Herbal Medicine

Herbal Medicine Herbal Medicine AKAPULKO AKAPULKO



 English nameEnglish name::

Acapulco, ringworm bush Acapulco, ringworm bush



 ScScientifiientificcnamename::Cassia alata L.Cassia alata L. 

 FFamily:amily:

Leguminosae Leguminosae



 Akapulko or Akapulko or bayabas-bayabasan bayabas-bayabasan containscontains cc_{hrysophanihrysophani}cc

a

acc_{idid, a fungicide used to treat fungal infections, like, a fungicide used to treat fungal infections, like}

ringworms, scabies and eczema. ringworms, scabies and eczema.



 Akapulko also containsAkapulko also contains saponin,saponin, a laxative that is useful ina laxative that is useful in expelling intestinal parasites.

expelling intestinal parasites.



 TT_{he extracts from the plant is commonly used as anhe extracts from the plant is commonly used as an}

ingredient for lotions, soaps and shampoos. ingredient for lotions, soaps and shampoos.

U

Uses of ses of AkAkapulapulkko:o:

     

      TT_{reatment of skin diseases:reatment of skin diseases:}TT_{inea infections, insect bites,inea infections, insect bites,}

ringworms, eczema, scabies and itchiness. ringworms, eczema, scabies and itchiness.

     

      II_{nternal: Expectorant for bronchitis and dyspnoea,nternal: Expectorant for bronchitis and dyspnoea,}

mouthwash in stomatitis, alleviation of asthma symptoms, mouthwash in stomatitis, alleviation of asthma symptoms, used as diuretic and purgative, for cough & fever, as a used as diuretic and purgative, for cough & fever, as a laxative to expel intestinal parasites and other stomach laxative to expel intestinal parasites and other stomach problems. A strong decoction of the leaves is an problems. A strong decoction of the leaves is an abortifacient.

abortifacient.

P

Preparationreparation



 PP_{ound fresh, mature leavesound fresh, mature leaves}



 Apply extracted juice on affected area of the skin 1-2Apply extracted juice on affected area of the skin 1-2 times a day

times a day



 For people sensitive (allergic) to extracted juice, makeFor people sensitive (allergic) to extracted juice, make decoction

decoction 1.

1. Boil 1 glass of chopped leaves with 2 glasses of waterBoil 1 glass of chopped leaves with 2 glasses of water under low fire for 15 minutes without cover

under low fire for 15 minutes without cover 2.

2. Wash the affected area of skin 1-2 times adayWash the affected area of skin 1-2 times aday

AMPALAYA AMPALAYA



 English nameEnglish name::

Bitter gourd, bitter melon Bitter gourd, bitter melon



 ScScientifiientificcnamename::Momord Momord ica chaica char r antiaantia 

 FFamilyamily

Cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae DESCR

DESCRIPTIONIPTION



 VV_{ine, with flower and fruit bearingine, with flower and fruit bearing}



 VV_{egetables family, the leaves and fruit can be eatenegetables family, the leaves and fruit can be eaten}



 Contains a mixture of flavanoids and alkaloids make theContains a mixture of flavanoids and alkaloids make the

P

P_{ancreas produce more insulin that controls the bloodancreas produce more insulin that controls the blood}

sugar in diabetics. sugar in diabetics.



 GG_{ood source of vitamins A, B and C, iron, folic acid,ood source of vitamins A, B and C, iron, folic acid,}

phosphorous and calcium. phosphorous and calcium.

U

Uses of ses of AAmpalaya:mpalaya:



 GGood for rheumatism and goutood for rheumatism and gout 

 And diseases of the spleen and liverAnd diseases of the spleen and liver 

 Aids in lowering blood sugar levelsAids in lowering blood sugar levels 

 HHelps in lowering blood pressureelps in lowering blood pressure 

 Relives headachesRelives headaches 

 Disinfects and heals wounds & burnsDisinfects and heals wounds & burns 

 Can Can be be used used as as a a cough cough & & fever fever remedyremedy 

 TTreatment reatment of of intestinal intestinal worms, worms, diarrheadiarrhea 

 HHelps prevent some types of cancerelps prevent some types of cancer



 Enhances immune Enhances immune system system to to fight fight infectioninfection 

 IIs s an an antioxidant, antioxidant, parasiticide, parasiticide, antibacterial antibacterial &&

antipyretic antipyretic

PR

PREEPARATIONPARATION



 Wash the leaves and cut into small piecesWash the leaves and cut into small pieces



 Boil 2 glasses of chopped leaves, add 4 glasses of water,Boil 2 glasses of chopped leaves, add 4 glasses of water, let it boil for 15 mins. in low fire without cover

let it boil for 15 mins. in low fire without cover



 Set aside to cool then strainSet aside to cool then strain



 Drink 1/3 glass of decoction 30 mins. Before meal 3 x aDrink 1/3 glass of decoction 30 mins. Before meal 3 x a day

day



 Sprouted leaves can be eaten, steamed or cooked on topSprouted leaves can be eaten, steamed or cooked on top of boiled rice, ½ glass 2x a day

of boiled rice, ½ glass 2x a day

B

B_AWANGAWANG



 English name::English name G

G_arlicarlic 

 ScScientifiientificcnamename:: A Alliulliumm sativusativumm 

 FFamily:amily:

Liliaceae Liliaceae DESECR

DESECRIPTIONIPTION



 _{Cloves used as spiceCloves used as spice} 

 _{Elongated leaves with flowerElongated leaves with flower} 

 UUses of ses of BB_awang:awang: 

 GG_{ood for the heartood for the heart}



HH_{elps elps lower lower bad bad cholesterol cholesterol levels levels (LDL)(LDL)}



 Aids Aids in in lowering lowering blood blood pressurepressure  Remedy for arteriosclerosis

 Remedy for arteriosclerosis  Ma

 May y help help prevent prevent certain certain types otypes of caf cancerncer  Boosts

 Boosts immune immune system system to to fight infectionfight infection  With antioxidant properties

 With antioxidant properties  Cough and cold remedy  Cough and cold remedy 

 Relives Relives sore sore throat, throat, toothachetoothache 

 Aids Aids in in the the treatment treatment of of tuberculosistuberculosis  With anticoagulant properties

 With anticoagulant properties

PR

PREEPARATIONPARATION



 Fry in a small amount or without oilFry in a small amount or without oil



 Broil the clovesBroil the cloves



 _{Soak in vinegar for 30 minutesSoak in vinegar for 30 minutes} 

 _{Blanch in boiling water for 5 minutesBlanch in boiling water for 5 minutes} 

 Eat 2-3 cloves 3 x a day after mealEat 2-3 cloves 3 x a day after meal

B

B_AYAAYABB_AASS 

 EnglishEnglishNNameame::GGuavauava 

 ScScientifiientificcname::name PPsi d si d iuiumm guajavaguajava 

 FFamily:amily:

Myrtaceae Myrtaceae DESCR

DESCRIPTIONIPTION



 Bayabas or guava is a smaBayabas or guava is a small tree, ll tree, 3  5 meters tall with3  5 meters tall with greenish-brownish smooth bark.

greenish-brownish smooth bark.



 TT_{he round globular bayabas fruit starts as a flower and ishe round globular bayabas fruit starts as a flower and is}

usually harvested and eaten while still green.

usually harvested and eaten while still green.TT_{he fruithe fruit}

turns yellowish-green and soft when ripe. turns yellowish-green and soft when ripe.



 TT_{he bark and leaves can be used as astringent.he bark and leaves can be used as astringent.}



 TT_{he use of the leaves is for cleaning and disinfectinghe use of the leaves is for cleaning and disinfecting}

wounds by rinsing the afflicted area with a decoction of  wounds by rinsing the afflicted area with a decoction of  the leaves.

the leaves.TT_{he fruit, aside form being delicious, contains ahe fruit, aside form being delicious, contains a}

very high concentration of vitamin C. very high concentration of vitamin C.

DESCRIPTION

 Bayabas or guava is a small tree, 3  5 meters tall with greenish-brownish smooth bark.

 T_{he round globular bayabas fruit starts as a flower and is}

usually harvested and eaten while still green. T_{he fruit}

turns yellowish-green and soft when ripe.

 T_{he bark and leaves can be used as astringent.}

 T_{he use of the leaves is for cleaning and disinfecting}

wounds by rinsing the afflicted area with a decoction of  the leaves.T_{he fruit, aside form being delicious, contains a}

very high concentration of vitamin C.

Uses of B_ayabas:

 Antiseptic, astringent & anthelminthic  Kills bacteria and fungi

 Treat diarrhea in children

 Hypertension, diabetes and Asthma  Promotes menstruation

 Toothache PREPARATION

 _{Wash the leaves and chop into pieces}

 _{Boil 2 glasses of chopped leaves with 4 glasses of water}  Boil for 15 minutes in low fire without cover

 Set aside to cool then strain

 Wound treatment: Wash the wound 2x a day

 Mouth wash: Luke warm decoction

LAGUNDI

 EnglishName: Chaste tree  Scientificname:V itex negundo L.  Family:

V_erbenaceae

DESCRIPTION

 _{Shrub, 5 meters high}

 I_{t is one of the ten herbal medicines endorsed by the} P_{hilippine D}OH_{as an effective herbal medicine with}

proven therapeutic value.

Uses of Lagundi

 _{Relief of asthma & pharyngitis}  Relief of rheumatism,

dyspepsia, boils, diarrhea

 T_{reatment of cough, colds, fever and flu and other}

bronchopulmonary disorders

 Alleviate symptoms of ChickenP_ox

 Removal of worms, and boils

PREPARATION

 Wash the leaves and chop or cut into pieces

 Measure 2 glasses of water and 1 glass of chopped fresh leaves

 Boil under low fire for 15 minutes without cover

 Set aside to cool then strain

 Cough and Asthma: 1/3 glass 3 x a day

 Fever: 1/3 glass every 4 hours

S_AMB_ONG

 EnglishName: Blumea camphora  Scientificname:Blumea balsamifer a

 Family:

Compositae DESCRIPTION

 Shrub, 3 meters high

Uses of S_ambong

 Diuretic agent

 Effective in the dissolving kidney stones

 For hypertension & rheumatism

 T_{reatment of colds & fever}

 Anti-diarrheic & Anti-gastralgic properties

 H_{elps remove worms, boils}

 T_{reats dysentery, sore throat} PREPARATION

 Wash the leaves and chop or cut in small pieces

 Measure 2 glasses of water and 1 glass chopped leaves

 _{Boil under low fire for 15 mins. Without cover}  _{Set aside to cool then strain}

 1/3 glass 3x a day

TS_AANG-GUB_AT

 EnglishName:

Wild tea

 Scientificname:E hr etia microphylla Lam.  Family:

Boraginaceae DESCRIPTION_:

 Shrub, 5 meters high

 H_{as small and shiny leaves} Uses of Tsaang-Gubat

 Stomach pains  G_{astroenteritis}  I_{ntestinal motility}  _Dysentery  _{Diarrhoea or LBM}  Mouth gargle  Body cleanser/wash PREPARATION

 _{Wash the leaves and chop or cut in small pieces}

 _{Measure 2 glasses of water and 1 glass chopped leaves}  Boil under low fire for 15 mins. Without cover

 Set aside to cool then strain

 1/2 glass every 4 hours

ULAS_IMANGBATO

 EnglishName:Peperomia

 Scientificname:Pe peromia pelluci d a Linn.  Family:

P_iperaceae

DESCRIPTION

 A variety of grass with heart-shaped leaves

Use of Pansit-pansitan

 Arthritis

 G_out

 Skin boils, abscesses, pimples

 H_eadache

 Abdominal pains

PREPARATION

 Wash 1 ½ glass fresh mature leaves

 Add pinch of salt and pepper to taste

 Divide into 3 parts and consume in the morning, at noon and at night

DECO_CTION

 Wash the leaves and cut into small pieces

 Boil 2 glasses of chopped leaves with 4 glasses of water, let it boil for 15 mins. Under low fire without cover

 Cool then strain

 Drink 1/3 glass 3x a day after meal

YERB_AB_UENA

 EnglishName:Peppermint  Scientificname:

Mentha cord if olia

 F_amily:

Labiatae DESCRIPTION

 V_{ine with mint aroma}

 G_{reen four-sided leaves} Uses of YerbaB_{uena :}

 Arthritis  Head aches  Tooth aches  Mouth wash

 Relief of intestinal gas  Stomach aches  Indigestion

 Drink as tea for general good health PREPARATION

 Wash the leaves and chop or cut in small pieces

 _{Measure 2 glasses of water and 1 glass chopped leaves}  _{Boil under low fire for 15 mins. Without cover}

 Set aside to cool then strain

 Body pain/ache: 1/3 glass 3x a day

 P_{ounded fresh leaves can be applied directly on the}

location of the pain

NIYUG-NIYOGAN

 EnglishName: Chinese honey suckle, Burma Creeper,

LianeV_{ermifuge, Rangoon}

 Scientificname:Quisqualis ind ica L.  Family:

Combretaceae DESCRIPTION

 V_{ine, up to 8 meters high}

 H_{as red, rose and white flowers}

 N_{uts (fruit) bearing}

 Seeds that taste like coconut

Uses of Niyug-Niyogan

 Antihelminthic: Dried seeds preferable for deworming  Diarrhea and fever: Roasted seeds

 Skin diseases:Pounded leaves externally  Dysuria: Decoction of boiled leaves PREPARATION

 Used only matured seeds, dried and newly cracked nut

 Consume seeds 2 hours after meal

 I_{f the first dose has no effect, repeat the same dose after}

one week

Nut _ri t _{ion and Die}t 

 Science that deals with the process by which components of food are made available for an organism for meeting energy requirements, building and maintaining and in more general terms, for maintaining the organism in an optimum function state.

 T_woG_{roups of FoodsMi}c_{ronutrients  include vitamins}

and some elements. T_{hese are consumed in small}

amounts and are absorbed unchanged.

 Mac_{ronutrients  include carbohydrates, fats and}

proteins, which on digestion are converted to glucose, fatty acids, glycerol, peptides and amino acids

I_{. CARB}OHY_DRAT_ES

 _{prime importance in the diet}  Food sources:

Starches (P_{lain cooked rice, maize, bihon, puto); root crops (camote,}

cassava, gabi, potato);fruits; sugar; vegetable (upo, beets, carrots, patani, batao)

 _{providing the major source of energy intake (40-80% of} 

total energy intake in different country and total energy intake for Filipinos) for work and development because of  the following reasons.

Reasons

1. Carbohydrates are readily available being widely distributed in a variety of easily grown plants such as grains, vegetables and fruits

2. T_{he cost in the total food budget is relatively small}

3. P_{rovides quick and sustained body fuel from rapid}

oxidation of starches and sugars yielding the needed body heat and energy with CO_{2and water as end products}

Carbohydrates

 RDA: 55-70% of T_CA

 Energy yield: 4kcal/g

II_{. FA}T_S

Food Source:

 _{Saturated fatty acids  animal source like meat, eggs, milk}

fat

 Unsaturated fatty acids  plant source like vegetable oil (olive oil, peanuts, almonds, avocado oil)

A. Functions

 Containing source of fuel for the body to store and burn as needed for energy

 Like carbohydrates, fat spares protein from being used for energy

 Dietary vehicle for vitamins A, D, E andK

 Controls body temperature

 P_{rotections against injury}

 RDA: 20-30%

 Energy yield: 9 kcal/g

III_.P_ROT_EIN_S

D. Food source:

 Animal foods: fish, meat, poultry, and other internal organs, seafoods (crabs, shrimps, shellfish)

 P_{lant foods: dried beans, mongo, soybean, garbanzos,}

peanuts, beans, nuts, rice and bread

 From theG_{reek word}_{proteius meaning of primary}

importance

 Are large complex molecules that made up 20% of our body weight  muscles, bone, cartilage, skin, and other tissues TYP_ESO_FP_ROT_EIN_S 1. Antibodies 2. Contractile proteins 3. Enzymes 4. H_{ormonal proteins} 5. StructuralP_roteins

6. StorageP_{roteins and}T_{ransport proteins}

Functions of P_roteins:

 _{Contributing to enzymes activity that promotes chemical}

reactions in the body

 T_{ransporting substances around the body}

 K_{eeping fluids and p}H_{balance in the body}

 Serving as building blocks for hormone production

 H_{elping blood clot}

 P_{romoting antibody activity that controls immune and}

allergy functions

IV_.VIT_AMIN_S

 T_{hey are classified as fat-soluble (ADE}K_{) and water-soluble}

(V_{itamins B and C)}

 N_{eeded by the only in small amount}

Signs and symptoms in adult patients

S_{ign and}S_{ymptoms PossibleNutrientDefi}c_ienc_y General: Wasted, skinny (especially

temporal muscles)

P_{rotein calorie}

Abdomen

Distension andH_epatomegaly

P_{rotein calorie}

Extremities: Edema

P_{rotein, thiamine}

Decubitus ulcer, poor wound healing P_rotein,V_{itamin C, Zinc}

Bone tenderness V_{itamin D}

Bone ache, joint pain V_{itamin C}

Muscle wasting and weakness P_{rotein , calorie,}V_{itamin D}

Muscle tenderness, muscle pain T_hiamine

Sign and Symptoms P_ossibleN_{utrient Deficiency}

Skin

P_allor

Folate, iron, vitamin B12

Follicular hyperkeratosis V_{itamins A and C} P_{erifollicular petechiae (especially}

after raised venous pressure)

V_{itamin C}

Flaking dermatitis, scaling P_{rotein, Calories,}N_iacin,

Riboflavin, Zinc,V_{itamin A}

Bruising purpura V_{itamin C,}K_{, Fatty acids} P_{igmentation changes,}

desquamation of semi exposed areas

N_{iacin, protein-calorie}

Signs and symptoms in infant patients

S_{ign and}S_{ymptoms PossibleNutrientDefi}c_ienc_y

Stunting, washing, lethargy, poor appetite, weight loss

Energy, protein, folic acid,

V_{itamin B12,}V_{itamin C,}V_itamin

D, Zinc, Calcium,I_ron P_{oor wound healing, impaired}

resistance to infection

V_{itamin A,}V_{itamin C, Zinc}

Anemia V_{itamin A, Folic acid,}V_itamin

B12,I_ron H_{ypoglycemia, ketosis Carbohydrates}

Xerophthalmia V_{itamin A}

Rickets V_{itamin D, Calcium}

Brain damage, mental retardation, hypothyroidism

I_odine

H_{yperparathyroidism Calcium}

Sensitivity to cold, changes to finger-nails, hair or tongue

I_ron

T_{able of} V_itamins

Vitamins S_ourc_e F_unc_{tion Defi}c_ienc

y, Overdosa ge and Toxic_ity level RD A V_{itamin A} (Retinol) Liver, eggs, milk, crab, fat, cheese, dilis, malunggay, kamote tops, H_ealthy skin, bone and teeth developm ent, healthy N_ight blindness H_eadache , skin disease 10 mg 500 0 I_.U.

kangkong, saluyot, carrots, squash hair, good vision and reproducti on V_{itamin D} (Calciferol) Manufacture d by the body through direct sunlight or UV_{rays. Liver}

fish oils, egg yolk Bone growth and developm ent; helps in the absorption of calcium and phosphoru s Rickets, muscle spasm Loss of  appetite, nausea, vomiting, excessive thirst, increased urination, nervousn ess and hypertens ion 400 I_.U. V_{itamin E} (T_ocopherol) V_egetable oils, egg yolks, whole grain cereals, wheat germ, green vegetables, nuts, and seeds, margarine An antioxidan ts.H_elps form red blood cells RBC hemolysis , bleeding problems, eye problems, difficulty in walking, nervous system disorders, double vision, muscles weakness 1g 30 I_.U. V_itaminK _Leafy vegetables, alfalfa leaves, spinach, carrot tops, tomatoes, pork, liver vegetable oils Formation of clotting factors H_emorrha ge K_ernicteru s 500 mg V_{itamin B1} (T_hiamine) Whole grain, cereals and dried beans, lean pork and beef, liver, heart, kidney, fish and shellfish and duck H_{elps in} the nervous system function. May also help in the release of  energy P_ernicious anemia, beriberi 1.5 mg

eggs yolk from absorbed carbohydr ates V_{itamin B2} (Riboflavin) Dried mushrooms, malunggay, seaweed, powdered milk, liver, heart, kidney, lean meat, shellfish, quail eggs For protein metabolis m.H_elps the body release energy from food Chapped lips, cracked mucous membran es at the side of  the mouth 1.7 mg V_{itamin B3} (NI_ACIN₎ P_eanuts, peanut butter, rice polishing, whole wheat bread, mushrooms, dried Saffron flowers(kasu bha), sesame seeds, powdered coffee and tea For nervous and digestive system functions; helps release energy from food; controls blood cholestero l P_ellagra characteri zed by dermatitis , diarrhea and inflammat ion of the mucous membran e 100 mg 20 mg V_{itamin B6} (pyridoxine) Dried yeast, liver, organ meats, whole grain cereals, fish, legumes H_{elps in} nitrogen metabolis m Convulsio n among infants, anemia, skin diseases, nerve problems N_erve problems 500 mg 2 mg V_{itamin B12} (Cyanocobala min) Meats, liver, whole grain cereals, corn, soybeans, peanuts and green leafy vegetables H_{elps from} red blood cells, metabolize d nutrients and function of  nervous system P_ernicious anemia 6 ug Folic acid (folate) G_{reen leafy} vegetables, root vegetables, H_{elps form} red blood cells Blood disorders 400 ug

lean beef, liver, kidney, dairy products and yeast V_{itamin C} (ascorbic acid) Citrus fruits, tomatoes, potatoes, cabbage, green peppers H_elps promote growth, bone and teeth developm ent. Also help in the repair of  tissues and increase resistance to infection Scurvy 60 mg T_{able of Minerals}

Vitamins S_ourc_e F_unc_{tion Defi}c_ienc_y, Overdosage andToxic_ity

level RD A Calcium Dairy products, milk and milk products, fish, meat, eggs, cereal products, beans, fruits, leafy vegetable s H_{elps in the} bone and teeth formation. H_{elps in} muscles contraction and blood clotting H_ypocalcemia , muscle spasm H_ypercalcemi a, kidney problems, difficulty in urination 2000 mg 100 0 mg Chromium Y_east, nuts, mushroo ms, asparagus , meat, chicken, T_{akes part} in glucose metabolism and helps in carbohydrat e and fat utilization I_mpaired action of  insulin and low blood glucose level 50-200 ug Cobalt Meat, kidney, liver, milk, oysters, clams Essential components of  cobalamin that helps treat a P_{oor growth} and appetite, listlessness (lack of  energy) and progressive 8 ug certain type of anemia emaciation (thinness) Copper Banana, peas, whole wheat, prunes, oysters, shellfish Assists the body in iron utilization; helps built hemoglobin in the blood; takes part in ascorbic acid metabolism and aids use of fatty acid Anemia, anorexia, edema and retarded growth 10 mg 1-2 mg I_odine O_nions, seafood, meat, eggs H_elps regulate the rate of  energy production and body weight and promotes proper growth. I_t also promotes healthy hair, nails, skin and teeth H_ypothyroidis m, goiter, and related growth 2000 mcg 120 -150 ug

I_{ron Red meat,}

liver, kidney, beans, peas and lentils, dried apricots and figs, cocoa, bread and cereal products H_{elps form} red blood cells and transport of  oxygen in the blood and muscles Anemia, decreased mental alertness 18 mg Magnesiu m Dried figs, dried apricots, lemon, almonds, corn, nuts, seeds, vegetable s, fruits Aids in regulation of body processes like normal heart rhythm and in normal functioning of body enzymes I_rritability, abnormal heart rhythm, emotional tension, depression, and muscular weakness 270 -320 mg

Manganes e N_uts, leafy vegetable s, beets, peas, whole grain cereals, egg yolks, tea Essential constituent of bone structure; vital in reproductio n and normal functioning of the nervous system Skeletal abnormality 2.5-7 mg Molybden um G_reen leafy vegetable s, lentils, milk, whole grains, potatoes, peas, liver Active role in enzymatic actions of  the body P_{oor growth} and slowing down of body activities 150 -500 mg P_hosphoru s Milk, cheese, meat, poultry, fish, cereals, nut, legumes H_{elps in the} proper developmen t of bones and teeth. Facilitates quick release of  energy for muscle contraction. T_ransports fatty acids. P_revents rickets Stunted growth and defective structure of  teeth and bones in young children I_{mpaired of}  iron and calcium utilization and bone erosion 800 mg P_{otassium Abundant} in all foods, fresh fruits and vegetable s, including potatoes, meat, whole-meal flour, cereals, milk, coffee, tea V_{ital for} muscle contraction, nerve impulses and proper functioning of heart and kidneys. H_elps regulate blood pressure and water balance in cells Muscular weakness, increase in nervous irritability, mental disorientation , and cardiac irregularities H_{eart block} 18g 950 -266 0 mg Selenium Wheat germ, tomatoes, onions, broccoli, garlic, eggs, seafood, liver, kidney P_{ert of}  certain enzymes that act as antioxidants which help fight cell damage; helps prevent particular type of  protein calories malnutrition ; enhances proper immune response; and aids proper functioning of heart muscle Selenium deficiency is rare in human 7-85 ug Sodium Shellfish, meats, eggs, table salt N_ecessary for maintaining fluid balance. T_ransports nutrients across cell membranes 14 g 950 -266 0 mg Zinc Wheat germ, yeast, pumpkin seeds, lentils, corn, eggs, dry milk, nuts, oysters, steak, lamb chops H_{elps the} body use protein and carbohydrat es; vital for growth and developmen t; synthesis of cell protein (DN_{A and} RN_A formation); and proper functioning of the immune system G_rowth failure, impaired wound healing, impaired sense of taste and smell, and sexual infantilism in teenagers 150 mg 12-16 mg V_{. Minerals}

 Some minerals are needed in large doses ( calcium, iron, etc.) while others may be taken in small amounts (copper, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, selenium, iodine, sodium, potassium, zinc, etc.)

VI_{. WA}T_ER

 Makes up about 60% of an adults body weight.

Requirements for water are met in many ways. Most fruits are more than 90% water

 T_{akes an active part in many chemical reactions and is}

needed to carry other nutrients, to regulate body temperature, and to help eliminates wastes Factors affecting BMR  Body size  Sex  Body temperature  G_rowth  _Age

 P_{regnancy and lactation}

 Specific Dynamic Action or thermal effect of food

 Body composition

 _{State of} N_utrition

 _Climate

 H_{ormone secretions}

 Sleep

 P_{hysical or muscular activity} ADULTS

B_{odyMassIndex (BM}I₎

 I_{t is the number that shows body weight adjusted for}

height.

 BMI_{can be calculated with simple math using inches and}

pounds, or meters and kilograms.

 For adults aged 20 years or older, BMI_{fall into one of} 

these categories: underweight, normal, overweight, or obese

For adults aged 20 years or older, BMI_{fall into one of these}

categories:  Underweight  N_ormal  O_verweight  obese BMI I_{nterpretation} BMI _{Weight status} Below 15 Emaciated 15 - 18.5 Underweight 18.5 - 24.9 N_ormal 25.0 - 29.9 O_verweight 30.0 - 39.9 O_bese

40 or more MorbidlyO_bese

DESI_{RABLE B}O_DY_WEIGHT_(DBW)

DET_ERMIN_ATION

 T_{he DBW, and not the actual weight of the individual is}

used as the basis in the calculation of T_{ER or}T_CA.

 I_{t can be determined by:}

 a.H_{eight-weight tables of F}N_RI

 b. ModifiedT_{annhausers method in the absence of}

height-weight tables

 DBW(kg) = (height in cm - 100) - (10%[ht in cm  100]) c.N_ADP_Formula

 Males 5ft 112 lbs ±4 lbs for every inches above (below) 5ft

 Female 5ft 106 lbs ±4 lbs for every inches above (below) 5ft

I_{nterpretation}

 O_{bese if body weight is more than 20% above the}

desirable weight

 O_{verweight if the weight is >10%-20% above the desirable}

weight

 N_{ormal if the weight is ±10% of the desirable body weight}

 Underweight if the weight is >10% below the desirable weight

An underweight

 P_{hysical Signs}

a. adipose tissue lacking b. muscles are flabby c. skin and bones

 P_{ossible complications}

a.K_washiorkor

b. Marasmus

O_verweight

 H_{azards/Concerns}

 Changes in normal body functions

 Risk of developing diseases

 I_{ncreases risk during surgeries}

 Lowers general fitness of a person

 P_{hysical, Social and Economical implications}

DET_ERMIN_ATION O_FTOT_{AL E}N_ERGY_REQUI_RMENT₍T_ER)O_RTOT_AL

CALO_RI_{C ALL}O_WAN_{CE (}T_CA)

 F_ac_torialMethod

TCAorTER=B_MR+PA+S_DA

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

 Minimum amount of energy needed to maintain the vital process of life under basal condition

 1 kcal/kg of body weight/hour

 Correction for sleep: deduct 0.5 kcal/kg BW/hr

 B_{MR= 1k}c_{al/kg xD}B_{Wx 24 hrs}

P_{hysical Activity (}P_A)

 H_{ospital patient - 10%}

 Light - clerks, typist (50%)

 Moderate - housewives,shoemaker,jeepney drivers,students, fishermen (75%)

 H_{eavy  construction workers (100%)}

 PA=B_{MRx % physi}c_{al a}c_tivityc_lassific_ation T_{hermogenic effect of blood (Specific Dynamic Action or SDA)}

 T_{he energy required for digestion, absorption, transport,}

and utilization of food

 S_{DA= (}B_{MR+PA)x 0.6 adult (12 y/o)}  0.15c_{hild (<12 y/o)} N_ADP_{method (}N_{ational Asso.}O_{f Developmental}P_ediatrics)

TCA=DB_{Wx 40}

 T_{o lose in 1-2 (lbs)/week, subtract 500 kcal daily from the}

calculatedT_{CA respectively and conversely add same}

amount of kcal to gain 1-2 lb/week

N_ADP_{Recommendation}

 N_ADP_{Recommendation for overweight/obese adult}

1. Compute allowance base on DBW and subtract 500kcal/day 2.I_{f only moderately overweight, recommend exercise and}

avoidance of fats and sugar Example

EXAMP_{LE C}O_MP_UT_ATION_FO_{R DBW,}T_{CA A}N_{D D}I_ST_RI_BUTION_{of the} T_{CA into CARB}OHY_DRAT_ES,P_ROT_EIN_{S A}N_{D FA}T_S

 Filipino female, moderately active adult, 5 ft 1 inch (155cm) weighing 130 lbs (59kg) classify the nutritional status of your patient.

 Compute for the dietary intake needed to loose or gain 2 lbs/week if adjusted intake for carbohydrates is 60%, proteins is 10% and fats is 30%.

 1. DBW

a. ModifiedT_{annhauser Method}

DBW (kg) = (height in cm -100)  (10%[height in cm-100]) = (155-100)  (55 x 0.1) = 50 kg N_ADP_Method b.N_ADP_method Female 5 ft 106 lbs 1 inch 4 lbs 110 lbs (50 kg) Actual weight  DBW x 100 Actual weight 59kg  50kg x 100 = 15% 59 kg

***59 kg is between 10-20% above the DBW of kg = overweight

TCA/TER=B_MR+PA+S_DA a. Factorial method BMR = 1 kcal/kg x DBW x 24 hrs = 1 x 50 x 24 = 1200 kcal P_{A = BMR x % activity = 1200 x 0.75 = 900 kcal} SDA = (BMR +P_{A) x 0.06 = 2100 x 0.06 =126 kcal} 2226 kcal N_ADP b.N_ADP_method T_CA/T_{ER= DBW x 40= 50 x 40= 2226} Special Considerations P_EDI_AT_RI_CS

1. Waterlow Classification for Wasting

 Computation: Actual weight

I_{deal weight for actual length or height x 100 =___%}

 Classification:

N_{ormal >90%}

Mild 80-90%

Moderate 70-80%

Severe <70% 2. Waterlow Classification for Stunting Computation:

Actual height or length

I_{deal height or length for age x 100 =___%}

Classification:

N_{ormal >95%}

Mild 90-95%

Moderate 80-90

Severe <80%

PROTEIN-ENERGY MALNUTRITION MARAS_MUS

*Balanced starvation

*V_{ery low in both}

protein and calories *Caused by insufficient

KWASH_IORKOR

*V_{ery low in protein, but one}

in which contains calories in the form of carbohydrates

intake of milk

A. Usual age 0-2 y/o 1-3 y/o B. Essential

features

1. Edema N_{one Lower legs, sometimes face or}

generalized 2. Wasting G_{ross loss}

all skin and bones

Sometimes hidden; sometimes fat

3. Muscle wasting

O_{bvious Sometimes hidden}

4.G_rowth

retardation

O_{bvious Sometimes hidden}

5. Mental changes

Usually

apathetic, quiet

Usually irritable, moaning, also apathetic

C.V_ariable

features

1. Appetite Usually good Usually poor 2. Diarrhea O_{ften (past or}

present)

O_{ften (past or present)}

3. Skin changes

Seldom O_{ccasional  flaky paint or}

enamel dermatosis 4.H_air

changes

Seldom O_{ften  sparse, straight, silky,}

dyspigmentation; gray or reddish

5. Moonface Seldom O_ften

6.H_epatic

enlargement

Seldom Always

PHARM ACOT HERAPY 

     _{application of drugs in the prevention, treatment or}

diagnosis of disease and their use in purposeful alteration of normal functions

     division of P_{harmacy which correlates pharmacodynamics}

with the pathologic physiology or microbiologic or biochemical aspect of disease

     Pharmac_okinetic_{s- The study of the absorption,}

distribution, metabolism, and exc_{retion of drugs by living}

organisms.

     Pharmac_odynamic_{s- The study of the bio}c_hemic_{al and}

physiologic_mec_{hanisms of drug a}c_tion. Drugs

     chemical substances that have an effect on living organisms.

     T_{herapeutic drugs often called medicines, are those drugs}

used in the prevention or treatment of diseases. Up until a

few decades ago, dried plants were the greatest source of  medicines; thus the word drug was applied to the

Drug vs Medicine

     Drug

 any substance that alters physiologic

function w/potential for affecting health

     Medicine

 drug administered for therapeutic

effects

 ±  All medications are drugs  ±  Not all drugs are medications S_ourc_{es of Drugs}

     Drugs are obtained from many sources.

     Many inorganic materials, such as metals, are

chemotherapeutic; hormones, alkaloids, vaccines, and antibiotics come from living organisms;

     O_{ther drugs are synthetic or semisynthetic.}

     Synthetics are often more effective and less toxic than the naturally obtained substances and are easier to prepare in standardized units.

     P_{lants - digitalis and opium}

     Animals - insulin and thyroid

     Minerals or mineral products - potassium, chloride, and lithium carbonate

     Synthetic chemical compounds - barbiturates, sulfonamides, and aspirin.

     Biotechnology - genetically engineered pharmaceutical products

DrugNomenc_lature

     Drugs used as therapeutic agents may be conveniently divided into two main groups: (1) nonprescription drugs (2) prescription drugs

DrugNames:Chemic_alName

     exactly the chemical constitution of the drug and the exact placing of its atoms or molecular groupings.

     chemical name composition of the drug by its molecular structure

     Example: ac_etylsalic_ylic_ac_id Generic_{Name (NonproprietaryName)}

     provided by the United States AdoptedN_{ames (USA}N₎

Council

     I_{s equivalent to the same drug with a brand name, but is}

less expensive

     Example:Aspirin

DrugName:Offic_ialName

     name under which the drug is listed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

     FDA- empowered by Federal Law to name drugs for human use in the U.S.

Trademark(B_randName)

     followed by the symbol ®.T_{his indicates that the name is}

registered and that its use is restricted to the owner of the drug, who is usually the manufacturer of the product.

     Consistent bioavailability, more easily rec_{ognized by}

appearanc_e.

DrugClassific_ations

     Drugs may be classified according to the body system they affect

 May be classified by their therapeutic

use or clinical indications Ex. Antacids, Antibiotics, Antihypertensive,

Diuretics, Laxatives

 May be classified using the physiologic

or chemical action

 May be classified as prescription or

non-prescription drugs Drug ClassificationI_ndicates

     Effect on a body system

     Symptoms relieved

     Desired effect Classification of Drugs

 _{Antineoplastic Agents}  Cardiac Muscle Drugs

 Diuretics

 Antihistamines

 _Anti-I_{nfective Agents Antifungal Antibiotics}

 _Anti-I_{nflammatory Agents}

-Steroids -N_{on-steroidal Agents}  J_{oint Drugs}  Blood Coagulants  Anticoagulants  H_{emorrheologic Agents}  Dental Agents

 Ears, Eyes andN_oseV_{asoconstrictors}

 GI_{Enzyme and Acid Agents}

 G_{astrointestinal Muscle Movement Agents}

 G_{enitourinary Muscle Relaxants}

 G_{laucoma Agents}  Adrenal agents  G_{lucocorticoids}  Mineralocorticoids  P_{ituitary Agents}  _{Reproductive Agents}  T_{hyroid Agents}

 N_{ervous System Adrenergic Agents}

(Sympathomimetic)

 N_{ervous System Anticonvulsants, Sedatives &} H_ypnotics

 T_ranquilizers

 N_{ervous System Cholinergic and Anticholinergic Agents}

 N_{ervous System Skeletal}

Muscle Relaxants

 N_{ervous System}

Stimulants

 P_{ain Agents -also known}

as Analgesics

 Respiratory Antitussives, Expectorants, and

Mucolytics

 Respiratory Smooth Muscle Relaxants

 Serums,T_{oxoids, &}V_accines

 Skin & Mucous Membrane Agents and Enzymes

 V_{itamins and Caloric Agents} N_on-P_{rescription Drugs}

     over thec_{ounter medi}c_{ations (OTC)whi}c_hc_{an be}

purc_{hased by anyone.}

     NoRx needed

     Examples:Tylenol,Maalox,Tums

I_{llegal Drugs}

     I_{llegal drugs- recreational drugs}

     Drugs and chemical substances used for non-therapeutic purposes

     O_{btained illegally or have not received approval for use by}

the FDA

S_ourc_{es of Drug}S_tandards

     UnitedS_tatesPharmac_opoeia

US_{P verifies the identity, strength, purity, and}

quality of dietary supplement finished produc_{ts, dietary}

supplement ingredients, and pharmac_eutic_{al ingredients.}

ANationalF_ormulary

     a manual containing a list of medicines that are approved for prescription throughout the country, indicating which products are interchangeable.

US_{P Di}c_{tionary of U}S_{ANandInternationalDrugNames}

     _{database contains more established drug name listings}

than any other comparable resource. Drug Standards Ensure

     Strength or potency

     P_urity

     Efficacy

     Safety

     Bio-availability Standards of P_ractice

     I_{nformation for Administering Medications}

 ±  GenericName/TradeName/Classification  ±  Clinical Uses/Safe Dosage

 ±  Mechanism of Action  ±  Side Effects/Adverse Effects  ±  Contraindications/Precautions  ±  Significant DrugInteractions

 ±  MonitoringNeeds/Patient Education  ±  Evaluation of Effectiveness

Pharmac_eutic_alDosageF_orms

     Drug substances are seldom administered alone, but rather as a part of a formulation in combination with one or more no medical agents that serve varied and

specialized pharmaceutical functions.

T_{ypes of Dosage Forms}

     Syrups      Elixirs      Suspensions      Emulsions      Capsules      T_ablets      Creams      O_intments      Suppositories      Aerosols

     P_arenteral

Introduc_{tion toDrugDosage} Presc_ription

     comes from the Latin "praescriptus" compounded from "prae", before + scribere, to write = to write before.

     H_{istorically, a prescription was written before the drug}

was prepared and administered.

Parts of a presc_ription

     T_{he superscription (or heading) with the symbol R or Rx}

which stands for the word Recipe, meaning (in Latin) to take;

T_{he Rx}

     T_{he inscription which contains the names and quantities of} 

the ingredients;

     T_{he subscription or directions for compounding the drug}

     T_{he signature which is often preceded by the sign s.}

standing for signa, mark, giving the directions to be marked on the container.

Administration of Medic_ations Route of administration

     the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body.

     Mode of drug administration affects the rate at which onset of action occurs and may affect the therapeutic response that results

     crucial in determining the suitability of a drug

     Enteral - drug administered along any portion of GI_tract

     Sublingual,O_{ral, Buccal, Rectal,}N_asogastric

     P_{arenteral - any med route other than alimentary canal}

     IV_,I_M,I_{D, SQ,}I_nstillation,I_nhalation,T_opical, T_ransdermal,

DrugAc_tion

     biochemical physiological mechanisms by which the chemical produces a response in living organisms

T_hreeP_{hases of Action}

FirstP_{ass Effect}

     Drugs given orally and absorbed fromGI_tract

     Carried to the liver

     Extensively metabolized

     O_{nly part of the dose reaches systemic circulation for}

distribution

     Bioavailability -%of drug that reaches systemic circulation

     F_{irst pass/hepatic first pass}      Enter liver first

     Coumadin

     Morphine

     Lidocaine

     SomeNTG_s

Drug Effects

     T_{herapeutic effects (primary)}

     Side effects (secondary)

     Adverse effects (secondary)

     T_{oxic effects (secondary)}

     Desired effect

     T_{herapeutic effect-example}

     Adverse effect / Side effect

     H_{armful, undesirable response}

     Mild reactions to debilitating disease that can become chronic

     Dose related or patient sensitivity

     Drug allergy - patients immune system identifies a drug as dangerous to the body.must be destroyed or

neutralized-mild itching to life threatening Adverse drug reactions

     _{any noxious unintended and undesired effects of a drug}

that occur at doses used for prevention, diagnosis or treatment.

ADR

     Type_{A rea}c_tions

     AUGMENTED

     Predic_table,c_{ommon and related to pharma}c_ologic_al

ac_{tion of the drug}

ex. Side effects, secondary effects, drug interaction

     TypeB_{ rea}c_tions

     B_IZAARE

     Unpredic_{table, un}c_{ommon, usually not related to the}

pharmac_ologic_{al a}c_{tions of the drug.}

ex. Idiosync_ratic_reac_{tion, pseudoallergeni}c_{, hypersensitivity}

     Type_{C rea}c_tions

     CONTINUOUS

     assoc_{iated with long-term drug therapy e.g.}

B_{enzodiazepine dependen}c_{e andAnalgesi}c_nephropathy.

     Type_{D rea}c_tions

     DELAYED

     refer to carcinogenic and teratogenic effects.

     are delayed in onset and are very rare since extensive mutagenicity and carcinogenicity studies are done before drug is licensed.

     Type_{E rea}c_tions

     ENDING OF_US_E

     Withdrawal syndromes

     Alcohol (delirium tremens)

     Barbiturates (restlessness, mental confusion, convulsions

     O_{pioids (narcotic withdrawal)}

     TypeF_{ rea}c_tions

     F_AILUREOF_EFF_ICACY

     Result of imperfect or counterfeit manufacture of the product.

     Examples of failed efficacy:

     _{Failure to control infection}      _UncontrolledHPN

     I_{ntractable pain}

     I_{diosyncratic response}

Something out of the ordinary

 ±  Sensitivity related adverse reactions.  ±  Specific to the individual patient  ±  Sometimes has genetic cause  ±  They don t know

I_{diosyncratic Reactions vs. Allergic Reactions}

     idiosyncratic reaction--an uncharacteristic,

non-immunological response to a drug that is not related to its pharmacological actions

     allergic or hypersensitivity reaction--immunologically mediated

Toxic_Reac_tions

--Occ_{ur in response to high dose or long-term use but may o}cc_ur

with normal doses if drug elimination is impaired.

--Mayc_{ause organ dysfun}c_{tion, blood disorders (physiologi}c_al

toxic_{ity)or behavioral}c_{hanges (behavioral toxi}c_ity). T_{oxicity vs. Carcinogenicity}

     T_{oxicity--something that will make you sick, either right}

away or later.

     Carcinogencity--will cause cancer, which maybe the results of being exposed to something toxic.

Allergic Reactions vs.N_{on-allergic drug reactions}

     I_{n a drug allergy, your immune system mistakes a}

medication for a disease-causing agent.

     N_{onallergic drug reactions have a wide variety of causes,}

including the drug's intended mechanism of action. Allergic Reactions

     I_{ndicated by skin reactions ranging from mild rashes to}

flaming red patches of hives.

     More severe reactions cause facial swelling, shortness of  breath or dizziness.

     Anaphylaxis (rare)--an extremely severe allergic reaction in which blood pressure may fall rapidly and the throat may rapidly swell shut, cutting off the airway.

H_{ypersensitivity}

     allergic response to a drug after it has been used more than once

     May cause rash, swelling, fever, or, in the worst cases, anaphylactic shock (hypotension, bronchospasm, blocking or airways).

Carcinogencity

     study to determine the propensity of a drug to produce or exacerbate tumors or cancer cells in humans or animals

T_{eratogenicity}

     study to determine whether a drug can cause physical defects in a developing embryo.

Common or Serious Side Effects

     _CN_{S effects}

     G_{astrointestinal effects}

     H_{ematological effects}

     H_{epatotoxicity}

     N_{ephrotoxicity}

     _{Allergic or hypersensitivity reaction}      Drug fever      I_{diosyncratic reaction}      Carcinogenicity      T_{eratogenicity}      Drug dependence      Drug tolerance Sources of DrugI_nformation

     P_{harmacology textbook}

     P_harmacists

     I_{nternet sources}

     J_{ournal articles}

     _{Drug reference books}

TRA_DI T _ION  AL  AN _D ALTERN  AT _IV E _ME _DICI N E  T_{raditional medicine/}T_M

y refers to health practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant, animal and mineral based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises, applied singularly or in combination to treat, diagnose and prevent illnesses or maintain well-being. y The term describes medical knowledge systems, which

developed over centuries within various societies before the era of modern medicine

y Traditional medicines: y Herbal medicine y Ayurvedic medicine y Unani medicine y Acupuncture

y Traditional Chinese medicine

H_{erbal Medicine}

y folk and traditional medicinal practice based on the use of  plants and plant extracts.

T_{raditional Medicine}

y A SHAMANdecorates himself and performs a special dance to cast out the evil spirits that make people ill

G_eneralO_{verview of} H_{erbal Medicine}

y History

y The practice has existed since prehistoric times and flourishes today as the primary form of  medicine for perhaps as much as 80% of the world's population.

y Types

y Herbal teas y Herbal tinctures y Fluid extracts y Solid extracts

y Powdered herbs and tablets y Herbal ointments

y Essential oils

y Herbal supplements y FilipinoPractice of Herbal Medicine

y The curative effects of the herbs were tested by traditional healers on their patient on try-and-error basis.

y The rural folks and the poor continued to rely on herbal medicines available in abundance, locally.

Ayurveda

y Ayurvedicmedicine is a practice in use primarily in the

I_{ndian subcontinent, which advocates argue assists with}

health and healing. A person is seen as a unique individual made up of 5 primary elements

y Air, fire, water, ether, and earth y Ether and air = Vata dosha y Fire and water =Pitta dosha y Water and earth =Kapha

dosha

y The word "Ayurveda" is a tatpurusha compound of yus "long life" andved a"knowledge", and roughly translates as the "Science of a long life"

Unani

y They considered something to be fire, water, earth and air in the human body

y Unani medicine is very close to Ayurveda.

y The base used in Unani medicine is often honey. Background of Unani Medicine

y According to followers of Unani medicine, these elements (fire, water, earth, air) are present in different fluids and their balance leads to health and their imbalance leads to illness.

Acupuncture

y is a technique of inserting and manipulating needles into "acupuncture points" on the body.

BackgroundO_{f Acupuncture}

y (from Lat.acus,"needle" (noun), and punger e,"prick" (verb)

y According to acupunctural teachings this will restore health and well-being, and is particularly good at treating pain.

Chinese Medicine

y a form of Or iental med icine, which includes other traditional East Asian medical systems such as traditional

J_{apanese and}K_{orean medicine.}

y These practices include herbal medicine, acupuncture, and massage

Advantage of traditional medic_ine  its affordable

 its abundant  easier to prepare

 recovery process beyond the management of emotional

and cognitive impairment by also enhancing social interaction, spirituality, and self-functioning

 easy access or handy Disadvantage of traditional medic_ine

the amount of medication is not accurate there are other substance present in the medication which you dont need

there is more adverse/side effect they work more slowly than the more aggressive pharmaceutical and surgical medicine

there is undesirable taste can cause allergies some can cause infection

can be the cause of instant death

WH_{Oefforts in promoting safe, effe}c_{tive and affordable traditional}

medic_ine

WorldH_ealthO_rganization

WHO_definesT_{raditional Medicine as "the medicine that}

refers to health practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant, animal and mineral based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises, applied singularly or in combination to treat, diagnose and prevent illnesses or maintain well-being". WorldH_ealthO_{rganization launched its first ever comprehensive}

traditional medicine strategy in 2002

T_{he strategy is designed to assist countries to:}

y Develop national policies on the evaluation and regulation

of T_{M/CAM practices.}

y Create a stronger evidence base on the safety, efficacy and quality of theT_{AM/CAM products and practices;}

y Ensure availability and affordability of TM/CAM including essential herbal medicines;

y Promote therapeutically sound use of TM/CAM by providers and consumers.

y Document traditional medicines and remedies. Standards and quality control

y The legal status of herbal ingredients varies by country. For example, Ayurvedic herbal products may contain levels of heavy metals that are considered unsafe in the U.S.,but heavy metals are considered therapeutic in Ayurvedic medicine.

What is Alternative Medicine?

y Alternative medicine is a broad term that refers to any type of treatment that is not yet accepted as customary. y Alternative medicine practices are used instead of 

standard medical treatments.

y Alternative medicine broadly describes methods and practices used in place of conventional medical treatments.

y It may also be described as "diagnosis, treatment, or therapy which can be provided legally by persons who are not licensed to diagnose and treat illness"

Contemporary uses of alternative medic_ines.

y acupuncture, y aromatherapy,

y Ayurveda (Ayurvedic medicine), y biofeedback, y chiropractic medicine, y herbalism y holistic nursing, y homeopathy, y hypnosis, y massage therapy, y meditation, y naturopathy,

y osteopathic manipulative therapy (OMT), y reflexology,

y Reiki,

y spiritual healing, y Tai Chi,

y traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), and y yoga.

Aromatherapy

y Essential oils form the basis of aromatherapy

y Extracted by means of steam distillation, cold expression, or fixed oil or alcohol extraction

y Oils can be inhaled, massaged onto the body, added to the bath or shower, or sprayed in the room.

y Most of the oils have antiseptic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, pain relieving, anti-depressant and expectorant property

Chiropractic

y The word chiropractic came from theGreek word Cheiro (hand) and prakrikos (done by hand).

y The chiropractor manipulates the backbone with his hands to bring back into alignment the vertebrae that are

misaligned or misplaced

H_omeopathy

y Is based on the principle that substances that are poisonous in large doses can be very beneficial in small doses

y The name homeopathy comes from theGreek word homios which means like and the word pathos meaning suffering

y Examples: bee sting, snake venoms, arsenic, gold and silica MessageT_herapy

y Is one of the oldest, simplest forms of therapy and is a system of stroking, pressing and kneading different areas of the body to relieve pain, relax, stimulate, and tone the body.

O_steopathy

y An osteopath treats a patients head and neck using gentle twisting and turning movements

N_aturopathy

y Is based on the belief that the body is self-healing. The body will repair itself and recover from illness

spontaneously if it is a healthy environment.

y Naturopaths treat illnesses and ailments with special diets, fasting, hydrotherapy, and vitamins and herbs.

y They advocate the ounce of prevention way of life. Reflexology

y Is based on the principle that there are reflexes in the feet and hands which correspond to every part of the body. y By stimulating or applying pressure to the feet or hands,

circulation is increased and specific bodily and muscular function are promoted.

Shiatsu

y Is aJapanese word made up of two written characters meaning finger (shi) and pressure (atsu).

y The application of pressure is the underlying principle of  shiatsu.

y The practitioners use fingers and thumb for applying pressure precisely at localized points

y Shiatsu also involves gentle stretch and manipulation techniques

y Is aJapanese word for finger pressure, although shiatsu therapist also use their feet, elbows, and knees to apply pressure

Y_oga

y Is a set of physical practices that include stretches, breathing practices, and progressive deep relaxation y The main concern is the interaction of body and mind. y Yoga therapy employsasanas (  postur e), pr anayama

(breathing exercise) and meditation and /or visualization

H_{erbal Medicines}

y Is a complementary therapy that uses plants or plant extracts to treat illness.

y Herbal practitioners believe that delicate chemicals balance of the whole herb is needed for greater effect and to reduce potential side effects.

y Different parts of plants can have very different actions.

H_ealing

y works by positive energy instead of positive thinking y This is called the laying on of hands or touching, to

channel energy into the patient

H_ypnotherapy

y Works on the level of the subconscious, where humans hold many thoughts of which they are not aware y Is widely used to treat people with emotional problems 10 MedicinalP_{lants  D}OH

y SAMBONG

S_cient _{ific name : Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC} F _{amily:Compositae}

I_{nd icati on:}

Edema, Diuretic Anti-urolithiasis y AKAPULKO

S_cient _{ific name:}

Cassia alata L.

Indicat _ion:

Ringworm and other fungal infections of the skin y NIYUG-NIYOGAN

S_cient _{ific name : Quisqualis indica L.} F _{amily:Combretaceae}

Indicat _ion:

I_{ntestinal worms (Ascaris and} T_richina)

y TSAANG-GUBAT

S_cient _{ific name:}

Ehretia microphylla Lam.

F _{amily:Boraginaceae} Indicat _ion:

I_{ntestinal motility}

y AMPALAYA

S_cient _{ific name : Momord ica char antia} F _{amily:Cucurbitaceae}

Indicat _ion:

Diabetes mellitus (mild non-insulin dependent)

y LAGUNDI

S_cient _{ific name:} V_{itex negundo L.} F _amily:V_erbenaceae Indicat _ion:

Anti-cough Anti-asthma y ULASIMANGBATO

S_cient _{ific name :}

Pe peromia pelluci d a F _amily:P_iperaceae Indicat _ion:

Anti-hyperuricemia (Arthritis andG_out)

y BAYABAS

S_cient _{ific name:} P_{sidium guajava L.} F _{amily: Myrtaceae} Indicat _ion:

Antiseptic for wounds

Mouthwash (for infection due to swollen gums and tooth decay)

y BAWANG

S_cient _{ific name :}  Allium sativum F _{amily:Liliaceae} Indicat _ion:

Reduces blood cholesterol y YERBABUENA

S_cient _{ific name:}

Mentha x cordifolia

F _amily: Labiatae Indicat _ion:

Body pain/ache

Complementary medic_ine

y describes practices used in conjunction and cooperation with conventional medicine, to assist the existing process.

Complementary and alternative medic_{ine (CAM)}

y umbrella term for both branches. CAM includes practices that incorporate spiritual, metaphysical, or religious underpinnings; non-European medical traditions, or newly developed approaches to healing.

S_{upport for alternative medi}c_ine

y Advocates of alternative medicine hold that alternative therapies often provide the public with services not available from conventional medicine.

T_{his argument covers a range of areas:}

y Patient Empowerment

y Methods of Pain Management

y Tretment that supports the Biopsychosocial Model of  health,

y Stress reduction services y Palliative Care

DIFF_ERENCESB_{ETWEEN TRADITIONAL}

AND ALTERNATIVEMEDICINETO WES_{TERN MEDICINE} TRADITIONAL MEDICINE

 plant, animal, and mineral based medicine  spiritual therapy, manual techniques and exercises  has scientific evidence

 safer and more effective  patient- healer relationship  allopathic or Western Medicine ALTERNATVEMEDICINE

 Temporary aids

 mind, body, and spirit of the human being as

composing one single system

 physiological and psychological  lack of proper testing

 less research

 less safe and less effective  dangerous side effects

DI_FFEREN_{CES BE}T_WEEN T_RADITION_{AL & AL}T_ERN_ATIV_E

MEDI_CIN_ETO_WEST_ERN_MEDI_CIN_E WES_{TERN MEDICINE}

 Modern medicine

 Symptom-based medicine

 Technology-based (drug and surgery oriented)

 usually used when someone is in life threatening accident  formal system to deliver its services