Label Eco-Efficiency Analysis Astaxanthin

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Validated Eco-Efficiency Analysis Methodology

Label

Eco-Efficiency Analysis

Astaxanthin

February 12th_{, 2004}

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The Label

An eco-efficiency analysis was performed in

order to compare the environmental impacts

and the costs from all life-cycle stages of the

production and use of astaxanthin for salmon

production.

In the field of agriculture, astaxanthin, a

carotenoid, gives salmon the characteristic

pink colour hue. Whereas fish in the wild

obtain carotenoids transferred by organisms

up the food chain, salmon in culture

situations depend on the appropriate addition

of pigments to the feed.

The eco-efficiency analysis showed that the

production of astaxanthin by chemical

synthesis is clearly more eco-efficient than

the fermentation of micro-organisms or the

cultivation of algae.

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Requirements Met

1. Accomplished Eco-Efficiency Analysis according to the

methodology certified by TÜV Rheinland/ Berlin-Brandenburg,

Germany.

2. Verification of Astaxanthin to be more eco-efficient than

other alternatives for feeding salmon in aquatic cultures.

3. Third party evaluation by DI C.-O. Gensch, Öko-Institut e. V.,

Freiburg (Germany) (so-called Critical Review according ISO

14040 ff.).

4. Publication of the results via internet on website

www.oeea.de

, which is referred to on the label.

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Ecostudy

of

Lucantin

Pink

for Salmon

Production

food

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Objectives and Planned Use of the Study

Target groups of the study

– BASF Research

– Decision-maker BASF – Customers

– Public

Use of the study

– Internal strategy finding

– Identifying of weaknesses and strengths

– Marketing

Objective of the study

An eco-efficiency analysis was performed in order to compare the environmental impacts and the costs from all life-cycle stages of the production and use of

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Alternative Systems

for the Production

of

Astaxanthin

BASF Product 2. 2.

Astaxanthin,

chemically

synthesized

(Lucantin Pink)

Comparable Products 3. 3.

•

Astaxanthin,

biotechnologically

produced with

yeasts / fermentation

Astaxanthin produced

with algae in ponds

Customer Benefit 1. 1.

•

Production

of

1 t of

salmon

with

Astaxanthin

enriched diets

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Definition of

the Lucantin

the

Lucantin

Pink

Production

(10%

(10% AstaxanthinAstaxanthin))

Waste water

Box III: Disposal

Box II: Usage

Exhaust air αααα -Isophoron ββββ -Isophoron Oxo-Isophoron C₉-Acetal Vinyl-butinol C₆-Acetal C₁₅-Acetal C15-Salt Lucantin Pink Feed production Landfill Production of Additives Asta-xanthin Box I:Production For all chemical processes Product cleaning and packaging

The presteps of each chemical production step, including the according needs for energy, transport, emissions etc. are included into calculations. Same is valid for surface used.

=> not considered

Electricity, Steam

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Definition of

the Fermentative

the

Fermentative

Production

of

Astaxanthin

(0.7%

(0.7% AstaxanthinAstaxanthin))

Box III: Disposal

Box II: Usage Fermentation, Preparation Feed Production Product cleaning and packaging Box I: Production Production of Sugar Transport Production of Phosphates Production of Magnesium sulfate Production of Ammonia Supply of Electricity, Steam Supply of Water Production of

Yeast Extracts _Landfill

Waste water

Exhaust air

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Definition of

the Production

of

Astaxanthin with Algae

Astaxanthin with

Algae

(2.7%

(2.7% AstaxanthinAstaxanthin))

Waste Water Box III: Disposal

Box II: Usage Growth, harvest and preparation of algae Feed production Product cleaning and packaging Box I:Production Production of Magnesium sulfate Transport Production of Sodium dicarbonate Production of Sodium Acetate Production of Potassium nitrate Supply of Electricity, Steam Supply of Water

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Eco-Efficiency Portfolio

(sales product have the same price per unit of active ingredient)

Low Eco-Efficiency High Eco-Efficiency 0.5 1.0 1.0 0 0.5 0

Price of Astaxanthin

Lucantin Pink

Algae

Fermentation

Ecological V

aluation

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Interpretation of the Eco-Efficiency Portfolio

•

Astaxanthin via chemical process is the most eco-efficient alternative for the

production of salmon (the distance from the diagonal is a measure for the

eco-efficiency).

•

The high environmental performance of the chemical production of

astaxanthin is due mainly to the high energy consumption of the other

alternatives.

•

From a customer´s point of view, all alternatives are economically equal.

The costs for the customer are about the same (market prices were used for

the calculation). There are no additional costs to be calculated from a

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Ecological

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0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,00 Energy use Emissions

Raw material use

Toxicity potential Risk potential Land use Lucantin Pink Fermentation Algae

Ecological

Fingerprint

after

BASF

-

Base

Case

(per Tonne of

(per Tonne of SalmonSalmon))

1,0 = worst position,

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Energy Use

of Alternatives

(per Tonne of (per Tonne of SalmonSalmon))

0,16 1,00 0,75 0,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 0,80 1,00

Lucantin Pink Fermentation Algae

E n er g y us e, st an dar d iz ed

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Effects

of Air

-

Emission 1

(per Tonne of (per Tonne of SalmonSalmon)) Global Warming Potential

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 L u can ti n P in k F e rm e n ta ti o n Al g a e CO 2 -e qu iv al en ts [k g/ tonn e s al m on]

CO2 CH4 halogenized NM-Voc* N20

Summer Smog

(POCP= Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential)

0,00 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,10 0,12 L u can ti n P in k F e rm e n ta ti o n Al g a e Et hy le ne -e qui va le n ts [k g/ to nn e s al m on] CH4 NM-VOC**

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Consumption

of

Raw

Materials

(per Tonne of (per Tonne of SalmonSalmon))

44 394 918 120 246 70 92 126 9 69 73 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Lucantin Pink Fermentation Algae

R a w m a te ria l us e [k g /a *Tonne S a lm on] Sand Bauxite Limestone Iron Phosphorus Sulphur NaCl Brow n coal Gas Oil Coal

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Water Emissions

Impact Potential of Water Emissions I

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 Che m is tr y Fe rm en ta tio n Al g ae cr it . V o lu m e [m l/t on ne S al m o n ] 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 Fe rm en ta tio n Al g ae cr it . V o lu m e [m l/t on ne S al m o n ] N-total NH4+ AOX Hydrocarbons SO4--

Cl-Impact Potential of Water Emissions II

COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand BOD, Biological Oxygen Demand

BA S F _Che m is tr y BA S F

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Toxicity Potential

Toxicity Potential of Production

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Chemistry, BASF Fermentation Algae

Tox ic it y P o te nt ia l [ va l. poi nt s /t o nne s a lm on]

Astaxanthin Phosphate fertilizer Glucose Magnesium sulfate Yeast Ammonia

Magnesium sulfate Potassium nitrate Sodium bicarbonate Sodium acetate

Like for all environmental categories, the

toxicity potential was calculated including the prechains.

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Risk Potential

BASF 207 69 69 0 122 0 0 ₀ 69 0 ₀ 35 104 311 207 200 600 200 35 104 69 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Chemistry, Fermentation Algae

R isk P o te n ti a l [ val . p o in ts/ to n n e sal mo n ] Storage Transportation

Formulation of the Product Additional Reconditioning Other Production Processes Agricultural Processes 104 207 311 100 300 200 104 311 207 30 30 60 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Chemistry, BASF Fermentation Algae

Feasibility to keep Process under Control Storage

Transportation

Formulation of the Product

Production Phase _{Use Phase}

R isk P o te n ti a l [ val . p o in ts/ to n n e sal mo n ]

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Conclusion/ Perspective

• Strength

– holistic approach

– includes all aspects of value chain – integrates various types of data

• Weakness

– only valid for specific process under examination

– still fairly complex

– data sets from internal and external sources

Perspective

•

basis for discussion with consumer groups

•

may be applicable for the salmon production

as

a

whole

•

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Critical Review

BASF´s eco-efficiency was carefully examined and evaluated by independent experts of the Öko-Institut e. V. in Freiburg, Germany. Öko-Institut (Institute for Applied Ecology), a

registered well-known non-profit association, was founded in 1977. The objectives of the institute are to analyse and evaluate current and future environmental problems, to point out risks, and to develop and implement problem-solving strategies and measures.

Extract from the summary of the report:

„...This expert´s opinion concerns an eco-efficiency analysis carried out by BASF AG, in which three variants of astaxanthin production (chemical synthesis, biotechnology using yeasts/ fermenters, and production from algae/ ponds) are compared. The purpose of this expert´s opinion commissioned by BASF is to ensure that the methodology of the

eco-efficiency analysis is consistent and that the data used are suitable and expedient as regards the objective.

Öko-Institut e. V. comes to the conclusion that the eco-efficiency analysis presented was conducted with a consistent methodology and that the data are applied expedient with regard to the objective and the framework examined in the study. The

presentation of the results is largely clear and plausible...“

Authors: Dipl.-Ing. Carl-Otto Gensch (Project Leader), Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Kathrin Graulich, Dr. Jennifer Teufel (all Öko-Institut e. V., Geschäftsstelle Freiburg, 79308 Freiburg, Germany).

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Contact

For more information about Lucantin Pink (astaxanthin) please contact:

Dr. Remi Baker

BASF Aktiengesellschaft

MEM/AA

+49 621 60-97221

[email protected]

For more information about the eco-efficiency analysis please contact:

Dr. Peter Saling

BASF Aktiengesellschaft

GUP/CE

+49 621 60-58146