Chapter 33 Cold WAr-history 10.ppt

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Chapter 33

Restructuring the

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Section 1

Two

Superpowers

Face Off

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Former Allies Diverge

•

Yalta

Conference

•

War was not

over yet but

the U.S.,

Britain, and

the Soviet

Union met in

the city of

(4)

•

They agreed on the following terms:

•

Divide Germany into 4 zones which

were to be controlled by Allied forces

•

Free elections in Eastern Europe –

Though Churchill believed Stalin

would only follow this if Europeans

followed “a policy friendly to Russia”

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Former Allies Diverge

• _{U.S and Soviet Union}_{U.S and Soviet Union}

put asides their

differences and joined

forty-eight other

countries in forming

the

the United Nations United Nations = = International

International

organization set up to

protect its members

against aggression.

(6)

Former Allies Diverge

•

Based in New

York City

•

General

Assembly

•

Large

peacekeepin

g

organization

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• Security Council_{Security Council}

•Power to investigate _{Power to investigate}

and settle disputes

and settle disputes •Britain, China, _{Britain, China,}

France, U.S. &

Soviet Union make

up its

up its permanent permanent membership

membership..

• Chart on page 856 – _{Chart on page 856 –}

different goals of the

superpowers.

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Soviet Union Corrals

Eastern Europe

• Stalin ignores the _{Stalin ignores the}

agreement to hold free

elections in Eastern

Europe.

• Communism is installed in _{Communism is installed in}

Albania, Bulgaria,

Hungary, Czechoslovakia,

Romania, Poland, and

Yugoslavia.

• _{Stalin – Communism &}_{Stalin – Communism &}

Capitalism cannot exist in

the same world.

• _{War between the United}_{War between the United}

States and Soviet Union

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Soviet Union Corrals

Eastern Europe

• _{Europe was now}_{Europe was now}

divided including

Germany & the city

of Berlin.

• Winston Churchill’s _{Winston Churchill’s}

phrase “

phrase “Iron Curtain”Iron Curtain” will represent the

will represent the

cold war.

• _{Stalin termed}_{Stalin termed}

Churchill’s words a

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United States Counters Soviet

Expansion

•

President Harry Truman

declares its time to stop

“babying the Soviets.”

•

The US will follow a

policy of

containment.

•

A policy of directed at

blocking Soviet

influence & preventing

the expansion of

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United States Counters Soviet

Expansion

• _{Truman Doctrine}_{Truman Doctrine}

•The U.S. will "free _{The U.S. will "free}

peoples who are

resisting attempted

subjugation by armed

minorities or by

outside pressures."

outside pressures." •Supporting countries _{Supporting countries}

that rejected

communism.

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United States Counters Soviet

Expansion

•

Marshall Plan

•

American aid to

any European

country that

needed it.

Example ~

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United States Counters Soviet

Expansion

• The Berlin Airlift Berlin Airlift

• Soviets want to keep Germany weak.

• 1948 ~ GB, FR, US will unite their section of Germany.

• The city of Berlin was divided as well (even though it existed (even though it existed

in the Soviet Section)

• Soviet Union will hold West

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United States Counters Soviet

Expansion

• To break the blockade,

American & British officials flew food & supplies into

West Berlin.

• _{The Soviets will}

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Berlin Airlift

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The cold War & a Divided

world

•

Cold War

•

State of hostility between the

superpowers without any fighting.

•

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty

Organization)

•

Defensive military alliance in which

nations promised to defend each

other if any member was threatened.

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world

• _{In response the Soviets}_{In response the Soviets}

form the

form the Warsaw Pact.Warsaw Pact.

•Soviet Union, Poland, _{Soviet Union, Poland,}

East Germany,

Czech., Hungary,

Romania, Bulgaria,

Albania

•Warsaw Pact became _{Warsaw Pact became}

the Soviet’s version

of containment.

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The cold War & a Divided

world

• By 1949, the

Americans are not the only country with the ability to detonate a

nuclear weapon.

• _{By 1952, the US}

tested the first H H (hydrogen)

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world

• New US president

Dwight D. Dwight D.

Eisenhower

Eisenhower adheres to policy of

brinkmanship brinkmanship

•Retaliate

instantly, by any means necessary.

• The US and USSR will become

(21)

(22)

The cold War & a Divided

world

• 1957 ~ the Soviets launched the first unmanned satellite into space.

• Sputnik I _{Sputnik I} showed the US that it was lacking in science and in

mathematics.

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world

• After the Soviets _{After the Soviets}

rejected Eisenhower’s

“open skies” policy

(allowing both countries

to have planes freely fly

over each others

country), the CIA

authorized secret spy

flights over the USSR.

• In 1960, _{In 1960,} a a U-2 spy planeU-2 spy plane was shot down by the

was shot down by the

Soviets causing mistrust.

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Section 3

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War In Korea

• Korea divided along the 3838thth Parallel. _Parallel

• Following the

containment policy, Truman vows to

keep S. Korea from becoming

communist.

• United Nations will send peace keeping troops under

Douglas MacArthur.

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War In Korea

•

China will get involved aiding the

N.

Koreans (communist).

•

MacArthur will be fired by Truman during

this war.

•

The UN forces (chiefly American) will

eventually drive the N. Koreans out of S.

Korea.

•

The position of Korea will be the same

as when the war started.

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War in

Vietnam

• After WWII, Japan lost _{After WWII, Japan lost} this territory which this territory which

now France wishes to now France wishes to

regain its former regain its former

colonies. colonies.

• Ho Chi Minh_{Ho Chi Minh} ~ will ~ will create a Communist create a Communist

gov’t in N. Vietnam. gov’t in N. Vietnam.

• Vietnam will now be _{Vietnam will now be} divided into two = divided into two =

Communist North, and Communist North, and anti-Communist in the anti-Communist in the

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War in Vietnam

• The US and France will support the S. _{The US and France will support the S.}

Vietnamese gov’t of Ngo Dinh Diem

using the idea of the

using the idea of the Domino TheoryDomino Theory..

• _{The fall of communism must be}_{The fall of communism must be}

avoided. If Vietnam falls, then

surrounding countries will follow.

• Though Ho Chi Minh will supply (using _{Though Ho Chi Minh will supply (using}

the Ho Chi Minh trail) his communist

guerrillas in the South (

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War in Vietnam

• The U.S. will increase _{The U.S. will increase}

their support after it looks

as if communism will

triumph in S. Vietnam.

• August 1964, President August 1964, President Lyndon Johnson told

Lyndon Johnson told

Congress that N.

Vietnamese patrol boats

had attacked two

American destroyers

• Gulf of TonkinGulf of Tonkin – allows – allows President Johnson to

President Johnson to

escalate the war = by

1968, 500,000+ American

soldiers were in Vietnam

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War in Vietnam

• Difficulties in Vietnam:

• Guerilla warfare in unfamiliar terrain

• S. Vietnamese gov’t was

becoming increasing unpopular.

• Vietnamization_{Vietnamization}

• U.S. President Richard Nixon’s plan for gradually pulling out of

Vietnam.

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Section

5

The Cold War

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The Soviets Dominate

Eastern Europe

• 1953 – Joseph _{1953 – Joseph}

Stalin dies &

Nikita Khrushchev Nikita Khrushchev

comes to power.

• He will begin the _{He will begin the}

policy of

Destalinization ~ Destalinization ~

purging the purging the

country from country from

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The Soviets Dominate

Eastern Europe

• Khrushchev also called for “peaceful _{Khrushchev also called for “peaceful}

competition” with the capitalist states.

• Attitude towards its satellite nations _{Attitude towards its satellite nations}

stayed the same & caused unrest.

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The Soviets Dominate

Eastern Europe

• _{Leonid Brezhnev}_{Leonid Brezhnev} •Limited freedom _{Limited freedom}

of speech &

worship, censored worship, censored publications & publications & protests against protests against the government. the government. •Authority shown _{Authority shown}

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The USSR & China

• 1950 – 30 year treaty b/w Stalin & Mao.

• Chinese will

eventually begin to separate from the Soviet Union.

• Soviet Union will stop sharing nuclear

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Brinkmanship to

Détente

•

During the

presidency of

John F. Kennedy

the

Cuban

Missile Crisis

almost brought

the two

superpowers to

(37)

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Brinkmanship to

Détente

• President Richard Nixon _{President Richard Nixon} will use the policy of

will use the policy of

détente

détente in his in his

dealings with the

USSR.

• Détente _Détente

•Policy of lessened _{Policy of lessened}

Cold War tensions.

• 1₁stst president to visit _{president to visit}

Communist China

and the Soviet

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Brinkmanship to

Détente

• SALT treaty (Strategic Arms _{SALT treaty (Strategic Arms}

Limitation Talks)

• Agreement to limit _{Agreement to limit} ballistic missiles. ballistic missiles.

• SALT II was signed between _{SALT II was signed between} the U.S. and Soviet Union the U.S. and Soviet Union

(June, 1979) (June, 1979)

• However the Soviet Union _{However the Soviet Union} invades Afghanistan and invades Afghanistan and

the U.S. Congress refused the U.S. Congress refused to ratify SALTII = tensions to ratify SALTII = tensions

continued to mount as more continued to mount as more

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Détente Cools

• President Ronald _{President Ronald} Reagan moved Reagan moved

away from détente away from détente

& pursued the & pursued the

Strategic Defense

Initiative (SDI)

Initiative (SDI) or or Star Wars

Star Wars program. program.

• Star Wars was _{Star Wars was} never put into never put into

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Détente Cools

•

Under the

administration of

President Bill

Clinton in 1993,

its name was

changed to the

Ballistic Missile

Defense

Organization

(BMDO)