Dr. Suprayoga Hadi ([email protected]) Director for Special Area and Disadvantaged Region
LEARNING FROM THE INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI: Asian Development Bank's RESPONSE IN INDONESIA
Manila, 7-8 December 2009
REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA
STATE MINISTRY FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING/ NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AGENCY
Magnitude : 6,2 Richter scale
Occurred at 5.55pm for 57 seconds
Epicenter in the Indian Ocean at about 33
kilometers south of Bantul district
Human toll: 5,716 killed
Damage
Losses
TOTAL
Housing 13.9 1.4 15.3 Social sector 3.9 0.1 4 Productive sector 4.3 4.7 9.0 Infrastructure 0.4 0.2 0.6 Cross Sectoral 0.2 0.1 0.3 TOTAL 22.8 6.3 29.1 13.7 3.3 5.9 2.3 27.2 2.5 7.7 2.2 3.7 14.2 16.2 11.1 8.1 6.0 41.4 Aceh-Nias Figures (Rp Trillion) (Rp Trillion)27.3 16.6
DAMAGE AND LOSSES (Billion Rp.)
22,751 6,398
Damage Losses
Damage
Damagess & Losses, Aceh vs. Yogya:& Losses, Aceh vs. Yogya: 1. Aceh: Damage (27.3T) > Losses (16.2T) 2. Yogya: Damage (22.7T) > Losses (6.4T)
Aceh
Aceh--NiasNias Yogya
5 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 R p B ill io n
Housing Productive Sectors Social Sectors Infrastructure Cross Sectoral
DAMAGE AND LOSSES IN MAIN AFFECTED SECTORS
Damage Losses 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 R u p ia h T ri llio n
Housing Transport Industry Education Energy Agriculture Fishery
Main affected sectors, Aceh vs. Yogya:
Main affected sectors, Aceh vs. Yogya:
1. Aceh: Housing > Infrastructure > Economic 2. Yogya: Housing > Economic > Social
Aceh
Aceh--NiasNias
Yogya
THE RECOVERY POLICY AND PROGRAM
THE RECOVERY POLICY AND PROGRAM
1. The action plan for rehabilitation and reconstruction prepared by Bappenas, in close
collaboration with the provincial government of Yogyakarta and Central Java
The principle of post disaster recovery: utilization of rehabilitation and reconstruction to recover livelihood and promote community resilience towards the potential natural disaster in the future
2. The main element of the recovery program comprised:
a) Housing and settlement infrastructures b) Public infrastructures
c) Revitalization of regional economy
d) The timeframe for rehabilitation and reconstruction 18 months (until the end of 2007 but in
due course extended until December 2008)
3. The recovery policy framework:
a) Reconstruction /retrofitting damaged infrastructures
b) Provision of small grant assistant/stimulant for housing reconstruction and micro/small
businesses revitalization
c) Provision of regulation for development acceleration
4. The recovery process implemented by the local government with policy and funding
The Implementing Agencies President RI The Steering Committee The Implementing Committee Province Yogyakarta The Implementing Committee Province Central Java
The National The National Technical Team Technical Team Line Ministries Line Ministries The Implementing Agencies The Implementing Agencies
The Coordination Team
For Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Presidential Decree (Keppres) Nr.9/2006
Financed by private/ company/ community Financed by community / private with government support Government Expenditure, support by community Finance by Government Expenditure Housing and
settlement Physical rehabilitation
Infrastructure Physical rehabilitation : electricity water, telecom Physical rehabilitation : market-place Physical rehabilitation: road, bridge, irrigation
Social sectors Physical
rehabilitation : culture/national and world heritage, health, education Physical rehabilitation: government offices, public facilities Economic
sectors Financial stimulation, and regulatory support : economic sector in general Financial stimulation and regulatory support : SME
Total
Damages and Losses (IDR trillion) Government Financed (IDR trillion) %
Housing
15.3
7,0
46%/60%Social Sector
4
2,8
70%/24%Productive Sector
9.0
1,3
14%/11%Infrastructure
0.6
0,4
60%/3%Cross-Sector
0.3
0,2
66%/2%TOTAL
29.2
11,7
40%/100%Prioritization for housing reconstruction and preparation of earthquake resistance building guideline Consolidation and socialization to the affected community Fund Channeling and housing reconstruction Administrative
arrangement for fund channeling Establishment of Community Group 1 2 3 4 5
1. The Government adopted a community-driven development approach for
house reconstruction: one of the largest community-based housing projects in
the world: total number of heavily damaged or destroyed houses = 177,469 for Yogyakarta and = 104,084 for Central Java
2. The government assistance for constructing seismic resistant core housing units of 36 sq. meters: construction of sound foundations, frames, and roof;
and technical support and community education for incorporating improved seismic standards in reconstruction and the local government issues building permits free of charge
3. The provincial government of Yogyakarta decided to distribute funds through a priority-based, phased approach, which completed prioritized houses first
<<<>>> The provincial government of Central Java, adopted an equity-based approach whereby funds were distributed simultaneously to all beneficiaries in multiple phases.
4. One year after the earthquake, more than 140,000 houses had either been completed or were under construction; communities realized that good
In reference to Bappenas’ 2 years evaluation on rehabilitation and reconstruction, funding gap FY 2008 identified on the are a as following :
Funding Needs Funding Available Funding Gap
1. The National Coordinating Board for the Management of Disaster (BAKORNAS PB), along with provincial and local authorities took a lead role in coordinating emergency response mechanisms on the ground and work together with the UN’s Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC), and non-UN Agencies
Immediate requirements after the disaster: shelter support, water and
sanitation, health and nutrition, child protection and education, emergency telecommunication, logistics, early recovery, and coordination
2. Very different donor response compared with the Aceh 2004 tsunami
a) The interim support prior to the start-up reconstruction diminished by early 2007.
b) The number of remaining international agencies thereafter small: ie UNDP, GTZ, JICA, AUSAID followed by some major donors joining the Java
Reconstruction Fund.
c) The total donor assistance for Yogyakarta and Central Java approx. 15% of total IDR 7.9 trillion allocated funding by the end of FY 2008.
3. Contrasting funding situation:
a) Multi Donor Fund Aceh-Nias: $ 676.08 million in commitments b) Java Reconstruction Fund: $ 94,76 million in commitments
1. The JRF – using a governance structure similar to the Aceh-Nias MDF
--governed by a Steering Committee responsible for:
a) endorsing overall priorities
b) endorsing project financing proposals c) reviewing fund progress
d) ensuring coherence and collaboration with activities funded by the government’s
action plan
e) the results framework
2. The Steering Committee also serves as a forum for policy dialogue with the
government on issues relating to the reconstruction and development efforts
3. Members of the Steering Committee are:
a) a representative from the National Coordinating Team, formed to coordinate and
implement the reconstruction efforts in Yogyakarta and Central Java
b) The contributing donors to the JRF c) The World Bank as trustee
1. From JRF’s total funds of US$ 79.9 million, to date 66.7 million has been
committed to reconstruct housing and community infrastructure projects. The remaining funds are planned to finance projects restoring livelihoods.
2. Transitional Housing: The JFR aimed to provide safe and durable
transitional housing while permanent houses were rebuilt; thereby promoting early resumption of household activities.
3. Permanent Housing and Community Infrastrucure: The JFR rebuild 15,153
earthquake-resistant houses and community infrastructure, and
implement disaster preparedness and mitigation investments in 100
villages, using a community-driven approach to planning, prioritization, and implementation.
4. Livelihoods: The Restoring Livelihoods Program plans to provide livelihood
recovery in the affected areas in Yogya and Central Java based on the required gaps identified during a livelihood assessment in April 2007.
Pledges: Seven donors committed and disbursed a total of $94.06 million Source $ million 1 European Commission 51.17 2 Government of the Netherlands 12.00 3 Government of the United Kingdom 10.77 4 Asian Development Bank 10.00 5 Government of Canada 6.53 6 Government of Finland 1.99 7 Government of Denmark 1.60 Total Contributions 94.06
1. Overall GoI reconstruction efforts delivered more than 270,000 houses in 18
months – this is an achievement unprecedented worldwide
2. In accordance to TTN’s evaluation; 80% housing construction have met the
seismic resistant standard
3. Retrofitting to the unqualified standard to be implemented through the sector
program
4. The CDD approach generates community contribution in many forms: capital,
work force, building material and equipment
5. One of the major contributing factors of success – giving the implementation
task to the provincial government of Yogyakarta and Central Java
6. Although inferior in reconstruction fund supports, both provinces managed to
recover the function of basic services, and shifting paradigm from disaster response to prevention
7. Both province promptly adopted the Law 24/2007 on Disaster Management to
reform their local development policy and institutional framework for disaster management
YOGYAKARTA & CENTRAL JAVA
1. The impact of earthquake and tsunami received
extensive media coverage and drew the attention of international assistance
2. The local government function incapacitated by
the massive impact of tsunami
3. The central government set up BRR to implement
the rehabilitation and reconstruction
4. APBN projects implemented through BRR, with
participation of the local government
5. Donor projects coordinated and monitored by
BRR
6. Housing reconstruction implemented through
mixed approach (contractors and CDD)
7. DRR approach in the initial recognition stage
8. Except the MDF, the Implementing Agency BRR
established RANTF to collect donations
9. BRR mandate expired on April 2009
1. The impact of earthquake only received
“standard” media coverage and lesser attention when the emergency response expired
2. The local government still fully functional
aftermath the disaster
3. The central government entrusted the task for
rehabilitation and reconstruction to the provincial government
4. APBN (national) projects implemented through
the line ministries, APBD (provincial) projects through the local sector agencies
5. Donor projects coordinated by the central
government and monitored by the local government
6. Housing reconstruction fully adopted the CDD
approach
7. DRR approach mainstreamed into development
framework
8. Except the JRF governs by the central agency and
donors, there is no other trust fund established by the central government
9. The Tim Keppres 9/2006 mandate expired on
April 2008
YOGYAKARTA & CENTRAL JAVA
1. Prior to BRR’s departure April 2009, the
central government made transitional
arrangement through Perpres 47/2008 and Perpres 3/2009
2. The central agencies took over the remaining
BRR responsibility FY 2009 for reconstruction through the PMU-RRI (led by MPW) and other sector by relevant line ministries
3. The asset transfer managed through the Tim
Likuidasi at the MoF
4. Bappenas facilitated Bappeda Aceh and North
Sumatera to prepare the Action Plan for Development Continuation at both affected provinces until 2012
1. The handing-over mechanism from Tim Keppres
9/2006 to the central and local government was less complicated
2. The provincial and district government at both
provinces carry on development activities in FY 2008 through regular development processes and mechanism
3. Asset transfer managed through regular process
at the Ministry of Finance
4. Both provinces established Local DM Agency and
provide DRR feed back for the local development framework
1) Law No 24 year 2007 on Disaster Management 2) Law No 26 year 2007 on Spatial Planning
3) Law No 27year 2007 on Small Islands and Coastal Management 4) Government Regulation No 21/2008 on DM Operations,
5) Government Regulation No 22/2008 on Funding & Management of Disaster Assistance,
6) Government Regulation No 23/2008 on Participation of International Institutions and Foreign Non-Government Institution in DM
7) Government Regulation No 26 / 2008 on National Spatial Planning 8) Presidential Regulation No 8 / 2008 on the establishment of BNPB
9) Ministry of Home Affairs Regulation No 46/2008 on BPBD Organization and Works Mechanism
10)Head of BNPB Regulation No 3/ 2008 on the establishment of BPBD
1) Establishment of National DM Agency (BNPB)
2) Establishment of Local DM Agency (BPBD) in a number of provincial and district/city levels
3) Establishment on National Platform on DRR 4) Establishment of Mitigation Forum
REGULATORY AND INSTITUTIONAL REFORM ON DM
REGULATORY AND INSTITUTIONAL REFORM ON DM
Damages Losses Human Effects Recovery Needs Post-Disaster DRR Needs Early Recovery Needs Rehabilitation Reconstruction Long-term Recovery Recovery Financing 1. Nat’l Budget 2. Local Budget 1. Donors 2. Communities Post-Disaster Risk Assessment DaLA & Humanitarian Relief Needs Ass’t Needs Identification Recovery Action Plan Recovery Financing Plan Post‐Disaster Needs Assessment
1. The simplicity of Yogyakarta and Central Java recovery framework has been
replicated (with locality modification) at post earthquake in Bengkulu-West Sumatera (2007), and recently post earthquake in West Java-Central Java (2009) and West Sumatera (2009)
2. The existing public funding regulations and mechanisms does not allow a quick
response to post disaster needs, except from the restricted “on-call” resources managed by the National Disaster Management Agency
3. Immediately after humanitarian relief, an interim intervention is required to
address the on-going crisis for the provision of transitional shelter, water and sanitation, temporary health and education facilities, food allowance,
protection etc. to the affected communities
4. To fill-out the gap for interim intervention and scarcity of fund for longer term
A national post disaster reconstruction fund may be an alternative mechanism to address current and future disaster response in Indonesia; it should have the following features:
1. Provide flexible financing instrument for systematic response to disaster,
preferably for longer-term and future use if desired
2. Have a streamlined approval process through flexibility in preparation, use
of emergency and early recovery procurement procedures and policy for rapid response to crisis and emergency
3. Have a focus on financing critical post disaster needs ie: housing,
community infrastructure, livelihoods, disaster risk reduction, technical assistance for quality assurance, monitoring and evaluation
4. Government-led with appropriate roles for the participating donors, when
