heat. The BSD 2000, used for hyperthermia treatment, uses resistance heating at a frequency of 125 Mhz. The heating technique in this device may be replaced by induction heating so that it can function in a much lower range of frequency and all the processes of hyperthermia treatment can be applied.
In the induction heated system, the IGBT switches may be replaced by the semiconductor switches such as SITHs, MCTs. The limitation of IGBT lies in the fact the its frequency is up to 50kHz which may be overcome by MCTs and SITHs. Both these power switches has lower voltage drop and high conduction. These switches are capable of withstanding the frequency range of hyperthermia treatment[26].
The uncontrolled rectifier at the source side of the induction heated system may be replaced by controlled rectifier (dc-dc chopper) which will give controlled input to the high frequency inverter. This high frequency inverter is the source of power to the induction heated system. Controlling the
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CONCLUSION
Cancer, a threatening disease, is always a area to be much discussed with and it also open new path of research. Hyperthermia forms a part of cancer treatment which means heating the tumor to certain high temperature range so the damaged cells get burnt out. Chemotherapy is also heat treatment which is used in the treatment of cancer but it heats up the region around the tumor which is not desirable. There are various benefits of hyperthermia over chemotherapy like it has low host toxicity, easily controllable (heating precisions in the range of ±0.1°C and specific definable localized areas) and also lo resistance.
Conventional techniques that are available for hyperthermia treatment are very costly and sophisticated in application. The technicians and the doctors dealing with hyperthermia treatment should have sound knowledge about the system, its installation, its use and its precautions. Today the most common equipment that is being used for hyperthermia is BSD 2000.
This equipment is actually an assembly of several subsystems. It is intended to deliver focused therapeutic heating with temperature greater than 104°F (40°C) to cancerous tumors by applying radio frequency range of 75 to 120 MHz. But this particular device has got certain restrictions. It cannot be used with patients having other physical ailments. Moreover it requires large space for its installation, much costly and also the operators should be very familiar with the operation of this equipment. In this particular paper, a scheme has been presented which will apply induction heating process in the treatment of cancer. The malignant tumors will be heated with the help of electrodes which will be heated up by induction heating. This may overcome the shortcomings of BSD 2000 and pave a new horizon in the direction of combating cancer.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My word of thanks is extended to Prof. Pradip Kumar Sadhu and Dr. Atanu Banerjee whose tireless effort has made my work a successful one. Without their constant monitoring I would not have completed the work in an organized manner. I also like to show my gratitude to Dr. Nitai Pal who helped me in and out to complete my work. I extend my gratitude to Asansol Engineering College and all its members whose constant support was always there for me. I like to thank my co - fellows at ISM Dhanbad who, along with me, worked hard to make the work a successful one. Last but not the least I want to thank my parents whose blessings were always there to guide me through my path and also to my husband and my in-laws who always stood by me and has given every possible help to me.
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