Human Anatomy,

Human Anatomy,

A First Look at Anatomy

■

Anatomy is the study of

structure

.

■

The word anatomy is derived from

Greek and means “to cut up” or “to cut

open.”

■ Anatomists examine the relationships

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Introduction to Anatomy

■

Physiology

■ The scientific discipline that studies the

function of body structures.

■ Structure and function cannot be

completely separated.

5

Levels of Organization in the

Human Body

■

The

simplest

level of organization within

the body is the

chemical level

, which is

composed of atoms and molecules.

Levels of Organization in the

Human Body

■

Molecules

■ Two or more atoms combine to form a

molecule, such as a protein, a water molecule, or a vitamin.

■

Macromolecules

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Levels of Organization in the

Human Body

■

At the cellular level, specialized

structural and functional units called

Levels of Organization in the

Human Body

■

Large molecules join in specific ways to

form

cells

, the basic units of structure

and function in organisms.

■ The cell is the smallest structural unit that

exhibits the characteristics of living things

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Levels of Organization in the

Human Body

■

Tissues

■ Groups of similar cells with a common

function form tissue.

■ Tissues are precise organizations of similar

Levels of Organization in the

Human Body

■

Organs

■ Different tissue types that work together to

perform specific, complex functions form an organ.

■ Organ Systems

■ The organ system level consists of related

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Levels of Organization in the

Human Body

■

Organism

■ All body systems function interdependently

The Four Types of Tissues in the

Human Body Are:

■

Epithelial tissue covers exposed

surfaces and lines body cavities.

■ Example: The inner lining of the digestive

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The Four Types of Tissues

■

Connective tissue protects,

supports, and interconnects body

parts and organs.

■ Can be solid (such as bone), liquid (such

The Four Types of Tissues

■

Muscle tissue produces movement.

15

The Four Types of Tissues

■

Nervous tissue conducts impulses

for internal communication.

Integumentary

■ Provides protection

■ Regulates body

temperature

■ Site of cutaneous

receptors

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Skeletal

■ Provides support

and protection

■ Site of hematopoeisis

(blood cell production)

■ Stores calcium and

phosphorus

■ Allows for body

Muscular

■ Produces body

movement

■ Generates heat when

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Nervous

■ A regulatory system

that controls body movement

■ Responds to sensory

stimuli

■ Helps control all

other systems of the body

■ Also responsible for

consciousness,

Endocrine

■ Consists of glands

and cell clusters that secrete hormones, some of which

regulate

■ body and cellular

growth

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Cardiovascular

■ Consists of a pump

(the heart) that

moves blood through

Lymphatic

■ Transports and

filters lymph

(interstitial fluid)

■ Initiates an immune

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Respiratory

■ Responsible for

exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between

Digestive

■ Mechanically and

chemically digests food materials

■ Absorbs nutrients ■ Expels waste

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Urinary

■ Filters the blood and

removes waste

products from the blood

■ Concentrates waste

Male Reproductive

System

■ Produces male

sex cells

(sperm) and

male hormones (e.g.,

testosterone)

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Female Reproductive

System

■ Produces female sex cells

(oocytes) and female

hormones (e.g., estrogen and progesterone)

■ Receives sperm from male ■ Site of fertilization of oocyte ■ Site of growth and

Anatomical

Terminology

■ Anatomic position is a

specific body position in which an individual stands

upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor.

■ The head is level, and the

eyes look forward toward the observer.

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Anatomical Terminology

■

A

plane

is an imaginary surface that

slices the body into specific sections.

■

The three major anatomic planes of

Sections

and Planes

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Sections

and Planes

■ A transverse plane, also

called a cross-sectional plane or horizontal

plane, cuts

perpendicularly along

the long axis of the body or organ separating it

Sections

and Planes

■ A sagittal plane or

median plane, extends through the body or organ

vertically and divides the

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Sections and Planes

■ A sagittal plane in the body midline is a

midsagittal plane.

■ A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal

plane, but either to the left or the right of it, is termed a parasagittal (or sagittal) plane.

■ A minor plane, called the oblique plane,

Directional Terms of the Body

■

Directional terms are precise and brief,

and for most of them there is a

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Relative and Directional Terms

of the Body

■ Relative to front (belly

side) or back (back side) of the body :

■ Anterior = In front of;

toward the front surface

■ Posterior = In back of;

toward the back surface

■ Dorsal =At the back

side of the human body

■ Ventral = At the belly

Relative and Directional Terms

of the Body

■ Relative to the head

or tail of the body:

■ Superior = Toward the

head or above

■ Inferior = Toward feet

not head

■ Caudal = At the rear or

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Relative and Directional Terms

of the Body

■ Relative to the midline

or center of the body:

■ Medial = Toward the

midline of the body

■ Lateral = Away from the

midline of the body

■ Deep = On the inside,

underneath another structure

■ Superficial = On the

Relative and Directional Terms

of the Body

■ Relative to point of

attachment of the appendage:

■ Proximal = Closest

to point of

attachment to trunk

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Body Regions

■

The human body is partitioned into two

main regions, called the

axial

and

appendicular

regions.

■ the axial region includes the head, neck,

and trunk which comprise the main vertical axis of our body

■ our limbs, or appendages, attach to the

body’s axis and make up the

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Body Cavities

and Membranes

■ The posterior aspect

of the body has two enclosed cavities

■ A cranial cavity is

formed by the

cranium and houses the brain.

■ A vertebral canal is

formed by the

individual bones of the vertebral column and contains the

Body Cavities

■ Both the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

are lined with thin serous membranes, which are composed of two layers:

■ A parietal layer lines the internal surface of the

body wall.

■ A visceral layer covers the external surface of

organs (viscera) within the cavity.

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Body Cavities and Membranes

■

Constant movement of the organs

causes friction.

■

The serous fluid reduces friction and

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Body Cavities and Membranes

■ The median

space in the

thoracic cavity is called the

mediastinum.

■ It contains the

heart, thymus, esophagus,

trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the

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The Thoracic Cavity

■

The right and left sides of the thoracic

cavity contain the lungs; they are lined

by a two-layered serous membrane

called the pleura.

■ The outer layer is the parietal pleura; it lines the

internal surface of the thoracic wall

Abdominopelvic Cavity

■

The abdominopelvic cavity consists

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The Abdominopelvic Cavity

■ The peritoneum

is a moist,

two-layered serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity.

.

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Abdominopelvic Regions

■ The abdominopelvic

cavity is partitioned into 9 smaller,

imaginary