Flow and pollution load of Halda River: implication in integrated river management

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Flow and pollution load of Halda River:

implication in integrated river management

Shyamal Karmakar, Md. Enamul Hoque, M M Abdullah Al Mamun, Mohammad Ayub Parvez, Srijon Datta, Md. Nazrul Islam, Mir Enamul Karim, and Mohammad Shafiul Alam

a_{Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Chittagong, 4331, Chattogram, Bangladesh} b_{Department of Oceanography, University of Chittagong, 4331, Chattogram, Bangladesh}

[email protected]

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Services

8-May-20 SS S8 .2 : Urban an d Per i-ur ban soils fo r susta inab le de velop men t 2

Navigation, drinking water supply, sand querying, irrigation

Unique natural breeding habitat for Carp spawning in Southeast Asia.

-83 finfish species under 13 orders and 35 families and 10 shellfish (9 prawns and one crab) under 1 order and 3 families (Azadi and Arshad-Ul-Alam, 2013)

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Water uses and Rubber Dam Project

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Rubber Dam:

The cross-rubber dam built at Bhujpur in Chittagong 2012 to facilitate irrigation . The Local Government and Engineering Department (LGED) constructed the 4.5meter high dam in 2012

With the dam retaining water up to 4.5m deep in the reservoir, EIA or SIA –None, Cost-$1.25 million.

Irrigation for Boro and IRRI cultivation on 10,000 acres of land at upstream area, three tea estates – Four Tea Estate-Achhiya, Halda valley, and Khoiyachhari -- draw water.

Water Supply issue for 20MLD+90MLD station: Has caused seawater to get into the river, sharply increasing salinity at downstream location

The increase of salinity in the river now threatens the livelihood of several thousand fishermen and egg

collectors. Moreover, around a five-kilometer stretch of the river next to the dam remains dry for around three months from January.

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Sand quarry and navigation

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This Study

 Evaluation of water level and discharge characteristics, rainfall-runoff process,

 Assessment of siltation and erosion of the river at different cross-sections and

 water quality of this river considering whole catchment of river. 5/8/2020 5 SS S8 .2 : Urban an d P er i-ur ban soils fo r susta inab le de velop men t

Sediment load estimation at 4 section and by WASA at Mohara Water Treatment Plant, by DOE at Kalurghat

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Spatial data

Data sources



Primary Data

•

Cross sectional area and water flow measurement

•

Water sampling



Secondary Data

•

Cross sectional data (11 cross sections of year 2006, 2009 and 2014)

•

Water level data (4 stations of year 1967 to 2017)

•

Discharge data (1 station of year 1983 to 2017)

•

Rainfall data (4-gauge stations of year 1967 to 2017)

•

SRTM 30m Digital Elevation Model (DEM) from USGS.

•

Land use & soil map

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Details of watershed Characteristics

SRTM Numbers of sub-basin and actual

HRUs (nos.)

128.00 Sub-basin Area (km2₎ _1726.95

Mean Elevation (m) 35.37 Mean Maximum Elevation (m) 90.29 Mean Minimum Elevation (m) 17.48

Mean slope (%) 3.05

Cumulative sub-basin stream length (km)

1100.65

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forest and cultivable land cover ~93.76% of the total areas excluding water body.

~ 42.51% of the area is agricultural land and 51.27% of the area is forest.

The total cultivable land in the area is 167661m2_. SS S8 .2 : Urban an d P er i-ur ban soils fo r susta inab le de velop men t

The overall length of the river is approximately 107 km (Siddique, 2018) and the total catchment area is about 645 square miles (Badiuzzaman, 1978).

The average depth of the Halda River is 21 feet (6.4 meters) and the utmost depth is 30 feet (9.1 meters).

The discharge of water during 1983- 2012 varies from 0.06–548.67 m3s-1 at Panchpukuria station (Akter et al., 2012; BWDB, 2017)

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30 places, From Upstream, Semutang gas field,

Narayanhat, Halda Khal, Habiburghata, Karmashi stream, Rubber dam, South Paindong, Dhurung Khal, Panchpukuria Nazirhat, Boalia Canal, Sattarghat, Gorduara, Kagotia, Azmir ghat, Ramdashhat, Krisno canal and Enayat station

The sample are collected in two times one is low tide time and another is high tide time

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0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00 900.00

Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10 Jan-11 Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14 Jan-15 Jan-16 Jan-17

R ai n fal l (m m ) Date 0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00 900.00 R ai n fal l (m m ) Date

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5/8/2020 10 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 1 9 8 5 _ 1 1 9 8 6 _ 1 1 9 8 7 _ 1 1 9 8 8 _ 1 1 9 8 9 _ 1 1 9 9 0 _ 1 1 9 9 1 _ 1 1 9 9 2 _ 1 1 9 9 3 _ 1 1 9 9 4 _ 1 1 9 9 5 _ 1 1 9 9 6 _ 1 1 9 9 7 _ 1 1 9 9 8 _ 1 1 9 9 9 _ 1 2 0 0 0 _ 1 2 0 0 1 _ 1 2 0 0 2 _ 1 2 0 0 3 _ 1 2 0 0 4 _ 1 2 0 0 5 _ 1 2 0 0 6 _ 1 2 0 0 7 _ 1 2 0 0 8 _ 1 2 0 0 9 _ 1 2 0 1 0 _ 1 2 0 1 1 _ 1 2 0 1 2 _ 1 2 0 1 3 _ 1 2 0 1 4 _ 1 2 0 1 5 _ 1 2 0 1 6 _ 1 2 0 1 7 _ 1 Dis cha rg e (m 3 /s ) Year_Month Observed SRTM Parameter SRTM Before After Precipitation 2972.70 2972.70 Evapotranspiration 868.10 948.90 Surface Runoff 1454.36 984.54

Lateral Flow to stream 5.73 11.47

Return Flow to stream 568.25 761.53

Percolation to shallow aquifer 642.63 1027.06 Groundwater recharge 32.13 108.87 Re-evaporation from shallow aquifer 41.40 156.90 Potential Evapotranspiration 2070.00 2070.00 SS S8 .2 : Urban an d P er i-ur ban soils fo r susta inab le de velop men t 0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00 900.00 R ai n fal l (m m ) Date

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Water level at Panchpukuria station and this section indicates a rapid recession of water level and flow after 2006 5/8/2020 11 SS S8 .2 : Urban an d P er i-ur ban soils fo r susta inab le de velop men t

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Sand Quarrying caused frequent change in river bank

River cross-section estimated at downstream & middle-stream locations

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5/8/2020 13 0 100 200 300 400 500 D isch ar ge (m 3/s)

High tide Low tide

11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 Jan -6 7 Jan -6 9 Jan -7 1 Jan -7 3 Jan -7 5 Jan -7 7 Jan -7 9 Jan -8 1 Jan -8 3 Jan -8 5 Jan -8 7 Jan -8 9 Jan -9 1 Jan -9 3 Jan -9 5 Jan -9 7 Jan -9 9 Jan -0 1 Jan -0 3 Jan -0 5 Jan -0 7 Jan -0 9 Jan -1 1 Jan -1 3 Jan -1 5 Jan -1 7 Wa ter L ev el (m ) Max_WL(m) Min_WL(m) Danger_WL (m)

Water Level at Upstream location, Narayanhat

2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 Jan -6 7 Jan -6 9 Jan -7 1 Jan -7 3 Jan -7 5 Jan -7 7 Jan -7 9 Jan -8 1 Jan -8 3 Jan -8 5 Jan -8 7 Jan -8 9 Jan -9 1 Jan -9 3 Jan -9 5 Jan -9 7 Jan -9 9 Jan -0 1 Jan -0 3 Jan -0 5 Jan -0 7 Jan -0 9 Jan -1 1 Jan -1 3 Jan -1 5 Jan -1 7 Wa ter L ev el (m ) Date

Max_WL(m) Min_WL(m) Danger_WL(m)

Cross-sections Amount of siltation/erosion in respective years (m2₎ 2006-2009 2006-2014 2009-2014 Enayethat -115.22 +159.31 +274.53 Ramdash Hat +663.55 +706.63 +43.08 Gorduara -133.77 +298.94 +432.71 Sattarghat -60.87 +40.49 +101.36 Telpari -103.38 -104.76 -1.38 Dhalai -8.56 -8.88 -0.32 Nazirhat +21.98 +45 +23.02 Panchpukuria -86.36 +24.41 +110.77 Dhurung +25.48 +34 +8.52 Bhujpur +7.45 +13.75 +6.30 Narayanhat +31.91 +46.28 +14.37 SS S8 .2 : Urban an d Per i-ur ban soils fo r susta inab le de velop men t

Ruber Dam Impact: Flow of water from upstream of Halda decreased, allowing seawater to enter the river.

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

Turbulent water was found in summer and monsoon months due to the high

current velocity, turbidity and water temperature in the river.



Chemical measurements of the water were high in winter months (Patra et

al., 1985).



Some strong positive linear relation had found between the water quality

parameters indicating common origin entirely from industrial effluents,

municipal wastes, and agricultural activities (Bhuyan et al., 2017).



Halda River pollution caused by industrial waste (53%), sewage

contamination (20%), tobacco farming (13%), the rubber dam (8%) and sand

extraction (6%) (M. Islam et al., 2017).



Regular alkalinity with 5.9-8.4 mgL

-1

DO, 0.3-2.8 mgL

-1

BOD and 24-96

mgL

-1

COD were found in river water. (Karim et al., 2019)

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5/8/2020 15 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Valu e of p H mg/ L TDS mg/L HCO3 mg/L SS S8 .2 : Urban an d P er i-ur ban soils fo r susta inab le de velop men t

Water TDS 34.0 to 91.33 mg/L, Electric Conductivity 158.20 to 182.22 µS/cm, pH 6.5 to 7.25, Alkalinity 24.4 to 97.6 mg/L, Sulphate 0.0649 to 0.0651 mg/L , Nitrate0.0649-0.0651 and Phosphate 0.414 to 0.426mg/l

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

The total value of tangible resources 20.5 million US$ (fishing 0.07,

fish fry 0.005, irrigation 15.78, drinking water 1.33, water

transportation 0.12, sand extraction 2.51 million US$ (Kabir et al.,

2013).



Total indirect use Tk. 29.50 million and non-use value Tk. 31.46 million

were per year and from the river respectively where bequest value was

Tk. 14.85 million and option value was Tk. 16.61 million (Kabir et al.,

2013).

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IWRM

Integrated Management Who will take the lead? Or Water Manager or Local Government?

River as spatial scale Watershed approach need to be _promoted

Water Governance /Policy 15 policy instruments available range from water supply, irrigation, navigation etc.

Multi-stakeholder approach Direct and Indirect User group, _{Dependent group,}

Economic Good Local peoples dependence

Gender Equity and Social Good Good social harmony and

Ecology and environment

Water quality and Salinity

Egg production

Instream water

• Water Quality is under a satisfactory level since peoples intervention on it.

• The upstream-downstream linkage is heavily regulated by irrigation dam and rubber barrage on it major tributaries at upstream.

• The higher sediment load and siltation in its downstream and at different hydraulic structure points would be attribute to land use change and flow regulation.

• The average flow in the river decreases during pre-monsoon season in last 6-10 years.

• Floods are more likely to occur in downstream region

compared to upstream region in same hydro-meteorological regime.

• Akter and Ali (2012) the minimum water level as 1.5 m to ensure fish spawning

Around 8 Institutions and including 5 Ministries,

1 City Corporation, 5 Poroshavas dependent for water supply for more than 5 million

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Conclusions

• There were four parameters considered for water quality monitoring where all the

parameters showed within the standard level.

• The upstream-downstream linkage is heavily regulated followed by construction of

irrigation dam and rubber barrage on it major tributaries at upstream which had great influence on the ecology of the river.

• The higher sediment load and siltation in its downstream and at different hydraulic

structure points would be attribute to land use change and flow regulation.

• The average flow in the river decreases during pre-monsoon season in last 6-10 years.

• Floods are more likely to occur in downstream region compared to upstream region in

same hydro-meteorological regime in this basin.

• QSWAT was applied in the study area for the first time, that is significant improvement

in SWAT catchment modeling effort.

Acknowledgement: The authors are thankful for funding of this study by Research and

Publication Cell University of Chittagong. Heartfelt thanks to the students who took part in several field campaign.

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Thanks for your attention!

Questions?