Multilingual scientific e-document on the Web

(1)

Azzeddine LAZREK

University Cadi Ayyad, Faculty of Sciences

Department of Computer Science

Marrakesh - Morocco

[email protected]

http://www.ucam.ac.ma/fssm/rydarab

(2)

1

MathML & Arabic notation

MathML

Adaptation to the Arabic notation

2

Dadzilla – Arabic MathML Navigator

Dadzilla

Versions

ArMathmlEd – Mathematical editor

Extension

3

CtoArP – CMathML to PMathML transformation

Motivations

CtoArP

ArSelector – Notation selector

Results

(3)

MathML

Mathematical Markup Language, W3C standard - 1999

Aim

Allowing mathematics to be transmitted, processed and

published on the Web

MathML 1 and 2

The first two versions of MathML describe only mathematics in

the European languages

Separation

Presentation MathML

Content MathML

(4)

MathML

Aim

MathML 1 and 2

the European languages

Separation

Presentation MathML

Content MathML

Content MathML is generally language-neutral. In contrary,

presentation MathML necessarily targets a specific language

and notational conventions.

(5)

MathML

Aim

MathML 1 and 2

Separation

Presentation MathML

Content MathML

(6)

MathML

Aim

MathML 1 and 2

The first two versions of MathML describe only mathematics in

Separation

Presentation MathML

Content MathML

Content MathML is generally language-neutral. In contrary,

presentation MathML necessarily targets a specific language

and notational conventions.

(7)

Content MathML

Semantically, an Arabic

ma-thematical

expression

has

the

same

functionality

as

its Latin equivalent: same

content MathML tree

skele-ton but with different content

for token elements.

(8)

Presentation MathML

Only rendering aspects need

to be taken into account:

same presentation MathML

tree skeleton with different

content for token elements is

insufficient.

(9)

MathML & Arabic notation

Dadzilla – Arabic MathML Navigator CtoArP – CMathML to PMathML transformation

MathML

Adaptation to the Arabic notation

Direction

<mi>

<mi>

<msup>

<mi>

</msup>

X

</mi>

1

−

2

= (

)

X

(10)

Direction

Bidi Unicode algorithm

<

mn

>

1

<

/mn

>

<

mo

>

+

<

/mo

>

<

mi

>H

.

<

/mi

>

<

mo

>

-

<

/mo

>

<

mn

>

2

<

/mn

>

1+2

−

H .

1+H

.

−

2

(11)

Direction

<mn>

Q® XYªË@

</mn>

<mn> Le nombre z´

ero </mn>

Q® XYªË@

Le nombre z´

ero

(12)

Additional variants

(13)

Symbols mirrors

The attributes

lspace/rspace

and

lquote/rquote

are to

be interpreted as open/closed, instead of left/right respectively.

<math>

<ms lquote='|' rquote='

.

'>

</ms>

</math>

|

.

(14)

Kashida

1

Using CSS

text-justify: kashida

2

Using new entities characters

(15)

Additional constructions

<

math dir="rtl"

>

<

menclose

notation="madruwb"

>

<

mn

>

12

<

/mn

>

<

/menclose

>

<

/math

>

(16)

MathML extension

After examining all notational conventions, in current use with

Arabic, the following step is to clarify the specification of

MathML, proposing extensions where needed, so that MathML

has the broadest coverage possible proposals:

Direction: the overall mathematical directionality should be determined

by a

dir

attribute on the outermost

math

and

mrow

elements ; which

takes one of the values

ltr

or

rtl

. The text content of each token

element should be treated as a separate directional segment and the

bidirectional algorithm should be applied to each independently

Additional value for

mathvariant

:

isolated

,

initial

,

tailed

,

looped

,

stretched

and

double-struck

Mirroring: code-points for Arabic mathematical symbols are not

available yet, but appropriately marked for mirroring

Arabic specific notation: additional allowed value

madruwb

for the

notation attribute

menclose

of factorial symbol.

(17)

MathML extension

Arabic, the following step is to clarify the specification of

has the broadest coverage possible proposals:

by a

dir

math

and

mrow

elements ; which

ltr

or

rtl

. The text content of each token

bidirectional algorithm should be applied to each independently

mathvariant

:

isolated

,

initial

,

tailed

,

looped

,

stretched

and

double-struck

(18)

MathML extension

Arabic, the following step is to clarify the specification of

has the broadest coverage possible proposals:

by a

dir

math

and

mrow

elements ; which

ltr

or

rtl. The text content of each token

bidirectional algorithm should be applied to each independently

mathvariant

:

isolated

,

initial

,

tailed

,

looped

,

stretched

and

double-struck

available yet, but appropriately marked for mirroring

Arabic specific notation: additional allowed value

madruwb

for the

(19)

MathML extension

Arabic, the following step is to clarify the specification of

has the broadest coverage possible proposals:

by a

dir

math

and

mrow

elements ; which

ltr

or

rtl

. The text content of each token

bidirectional algorithm should be applied to each independently

mathvariant

:

isolated,

initial,

tailed,

looped,

stretched

and

double-struck

(20)

Extension adopted

The proposals for adapting MathML to Arabic mathematical

notation, published in the W3C Note, will be included in the new

version of MathML (MathML3).

(21)

Extension

Navigator choice

(22)

Extension

Architecture

XUL

CSS

JavaScript

XBL

RDF

SVG

xpconnect

Web

services

Gecko

xpcom

(23)

Extension

Fonts

To correctly display MathML documents in Arabic presentation,

some fonts must be installed:

ACM

Mirrored BaKoMa Computer Modern fonts

RamzArab

Adapted Arabic mathematical symbols font

Problems

Existent fonts

ACM

(24)

(25)

Extension

Dadzilla 1.1

H

3

q

+

(26)

Extension

Dadzilla 1.2

H

3

q

+

(27)

Extension

MathML verbosity

<math>

<msqrt>

<mfrac>

<mrow>

</mrow>

<mrow>

</mrow>

</mfrac>

$\sqrt{\frac{a+b}{c+d}}$

r

a

+

b

c

+

d

T X

E

MathML

(28)

(29)

Extension

(30)

Extension

Dadzilla

Added the factorial function in Arabic notation.

Support extensible alphabetic symbols.

Using the attribute with

dir

avec

mrow

et

mstyle

Arabization menu Dadzilla and ArMathmlEd

(31)

Results <apply> <diff/> <bvar> <ci>x</ci> </bvar> <apply> <root/> <ci>x</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <divide/> <ci>1</ci> <apply> <times/> <ci>2</ci> <apply> <root/> <ci>x</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply>

CMathML

<mfrac>

<mrow>

<msqrt>

<mi>

س

</mi>

</msqrt>

</mrow>

</mfrac>

1

p

2

PMathML

Dadzilla

(32)

Results

(33)

Results

Pourquoi XSLT ?

(C

→

P)MathML est interne `a MathML

XSLT est une application XML

XSLT est largement adopt ´e

XSLT est portable

CtoArP

feuille de style XSLT

fait appel par d éfaut aux r ègles d éfinies dans

ctop.xsl

(34)

Results

Pourquoi XSLT ?

(C

→

P)MathML est interne `a MathML

XSLT est une application XML

XSLT est largement adopt ´e

XSLT est portable

CtoArP

feuille de style XSLT

fait appel par d éfaut aux r ègles d éfinies dans

ctop.xsl

le r ´esultat est visualis ´e en utilisant Dadzilla

(35)

Results

ctop.xsl

est utilis ée dans les cas o ù le codage est le m ême

en notation arabe et latine.

root

Notation arabe

Notation latine

msqrt

R `egles de r ´esolution de conflits

=

⇒

les r `egles mod `eles de

(36)

Results

ctop.xsl

root

Notation arabe

Notation latine

msqrt

dir="rtl"

=

⇒

(37)

Results

ctop.xsl

root

Notation arabe

Notation latine

msqrt

dir="ltr"

=

⇒

(38)

Results

Motivations

Certains concepts peuvent être pr ésent és par plusieurs

vari ´et ´es de notations au choix :

utilisation des symboles miroirs ou des symboles

alphab ´etiques

H

X

¸ 1=H X H

X

¸

m.×

1=H H

X

¸

Y

H₌₁ H

X

¸

Yk.

1=H

utilisation du syst `eme du num ´eration arabe ou

arabe-hindou

(39)

Results

Motivations

alphab ´etiques

arabe-hindou

0

,

1

,

2

,

3

,

4

,

5

,

6

,

7

,

8

,

9

0

,

1

,

2

,

3

,

4

,

5

,

6

,

7

,

8

,

9

(40)

Results

Motivations

alphab ´etiques

arabe-hindou

utilisation des symboles avec ou sans point diacritiques

H . A£ + Ag . H A£

+

Ag

(41)

Results

(42)

Results

Our aims were to explore avenues to ensure:

The presence of a high-quality typographic

→

Adoption of the TEX typographical rules

Compliance with the rules of Arabic calligraphy

→

Use of Kashida and variations style

The expression structuring to allow: search features,

copying, indexing. . .

→

Extension of MathML and development of Dadzilla

The look and feel of content coding

→

Achieving CtoArP

The ease with the task of Arabic mathematical

e-documents composition

(43)

(44)

(45)

Results

(46)

Results

(47)

Results