Intermediate Book Ecl English Course

ECL

ENGLISH COURSE

INTERMEDIATE

Acknowledgments

Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary – Electronic Edition. Version 1.1. Courtney, Rosemary - Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs.

Fisk English Course – Books – Basic one / two, Book four, Book five, Book six, Advanced two, Free Conversation.

Longman Dictionary of English Idioms.

Swan, Michael and Walter, Catherine – How English Works – A Grammar Practice Book With Answers. Oxford.

Planned and Prepared by Ricardo Fernandes Marques

Copyright

RICARDO FERNANDES MARQUES Rua Antônio Gonçalves 109 Porto Velho São Gonçalo, R.J

CONTENTS

SHORT ANSWERS == ALL THE TENSES PRESENTED UP TO NOW.

MODAL VERBS == MAY, MIGHT,CAN,COULD,SHOULD,OUGHT, MUST AND MUSTN`T

PHRASAL VERBS ( IN/ OUT )

TAG QUESTIONS == ALL THE TENSES PRESENTED UP TO NOW. PHRASAL VERBS ( OUT )

PERFECT TENSES == PART I, AND THEIR USAGES. HOW LONG

PHRASAL VERBS ( ON / OFF )

PERFECT TENSES == PART II, AND THEIR USAGES. PHRASAL VERBS ( ON / OFF )

HOW MUCH AND HOW MANY SOME / ANY / NO AND DERIVATES PHRASAL VERBS ( UP / DOWN )

LESSON SEVENTEEN

LESSON EIGHTTEEN

LESSON NINETEEN

LESSON TWENTY

IF CLAUSES == ALL OF THEM, AND THEIR USAGES. PHRASAL VERBS ( UP / DOWN )

DIRECT AND INDERECT == USING ALL OF THE TENSES PRESENTED. PHRASAL VERBS ( BACK /AWAY )

RELATIVE PRONOUNS == ALL OF THEM, AND THEIR USAGES. TOO AND SO=ALSO (AFF) EITHER AND NEITHER=ALSO (NEG) PHRASAL VERBS ( OVER )

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS== ALL OF THEM, AND THEIR USAGES. PHRASAL VERBS

LESSON 11

Verb Tenses

Do I study English every day?

Does he speak German every other

day?

Did she travel to England last night?

Will you have to work tonight?

Would they need to study every day?

Are you happy today?

Were you tired yesterday?

Is she playing chess with him at the

moment?

Was he doing his homework last night?

Are they going to buy some food later?

Were you going to sell those CDs last week?

Is there anybody at your house now?

Are there many tasks to do this

afternoon?

Will there be a party at the

club

tonight?

Would there be an answer for

this question? Is there going to be an important

game

tonight? Was there going to be a meeting here this evening?

LESSON 11

Short Answers

Yes you do. No you don’t.

Yes he does. No he doesn’t.

Yes she did. No she didn’t.

Yes I/we will. No I/we won’t.

Yes they would. No they wouldn’t.

Yes I/we am./are. No I am not./aren’t.

Yes I/we was./were. No I wasn’t./weren’t.

Yes she is. No she isn’t.

Yes he was. No he wasn’t.

Yes they are. No they aren’t.

Yes I/we was./were. No I/we wasn’t./weren’t.

Yes there is. No there isn’t.

Yes there are. No there aren’t.

Yes there will. No there won’t.

Yes there would. No there wouldn’t.

Yes there is. No there isn’t.

LESSON 11

Substitution Drills

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Expressions and Useful Phrases I’m damn right / I’m fucking right

What the hell are you doing there? Whoever/Wherever/Whenever/Whatever

What good would it do? Keep track of # Lose track of

To make certain that you know what is happening or has happened to someone or something

Take into account = To consider or remember when judging a situation.

Important Note

Phrasal Verb

A phrase which consists of a verb in combination with a preposition or adverb or both, the meaning of which is different from the meaning of its separate parts:

'Look after', 'work out' and 'make up for' are all phrasal verbs. CAMBRIDGE ADVANCED LEARNER’S DICTIONARY

LESSON 11

Exercise

1. Make questions for the answers and answers for the questions in

the following dialogue.

a. ________________________________________________________________________________? b. No, I wouldn’t. b. How about ____________________________________________________________________? a. ________________________________________________________________________________ a. Where ________________________________________________________________________? b. _________________________________________________________________________________ b. After going to _________________________________________________________________

a. Cool! That’s a very nice idea...

a. At what time __________________________________________________________________?

b. _________________________________________________________________________________

a. See you!

LESSON 12

Modal Verbs

Expressing the same idea:

Expressing Possibility

May I open the

window?

It is too hot here!

Permission - Formal

Can I open the

window?

It is too hot here!

Permission - Informal

Could I open the window?

It is too hot here!

Permission - Polite

Can you drive well? Ability Present or

Future

Could you speak English three months ago? Ability Past or Conditional

Should she drive less and walk more?

Recommendation

Must he finish all his homework

today? Obligation

Should Ought to

Must Have to

May Strong possibility- affirmatives and negatives

For questions we use the expression to be + likely

Might Weak possibility- affirmatives and negatives

Are you likely to travel?

Can

Possibility-affirmatives, negatives and interrogatives (informal)

It can be a good idea. Can she come here tomorrow?

Do you think she can win? Could Slight or uncertain possibility. It could be a good idea.

LESSON 12

Asking Favors

Prohibition

Substitution Drills

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

window.

Yes/No you can/can’t open the

window. Yes/No you could/couldn’t open the window.

Yes/No I/we can/can’t drive well.

Yes/No I/we could/couldn’t speak English

three months ago. Yes/No she should/shouldn’t drive less and walk

more. Yes/No he must/ doesn’t

have to(need to)

finish all his homework

today.

Can Informal Can you help me with the homework?

Could Formal Could I trouble you to open the window?

LESSON 12

Expressions

Along with / together with = accompany, emphasizes closeness in time or space Instead of = in substitution

According to = as stated or in conformity In spite of = in defiance of, notwithstanding Due to / On account of/ Because of = idea of cause

How to use them?

Too Very

High degree - intolerable High degree but tolerable

Phrasal Verbs

Call in To invite to enter.

Call out To shout something loudly. Send in To order to enter.

Send out To cause (someone) to go outside. Drop in To visit.

Drop out (of) To fall out / To choose to leave school, etc. Push in To penetrate or cause penetration

Push out To make (something or someone) move outwards by pushing it.

Stay in At home, inside. Stay out Not at home, outside.

Eat in At home, inside. Eat out Not at home, outside.

Be in At home, inside. Be out Not at home, outside. Get in To enter

LESSON 12

Exercises

1. Make questions for these answers below.

a. ________________________________________________________________________________? He wouldn’t like to eat a lot at the restaurant, because of his health problem. b. ________________________________________________________________________________? He will travel instead of staying in next summer.

c. ________________________________________________________________________________? She drops him in every other week.

d. ________________________________________________________________________________? Mark changed his mind and won’t drop out of school anymore

2. Give long answers for these questions below.

a. Does she eat out every weekend?

_____________________________________________________________________________________ b. Is your mother out?

_____________________________________________________________________________________ c. Does she like to stay out now and then?

_____________________________________________________________________________________ d. How often do you eat out?

_____________________________________________________________________________________ e. Why don’t you call her out so that she can help you out?

_____________________________________________________________________________________ f. Is he usually in on the weekends?

LESSON 13

Tag Questions

I study Spanish every day, don’t I?

He speaks French every other

day,

doesn’t he? She traveled to Australia last night, didn’t she? You will have to work tonight, won’t you? They wouldn’t need to study every day, would they?

You are busy today, aren’t you?

You weren’t tired yesterday, were you?

She is playing chess with him

at the moment,

isn’t she?

He was doing his

homework

last night, wasn’t he? They are going to buy some

food

later, aren’t they? You were going to sell those

CDs

last week, weren’t you? There is somebody at your

house

now, isn’t there?

There are many

tasks

to do this afternoon,

aren’t there?

There will be a party at

the club

tonight, won’t there? There would be an answer

for this question, wouldn’t there? There is going to be an important game

tonight, isn’t there?

There was going to be a meeting here

this evening,

LESSON 13

Yes/No you study / don’t study Spanish every day.

Yes/No he speaks / doesn’t speak French every

other day.

Yes/No she traveled / didn’t travel to

Australia

last night.

Yes/No I/we will / won’t have to work tonight.

Yes/No they would / wouldn’t need to study every day.

Yes/No I/we am - are / am not - aren’t busy today.

Yes/No I/we was - were / wasn’t - weren’t tired yesterday.

Yes/No she is / isn’t playing chess with

him

at the moment.

Yes/No he was / wasn’t doing his

homework

last night.

Yes/No they are / aren’t going to buy some

food

later. Yes/No I/we was - were / wasn’t - weren’t going to sell those

CDs

last week.

Yes/No there is / isn’t somebody/anybody at my

house

now.

Yes/No there are / aren’t many tasks to do this

afternoon.

Yes/No there will / won’t be a party at

the club

tonight.

Yes/No there would / wouldn’t be an answer

for this question.

Yes/No there is / isn’t going to be an

important game

tonight.

Yes/No there was / wasn’t going to be a meeting

here

this evening.

LESSON 13

Substitution Drills

1.

2.

3.

4.

Phrasal Verbs

Figure out To calculate. To understand. Find out To discover.

Pick out To choose. To select.

Put out To extinguish fire. To turn off lights. To put (something or someone) outside. To produce. Throw out To cast out. To get rid of (something or

someone). Turn out To result.

Work out To find a solution. To understand. To

succeed. To result. To calculate. To exercise. Help out To help.

Try out To test. To experiment.

Make out To understand (something or someone). To decipher.

Come out To come outside. To be published. To be expressed in speech. To reach a result. Look out To be careful (usually in the imperative

form).

Run out of To leave a place by running. To lack something.

Break out of To escape from. Check out

to examine something or get more

information about it in order to be certain that it is true, safe or suitable

LESSON 13

Special Tag Questions

I am right, aren’t I?

Close the door, will you?

Don’t forget, will you?

Sit down, won’t you?

Let’s have a party, shall we?

Old and Useful Sayings

“All is well that ends well.” “All that glitters is not gold.” “A good example is better than a

sermon.”

“When poverty comes in the door, love flies out the window.”

“Money is the root of all evil.” “There’s no smoke without fire.” “Many hands make light work.” “Don’t bite the hand that feeds you.” Half a loaf is better than no bread.” “Birds of a feather flock together.”

Informal questions / requests often use negative sentence + question tag.

You can’t lend me some money, can you?

After imperatives, we can use WON`T YOU? to invite people to do things, and WILL /

WOULD / CAN / CAN`T /COULD YOU? (Informal) to tell or ask people to do things. After negative imperative we use WILL YOU?

After Let’s we use SHALL WE?

We use THEY to refer to nobody, somebody and everybody (and no one etc.).

We use non-negative tags after NEVER, NO, NOBODY, HARDLY, SCARCELY, LITTLE.

We use IT in question tags to refer to NOTHING.

Idiomatic Expressions and Useful Phrases

Look out you don’t get robbed. = Be carefull not to get robbed. One’s cup of tea = What one likes. E.G. Soccer is not my cup of tea.

On the tip of one’s tongue. = To be about to say something. E.G. Wait, Wait! I have got his name on the tip of my tongue.

On purpose = Intentionally # By chance = not intentionally. E.G. Do you think he did that on purpose?

Be cut out (for) = To be suited for, have talent for E.G. I’m not cut out for this kind of work. I prefer something lighter.

By the looks of things… = According to what I can see… E.G. By the looks of things, long skirts are coming in again

LESSON 13

Exercises

1. Make sentences with tag questions for these answers below.

a. _________________________________________________, ______________________________? Yes, I am cooking tonight.

b. ________________________________________________, _______________________________? Yes, he is a lovely little boy.

c. ________________________________________________, _______________________________? No, she didn’t work hard last night.

d. ________________________________________________, ______________________________? Of course!

2. Complete the sentences below with the right tag questions.

a. The policeman came to school yesterday, ______________________________________? b. The teacher broke his leg last weekend, ________________________________________? c. She likes to play with you, ___________________________________________________? d. Joanne doesn’t like to work here, ______________________________________________? e. He will ask her out next time he sees her, _____________________________________? f. He would enjoy going out with us, ___________________________________________? g. Everybody’s here, ______________________________________________________________? h. You’re never happy, ____________________________________________________________? i. There’s no milk, _______________________________________________________________? j. Nothing matters, ______________________________________________________________? k. She hardly spoke, _____________________________________________________________? l. There’s scarcely enough time, _________________________________________________? m. You never wrote her a letter, ___________________________________________________?

LESSON 14

The Perfect Tenses Part I

Have you worked hard lately?

# 1. Pres. Perf. Something that started in the past and comes up to the present.

Has he gotten good grades recently?

# 1. Pres. Perf. 3rd _{person singular.}

Have you sold your car?

# 2. Pres. Perf. Indefinite Past Time.

Has he moved?

# 2. Pres. Perf. 3rd _{person singular.}

Have you eaten a lot today?

# 3. Pres. Perf. Used with periods of time not finished at the moment of speaking. The action may repeat or continue.

Has he traveled this

month?

# 3. Pres. Perf. 3rd _{person singular.}

Have you been studying

hard

this semester?

Pres. Perf. Cont. Something that started in the past and comes up to now. It is also used to give emphasis.

Has she been doing her

homework?

Pres. Perf. Cont. 3rd _{person singular.}

Had they already

painted

the house when you arrived?

Past Perf. Used when we want to refer to a past action that happened before another one.

Had she left home when you

arrived?

Past Perf. 3rd _{person singular.}

Had you been working

out

when she arrived?

Past Perf. Cont. Used when we want to refer to a past action that was completed or interrupted before another one. It is also used to give emphasis.

Had she been

trying to hide this secret when you found out the truth?

Past Perf. Cont. 3rd _{person singular.}

Don’t be so worried about these little things. You’ll see they are not so difficult.

LESSON 14

Yes/No I/we have / haven’t worked hard lately.

Yes/No he has / hasn’t gotten good

grades

recently.

Yes/No I/we have / haven’t sold my/our

car.

Yes/No he has / hasn’t moved.

Yes/No I/we have / haven’t eaten a lot today.

Yes/No he has / hasn’t traveled this month.

Yes/No I/we have / haven’t been studying hard

this semester. Yes/No she has / hasn’t been doing her

homework. Yes/No they had / hadn’t already

painted

the house when I/we arrived.

Yes/No she had / hadn’t left home when I/we

arrived.

Yes/No I/we had / hadn’t been working

out

when she arrived.

Yes/No she had / hadn’t been

trying to hide this secret when I/we found out the truth. Be happy! Give it a Try. Don’t be so pessimistic!

LESSON 14

Substitution Drills

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

How long have you worked here? I’ve worked here for three months.

How long have you worked here? I’ve worked here since January.

Old and Useful Sayings “Water dripping day by day wears the

hardest rock away.”

“Where there’s a will there’s a way.” “Don’t put the cart before the horse.” “Don’t bite off more than you can chew.”

“Beauty lies in lover’s Eyes.” “Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.” “Handsome Is as handsome does.” “Like father like son.”

“Money doesn’t grow on trees.” “First come, first served.”

Idiomatic Expressions and Useful Phrases For good = Forever.

Kick (a) habit = To stop, break off a habit.

Put one’s foot into it = To say something stupid and embarrassing. Be a steal = Something sold very cheaply; be a great bargain.

Be Greek to = To be incomprehensible.

Build castles in the air = To plan things which will probably not succeed, daydream. Come off it! = Stop lying, joking, or being pretentious.

LESSON 14

Present Perfect Usage Have you ever fallen in love?

This is the best food I have ever eaten.

Used in questions – Uncommon things or in affirmatives to emphasize. Yes I have already fallen in love. Used in affirmative answers to confirm

an “ever” question or to emphasize. No I haven’t fallen in love yet. Used when the answer is negative but

there is intention of doing. No I have never fallen in love. Used when the answer is negative and

there’s no intention of doing. Yes I have just fallen in love Used to say that something happened

now, very soon, or very recently

Phrasal Verbs

Send on To send something from someone's old address to their new one

Send off/away

(to / for)To write to an organization or place to ask them to send you something:

I've sent off for a catalogue.

We had to send off to Ireland for a replacement part.

Keep on To continue doing something without stopping, or to do it repeatedly.

Keep off

To not go onto an area, or to stop someone or something going onto an area. To stop

something touching or harming someone or something. To not eat, drink or use

something that can harm you, or to stop someone else from doing this;

Stay on To continue to be in a place, job or school after the other people who were with you have left.

Stay off

= To keep off - to not eat, drink or use something that can harm you. To continue to be at a distance from something. To continue not to attend, (something such as school). Get on

To go onto a bus, train, aircraft or boat. To continue doing something, especially work. Get off To leave a train, bus or aircraft. to leave a

place, usually in order to start a journey. Jump on

To criticize someone as soon as they have done something wrong or said something that you disagree with.

Jump off To leave a place or something with a springing movement. To start ( military)

LESSON 14

Exercises

1. Make questions for these answers below.

a. ________________________________________________________________________________? No, he hasn’t been there yet.

b. ________________________________________________________________________________? He has brought those new tapes for you.

c. ________________________________________________________________________________? They have read that book because of the paper they are preparing.

d. ________________________________________________________________________________? She has been there lots of times this month.

e. ________________________________________________________________________________? They have been trying to fix the bus since morning.

f. ________________________________________________________________________________? He had already come back from London when she decided to ask him to bring some books for her.

g. ________________________________________________________________________________? I had been running for thirty minutes when you called me out.

h. ________________________________________________________________________________? She has been reading that book for more than three months.

i. ________________________________________________________________________________? Traveling abroad is what I have ever wanted.

j. ________________________________________________________________________________? I have never tried to do something illegal.

LESSON 14

2. Give long answers for these questions below.

a. What has she just done?

_____________________________________________________________________________________ b. Where have you been lately?

_____________________________________________________________________________________ c. Why had she sold the furniture before phoning you?

_____________________________________________________________________________________ d. How long have you been talking over that problem with that girl on the phone? _____________________________________________________________________________________ e. Have you ever had to do something you really hated? What? Why?

_____________________________________________________________________________________ f. Have you already had lunch?

_____________________________________________________________________________________ g. Where have you been running these days?

_____________________________________________________________________________________ h. What had she done before you told her the truth?

_____________________________________________________________________________________ i. Have you ever had an affair?

____________________________________________________________________________________ j. Have you ever thought about living abroad? Where?

LESSON 14

3.

Complete the text below with the appropriate verb tense.

A long time ago, on a distant land there _____________ a man who _____________ beyond the woods. He ______________ to be the wisest wizard in that old world. Once he ______________ to_______________ with an old and powerful dragon. He ____________ never ____________ a creature as dangerous and wicked as the seven-head dragon. Many powerful and wise knights _______________ already ______________ to _____________ the Beast before him, but none ___________________.

He ______________ himself for the great battle. He _________________ the great wizard book. Merlin, himself, ___________________ him a visit in order ___________ ______________ his sorceries ______________, believing that it could be helpful.

After some moons the Day finally ________________. He could not _______________ what he ________________ inside his heart, in his soul. The dragon ____________ ______________ to ________________ his head and ______________ his viscera.

It _______________ almost a week and after storms, thunders and groans the victor _____________ ________________ tall in the middle of the battlefield.

For those who _________________ the winner____________ the wizard, I’m so sorry __________ _________________ the winner was the seven-head dragon.

That’s a real ending. We must try to face the truth.

Life is not a fairy tale. We must bear in mind life is made of victories

and defeats. Be prepared for both of them.

To manage To feel To try To reveal To fight

To have To face To live To claim To prepare

To read To pay To come To give away To defeat

To swallow To smash To hide To be To promise

LESSON 15

The Perfect Tenses Part II

What will you have done by the end of the year?

Fut. Perf. Used to describe an action which, at some time in the future, will be past or completed.

Whom would you have gone with

if they had invited you for

the party?

Cond. Perf. Unreal past situation

What may have happened to the book? it is not here on the desk.

Possibility in the past weaker than MUST HAVE.

What might have

happened to him

if he had jumped out of

the window?

Cond. Perf. Unreal past situation or Criticism (You might have told me about that!). Possibility in the past weaker than MUST HAVE.

What could have happened

if you hadn’t turned down that proposal?

Cond. Perf. Slight or uncertain possibility in the past. Unreal past situation. Criticism (You could have helped me!)

Whom should you

have talked to?

Recommendation (past action)

Where must she

have left her purse?

Strong probability or Conclusion of a past action.

LESSON 15

I / We will have graduated by the end of the year.

I / We would

have

gone with Martha if they had invited me / us for the party.

It may have

fallen

behind the desk.

Have you already checked it out?

He might have broken his

leg

if he had jumped out of the window.

I / We could have lost lots of money

if I / we hadn’t turned down that proposal.

I / We should have talked to Jaime’s sister. She must have left

her purse inside my car.

LESSON 15

Phrasal Verbs

Switch on

To use a switch to change a device from one state or type of operation to another. Switch the TV on.

If someone switches on a particular emotion or behavior, they suddenly start to feel or behave in that way, but usually not sincerely.

Switch off

To use a switch to change a device from one state or type of operation to another. Switch the TV off.

To stop giving your attention to someone or something.

Turn on

To change a device from one state or type of operation to another. Turn the TV on. To interest or excite you, especially sexually:

Short girls really turn me on. Turn off

To change a device from one state or type of operation to another. Turn the TV off. To stop someone feeling interested or excited, especially sexually.

Put on

To cover part of the body with clothes, shoes, make-up or something similar. To make a device operate, or to cause a device to play something, such as a CD or video, by pressing a switch. To pretend to have a particular feeling or way of

behaving which is not real or natural to you:

Why are you putting on that silly voice? If people or animals put weight on, they become heavier.

Put off

To decide or arrange to delay an event or activity until a later time or date. To tell someone that you cannot see them or do something for them, or stop them from doing something, until a later time. To take someone's attention away from what they want to be doing or should be doing.

LESSON 15

Phrasal Verbs

Go on

To start operating. To continue or move to the next thing. To talk in an annoying way about something for a long time. To start talking again after a pause.

INFORMAL something that you say to encourage someone to say or do

something. To continue or pass. Used when encouraging or asking someone to do something. Something that you say in order to agree to do or allow something that you did not want to do or to allow before:

"Are you sure you don't want another slice of cake?" "Oh go on then, but just a small one.

Go off

If a light or a machine goes off, it stops working. If a bomb goes off, it explodes. If a gun goes off, it fires. To happen in a particular way:

The protest march went off peacefully with only two arrests.

UK If food or drink goes off, it is not good to eat or drink any more because it is too old. If a warning device goes off, it starts to ring loudly or make a loud noise. To become worse in quality. To leave a wife, husband or partner in order to have a sexual or romantic relationship with someone else.

Call on

To visit someone for a short time. To use something, especially a quality that you have, in order to achieve something.

Call off

(sth off) To decide that a planned event, especially a sports event, will not happen, or to end an activity because it is no longer useful or possible. To order a dog, or sometimes a person, to stop attacking someone or something.

LESSON 15

Position of Prepositions

Complete the following questions with the suitable clauses.

1.

2.

3.

4.

We generally place the preposition directly before its object; however, sometimes it may be placed at the end of the sentence. Take a look at the examples:

What do you want it for? I don’t know what he needs it for.

What will I write about? Which house did you go to? Whom is the girl Mark is talking to?

Old and Useful Sayings

“Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today.” “All is fair in love and war.”

“Better late than never.”

“You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make him drink.” “Never look a gift horse in the mouth.”

“It's no use crying over spilt milk.” “The road to hell is paved with good intentions.”

LESSON 15

Exercises

1. Complete the sentences below with the right phrasal verb in the right

verb tense.

a. Come on! Why don’t you just _________________ __________________ the meeting?

b. Why did she refuse to ________________________ ___________________ her cigarette?

c. I can’t believe we have just _______________ ___________ __________ gasoline again!

d. She told me she had already _____________ __________ what happened that night.

e. I can’t believe! You have __________________________ ________________________ a lot!

f. Don’t forget to ______________________ ______________ the car before you buy it!

g. Have you been __________________________ ________________________ this summer?

h. Hey! Jane has just finished preparing something in the kitchen. It’s better to ____________________ it ___________________.

i. How often do you _____________________________ ________________________________?

j. When was the last time you _____________________________ __________ somebody?

k. How long have you_________________________ ________________________ doing this?

l. Where did you ______________________________ __________ these beautiful flowers?

LESSON 15

2. Combine the following verbs with the particles in the box and then

create sentences.

LESSON 16

The Countable and Uncountable nouns

How many books do you read a month?

How much beer do you usually drink on the weekends?

How many brothers or sisters

do you have?

How much money does she have in her pocket? How many

times

a month do you go to the beach?

How much do you spend when you go to

the beach?

How many CDs do you usually buy a month?

LESSON 16 I / We read lots of books a lot of books a few books few books two books a month. Many is mainly used in negatives and questions. I / We usually drink a lot (just) a little little two cans of beer

on the weekends. Much is mainly used in negatives and questions. I / We have don’t have a few. few. none. many. brothers or sisters. She has doesn’t have lots of money a lot of money (just) a little little two bucks much money in her pocket. I / We go to the beach once twice three times a month. I / We spend don’t spend lots of money a lot of money (just) a little little two bucks much money when I / we go to the beach. I / We usually buy don’t buy lots of CDs. a lot of CDs. a few CDs. few CDs. two CDs. many CDs. (a month) In this case it’s more common to omit the time

expression.

LESSON 16

Complete the following questions.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Indefinite Pronouns

Something Somewhere Affirmative sentences. _{Questions, when we expect a} positive answer.

Offers. Any Anybody or

Anyone

Anything Anywhere _{General questions.}

Negative sentences, with verbs in the negative form.

Affirmative sentences.*

No Nobody or No one

Nothing Nowhere _{Negative sentences, with verbs} in the affirmative form.

Yes I have some plans for tonight. Do you have any plans for tonight? No I don’t have any plans for tonight.

No I have no plans for tonight. Would you like some help? Oh! I’d love to.

Could you bring me some water? Sure!

Some

A PART OF SOMETHING. I like some Italian restaurant. (Not all of them.)

Any*

NOT IMPORTANT WHICH. I like any Italian restaurant. (All of them.)

No

NOT ANY.

I like no Italian restaurant.

LESSON 16

Exercises

1. Make questions using

how much

our

how many

for these answers

below

.

a. ________________________________________________________________________________? He sold lots of old books last week.

b. ________________________________________________________________________________? He doesn’t have much money.

c. ________________________________________________________________________________? I’ve spent lots of time doing the exercises.

d. ________________________________________________________________________________? Mark likes just a little sugar in his coffee.

e. ________________________________________________________________________________? Hugh spent ten dollars buying new pencils.

2. Give long answers for these questions below.

a. How many times have the policemen come here this week?

_____________________________________________________________________________________ b. How much has she spent lately?

_____________________________________________________________________________________ c. How many hours do you usually spend to come here by train?

_____________________________________________________________________________________ d. How much is it?

_____________________________________________________________________________________ e. How much did it cost?

LESSON 16

Phrasal Verbs

Go up

To move higher, rise or increase. To reach as far as something:

The path going up to the back door is very muddy.

Go down

To move down to a lower level or place. to reach or go as far as:

Its roots can go down three metres. When the sun goes down, it moves down in the sky until it cannot be seen any more. To be reduced in price, value, amount,

quality, level or size. If a computer system goes down, it stops working. If an event such as a crime or a deal goes down, it happens. (on)SLANG

To use the tongue and lips to touch someone's sexual organs in order to give pleasure.(with) = come down with

Turn up

To arrive or appear somewhere, usually unexpectedly or in a way that was not planned. If something that you have been looking for turns up, you find it

unexpectedly. If a better situation or an opportunity to do something turns up, it happens or becomes available

unexpectedly or in a way that was not planned.

Turn down Turn sth/sb down to refuse an offer or request.

Bring up

To care for a child until it is an adult, often giving it particular beliefs. To start to talk about a particular subject.

Bring down

To cause someone in a position of power to lose their job. To reduce the level of something.

LESSON 16

Phrasal Verbs

Get up

To wake up and get out of bed, or to tell or help someone to do this. To stand up. To organize a group of people to do something. If the wind gets up, it starts to grow stronger.

Get down

If something gets you down, it makes you feel unhappy and dissatisfied. To write something, especially something that someone has said. To swallow. (to) To start to direct your efforts and attention towards something.

Come up

To move towards someone. To be mentioned or talked about in

conversation. If a job or opportunity comes up, it becomes available. To happen, usually unexpectedly. When the sun or moon comes up, it rises. If

information comes up on a computer screen, it appears there. (against) To have to deal with a problem. (to) To reach the usual or necessary standard. (with) To suggest or think of an idea or plan.

Come down

To fall and land on the ground. If a price or a level comes down, it becomes lower. INFORMAL to feel less excited after a very enjoyable experience. If a person comes down from a drug, they stop feeling its effects. (on) To punish or criticize a person or activity very

strongly. (with) To start to suffer from an illness, especially one that is not serious.

Break up

To divide something into many pieces. If someone who is talking on a mobile phone is breaking up, their voice can not fully be heard. (with) If a marriage breaks up or two people in a romantic relationship break up, their marriage or their relationship ends.

Break down

If a machine or vehicle breaks down, it stops working. If a system, relationship or discussion breaks down, it fails because there is a problem or disagreement. To be unable to control your feelings and to start to cry.

LESSON 16

Exercises

1. Complete the sentences below with the right phrasal verb in the right

verb tense.

a. Now that Andrew’s parents died, who will _________________ him ______________?

b. Why did she ____________________________ ________________________ that proposal?

c. I can’t believe we have just _____________________ _______________, I’m still sleepy!

d. Hey asshole! ____________________ _______________ ____________what you’re doing!

e. I can’t believe! You _______________________ __________________ _______________ her!

f. Don’t forget to get a coat or you may ______________ ___________ _________ a cold!

g. Do you know why the boss is upset with you?

Yeah! I haven’t________________ ________________ ____________ good results lately.

h. When was the last time this washing machine __________________ _____________?

i. When was the last time you _________________ ____________ __________ somebody?

j. Can you hear what he is speaking? Yeah!

Oh I can’t. Could you please ______________________ it __________________ for me?

k. The food didn't ________________________ ____________ __________ my expectations

l. Some people didn’t like my book. Well at least they didn’t ____________________ _____________ _____________ me.

LESSON 16

2. Combine the following verbs with the particles in the box and then

create sentences.

LESSON 17

Future Possible

If you meet him tomorrow, What will you do?

If she is late, What can we do?

If it rains, Where can we go?

What are you going to do if he calls you tonight? Where can we go if we don’t have any money?

Do you think she may get worse if she doesn’t take the medicines?

Present Unreal

If you had lots of money What would you do? If you received a strange phone call What would you do?

If they studied hard What could happen to them? Where would you take her to if you could ask her out? How late would you wake up if you didn’t have to work?

Do you think they might work there if they spoke good English?

Past Unreal

If you hadn’t missed the party Whom would you have flirted with? If she hadn’t broken up with you Where could you have taken her to? If he hadn’t stopped drinking What could have happened to us? What would she have done if she had seen you with that girl? Where could you have gone if you hadn’t woken up so late?

LESSON 17

Future Possible

If I / we meet him tomorrow, I / We will invite him for the party. If she is late, We / You can do nothing.

If it rains, We / You can / may go to the movies. I’m going to make things clear if he calls me tonight.

We / You can go nowhere if we / you don’t have any money. I think she may / can die if she doesn’t take the medicines

Present Unreal

If I / we had lots of money I / We would travel around the world. If I / we received a strange phone call I / We could call the police.

If they studied hard They could / might get better grades. I / We would take her to heaven if I / we could ask her out.

I/ We would wake up at about 9:00 A.M if I / we didn’t have to work. Oh! I think they might / could work

there

if they spoke good English.

Past Unreal

If I /we hadn’t missed the party I /we Would have flirted with everything in a skirt.

If she hadn’t broken up with me I could have taken her to Paradise. If he hadn’t stopped drinking We could / might have died. She would have slapped me if she had seen me with that girl. I / We could have gone to the zoo if I / we hadn’t woken up so late. Oh! I think he might / could have won if he had bet.

LESSON 17

Exercises

1. Complete the sentences below with the right clause.

a. If_______________________________________________________, I will buy new clothes.

b. If________________________________________________, she would give him a chance.

c. If___________________________________________________, they could have gone there.

d. If____________________________________________________, we would have helped her.

e. If__________________________________________________, I would tell you everything.

f. If_______________________________________________, he won’t trouble you anymore.

g. If she is here, ___________________________________________________________________.

h. If they came here more often, __________________________________________________.

i. If he had paid attention to her, _________________________________________________.

j. If they had finished the project, ________________________________________________.

k. If I worked out more often, _____________________________________________________.

LESSON 17

2. Make If-Clause questions for these answers below.

a. ________________________________________________________________________________? I will do my best.

b. ________________________________________________________________________________? She would help me with this.

c. ________________________________________________________________________________? He would have tried to call off the meeting.

d. ________________________________________________________________________________? They can help people.

e. ________________________________________________________________________________? I would never hurt you.

3. Give long answers for these questions below.

a. What would you do if your girlfriend/boyfriend cheated on you?

_____________________________________________________________________________________ b. What would you have done if you had had money 10 years ago?

_____________________________________________________________________________________ c. Where will you go on your next vacation if you have money?

_____________________________________________________________________________________ d. What would you do if you lost your job?

_____________________________________________________________________________________ e. Where could you have gone if your friends had called you?

LESSON 17

Phrasal Verbs

Climb up To go up.

Climb down To change your opinion or admit that you were wrong (over).

Sit up

To sit with a straight back. To stay awake and not go to bed although it is late. To show interest or surprise: The news that he was getting married really made her sit up.

Sit down To move your body so that the lower part of it is resting on a seat or on the ground.

Add up

Add (sth) up to calculate the total of two or more numbers. Add up to sth

(AMOUNT) to become a particular amount. To have a particular result or effect:

It all added up to a lot of hard work for all of us.

Grow up

(Person)To gradually become an adult. (City) If a town or city grows up in a particular place or way, it develops there or in that way.

Hurry up

hurry (sb/sth) up

To move or do things more quickly than normal or to make someone do this. Speed up To happen or move faster, or to make

something happen or move faster.

Think up To produce a new idea or plan. To invent. Hold down

Hold sb/sth down to keep someone or something in a particular place or position and to stop them from moving. Hold sth down to keep something, especially costs, at a low level.

Fall down

To fall to the ground. To fail. To not be good at something in comparison with another thing:

I'm quite good at speaking Chinese, but I fall down on the written work.

LESSON 17

Phrasal Verbs

Make up To invent. To prepare. To Complete. To replace. (for) To compensate for.

Cut down

To make a tree or other plant fall to the ground by cutting it near the bottom. (on) To reduce.

Slow down

To become slower, or to make someone or something become slower. To be less active and relax more.

Set up

To arrange for an event or activity to happen. to formally establish a new company, organization, system, way of working, etc. To establish someone or yourself in a business or position:

After he left college, his father set him up in the family business. To prepare

something for use, especially by putting the different parts of it together.

Set down

To write or print something, especially to record it in a formal document. If a vehicle sets down a passenger, it stops so that the passenger can get out.

Start up

If a business or other organization starts up, or if someone starts one up, it is created and starts to operate. If a vehicle or engine starts up, or someone starts it up, it starts to work.

Catch up

(with) To reach someone in front of you by going faster than them. To reach the same quality or standard as someone or something else.

Settle down

(in) To become familiar with a place and to feel happy and confident in it. To start living in a place where you intend to stay for a long time, usually with your partner. To become quiet and calm, or to make someone become quiet and calm. Look down on To despise, consider someone inferior.

LESSON 17

Exercises

1. Complete the sentences below with the right phrasal verb in the right

verb tense.

a. Now that Andrew passed the exams and I flunked, I think I won’t___________ _______________ __________ him.

b. Lea needs money. Why doesn’t she ____________ _________ ________ her expenses?

c. I can’t believe she _____________________________ ______________________ that story!

d. She is the kind of girl who likes to ______________ __________ _________ poor boys.

e. The car didn’t ____________________________ ______________________ this morning!

f. I went to the doctor and he told me ________________ ______________ _____________.

g. I’ve got to _______________ __________ something really good to increase the sales.

h. Hey! ______________________________ _______________________ or we’ll miss the bus!

i. Mr. Smith asked us to _______________________________ _____________ production.

j. Have you finished _______________________________ _______________ the numbers?

LESSON 17

2. Combine the following verbs with the particles in the box and then

create sentences

.

LESSON 18

Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

He said: “I work hard every day.” He said he worked hard every day. He said: “I don’t work hard every day.” He said he didn’t work hard every day.

He said: “I played soccer yesterday.” He said he (had) played soccer the day before. He said: “I didn’t play soccer yesterday.” He said he (hadn’t) didn’t play(ed) soccer the day before.

She said to me: “I will travel tomorrow.” She told me she would travel the following day. She said to me: “I won’t travel tomorrow.” She told me she wouldn’t travel the following day.

She said: “I’m going to travel tonight.” She said she was going to travel that night. She said: “I’m not going to travel

tonight.”

She said she wasn’t going to travel that night. She said: “I was going to buy a car.” She said shewas going to buy a car. She said: “I wasn’t going to buy a car.” She said shewasn’t going to buy a car.

He said: “I’m studying now.” He said he was studying that moment. He said: “I’m not studying now.” He said he wasn’t studying that moment.

He said: “I was studying.” He said hehad been studying. He said: “I wasn’t studying.” He said he hadn’t been studying.

He said: “I’ve studied a lot.” He said he hadstudied a lot. He said: “I haven’t studied a lot.” He said he hadn’t studied a lot. She said: “I’llhavefinished it by

afternoon.”

She said she’d have finished it by afternoon. He said: “I can drive.” He said he could drive.

He said: “I can’t drive.” He said he couldn’t drive. He said: “I must study hard.” He said he had (needed) to study hard. He said: “I don’t have (need) to study

hard.”

He said he didn’t have (need) to study hard. He said: “It may be a good idea!” He said It might be a good idea! He asked me: “will you come tonight?” He asked me if I would come that night.

He asked me: “whatare you doing?” He asked what I was doing. He asked: “Close the door!” He asked to close the door.

LESSON 18

Tense Changes

Simple Present Simple Past

Simple Past Simple Past or Past Perfect

Future Conditional

Immediate Future Future in the Past

Future in the Past Future in the Past

Present Continuous Past Continuous

Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect Past Perfect

Future Perfect Conditional Perfect

Can Could

Must Had to / Needed to

Don’t have to(need to) Didn’t have to (need to)

May Might

Questions (with a question word) The Question word + an Aff. or Neg. structure, according to the previous question.

Questions (with no question word) If or Whether + an Aff. or Neg. structure, according to the previous question.

Affirmative imperative To + verb( Infinitive )

Negative imperative not to+ verb( Negative infinitive )

Might Might

Could Could

Should/ought to Should/ought to

Would Would

Past Perfect Past Perfect

Yes/no questions are reported with if or whether. The driver asked if/whether I wanted to go downtown.

It’s preferable to use whether before or, especially in a formal style.

I enquired whether she was coming by road or by air.

Tenses don’t change after present, future or present perfect reporting verbs, because there’s no important change of time.

He says he doesn’t like flowers. I’ll tell her your idea is great.

The government has announced that taxes will be raised

LESSON 18

Word Changes

Verbs that imply a certain direction may also have to be changed. Examples: come go

bring take

No

Yes

Last week The week before

Next week The following week/The next week/The week after Now Then / That day/right away/At that moment

This morning That morning

This afternoon That afternoon

This evening That evening

Today That day

Tonight That night

Yesterday The day before

Tomorrow The following/next day

LAST… THE… BEFORE

NEXT… THE NEXT/FOLLOWING…

Ago Before

This/these That/those

Here There

Idiomatic Expressions and Useful Phrases How do you like…? = What’s your impression of…?

E.G. How do you like our weather? I think it’s very hot or I find it really hot.

Old and Useful Sayings “Speak of the devil and he appears.”

“He put his foot in his mouth.” “A word to the wise is enough.” “Out of sight, out of mind.”

LESSON 18

Phrasal Verbs

Stay away

To avoid. To keep away. To not go

somewhere or near something, or to prevent someone from going somewhere or near something.

Turn away

Turn sb away: to not allow someone to enter a place. To move your face so you are not looking at something.

Get away

To leave or escape from a person or place, often when it is difficult to do this. To go somewhere to have a holiday, often because you need to rest. (with) To succeed in avoiding punishment for something: If I thought I could get away with it, I wouldn't pay any tax at all.

Take away

Take sth away: to remove something. To subtract a number.

Throw away

Throw sth away/out:to get rid of something that you do not want any more. Throw sth away: to waste a skill or opportunity. Give away

To give sth free of charge. To tell people something secret, often without intending to. To show someone's secret feelings.

Run away

To leave a place or person secretly and suddenly. (from) To avoid dealing with a problem or difficult situation. Run away (with) sb (FEELING).If a feeling or idea runs away with you, you cannot control it and it makes you behave stupidly:Sometimes my imagination runs away with me and I convince myself that they are having an affair.

Break away To escape from someone, free oneself of. Clear away To remove things from a table after a meal.

Die away (of sound, light, wind) To diminish gradually until it ceases.

LESSON 18

Phrasal Verbs

Answer back To reply to someone rudely.

Fall back (on) To make use of sth in an emergency = to turn to someone for help.

Hold back To control (feelings) Keep back To have sth as a secret. Think back To remember.

Look back (on) To think about the past. Take back To retract sth said or written. Turn back (To begin to) return.

Get back

To return to a place after you have been somewhere else. get sth back (BE GIVEN) To be given something again that you had before. Get sb back. (ALSO get back at sb) INFORMAL: to do something

unpleasant to someone because they have done something unpleasant to you. Get back (to)sth: to start doing or talking about something again. Get back (to) sb: to talk to someone again, usually on the telephone, in order to give them some information or because you were not able to speak to them before.

Send back

Send sth back: to return something to the person who sent it to you, especially because it is damaged or not suitable. Give back Give sth back: to return something to the

person who gave it to you.

Call back

Call back (RETURN): to return to a place in order to see someone or collect

something. Call sb back (TELEPHONE): to telephone someone again, or to

telephone someone who called you earlier. Put back

Put sth back (REPLACE): to return an object to where it was before it was moved.

Bring back

Bring sth back (RETURN): to return from somewhere with something.

(REMEMBER): to make someone think about something from the past.

(DO AGAIN): to start to do or use something that was done or used in the past.

LESSON 18

Exercises

1. Change into indirect (Reported) speech.

a. He said: “I like music.”

_________________________________________________________________________________ b. She asked them: “What are you going to do this afternoon?”

_________________________________________________________________________________ c. They said to me: “We must study hard.”

_________________________________________________________________________________ d. She asked me: “Have you studied a lot lately?”

_________________________________________________________________________________

2. Change into direct speech.

a. She told me she wouldn’t miss this class.

_________________________________________________________________________________ b. She asked them if they were able to finish the project.

_________________________________________________________________________________ c. They told me to calm down.

_________________________________________________________________________________ d. He said he had already painted the house.