Giganet Copper Cabling Training

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Giganet Copper Cabling

Training

Giganet Certified Installer Course

5/14/2012

This manual has been produced as supporting documentation for the Giganet Fibre Optic Certification Course. Course attendees may access more detailed on-line training via a link on

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Balanced Twisted-pair Cables ... 5

Electrical ‘Noise’ ... 6

Balanced Twisted-pair... 10

Crosstalk ... 11

Additional Measures to Improve Cable Performance ... 13

Cable Acronyms ... 14

OSI Layers ... 16

Networks ... 18

LAN - Local Area Network ... 19

WAN - Wide Area Network ... 20

Pros and Cons of a Network ... 21

Network Topologies ... 23

Linear Bus... 24

Star ... 25

Ring ... 26

Tree ... 27

Definition of Generic Cabling ... 28

Structured Cabling ... 29 Cabling Standards ... 30 Standards Bodies ... 31 ANSI/TIA/EIA Standards ... 33 ISO/IEC 11801 ... 35 CENELEC EN 50173 ... 36 10GBASE-T Standards ... 38 Cabling Categories/Classes ... 40 Horizontal Cabling ... 41

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Cable Tray Fill ... 57

Backbone Cabling... 58

Maximum Backbone Channel Lengths ... 60

Work Areas ... 61 Cable Termination... 64 Mounting Outlets ... 65 Telecommunications Spaces ... 66 Equipment Room ... 66 Telecommunications Room ... 74

Telecommunications Room Sizes ... 75

Recommended Layout ... 76

Building Entrance Facility ... 77

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) ... 79

Power Separations ... 84

BSI 6701 ... 84

Power Separations ... 86

CENELEC EN 50174-2 ... 86

Good Installation Practices ... 93

Cable Management ... 93

Cable Stacking Height ... 96

Cable Stress ... 97

Cable Supports ... 98

Equipment Rack Clearance ... 101

Equipment Location ... 102

Differentiation of Termination Fields ... 103

Mounting Connecting Hardware ... 104

Cabling Practices ... 106

Conductor Termination ... 107

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Records ... 114

Testing ... 115

Permanent Link Test ... 118

Channel Test ... 119 Test Parameters ... 120 Wire Map ... 121 Length ... 122 NVP ... 123 Insertion Loss ... 124 NEXT... 125 PSNEXT ... 126 ACR ... 127 PSACR ... 128 Return Loss ... 129 FEXT ... 130 ACR-F ... 131 PSACR-F ... 132 Propagation Delay ... 133 Delay Skew ... 134 Test Results ... 135 Warranty Registration ... 136

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G I G A N E T C E R T I F I E D I N S T A L L E R

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Course Curriculum

 Balanced Twisted-Pair Cables  OSI Layers

 Introduction To Networking  Telecommunication standards

 Horizontal Cabling( Patch panels, cabling and TO)

 Backbone Cabling (Equipment rooms, Telecom rooms, cable and connecting media)

 Work Area ( Cabling, TO, patch cord)  Good Installation Requirements  Testing & Registration

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Balanced Twisted Pair Cable

Insulated Copper Conductors

Cable jacket or ‘sheath’

Balanced Twisted-pair Cables

Balanced Twisted-Pair cables are made up of a number of insulated copper conductors twisted together in pairs and enclosed in a common jacket or ‘sheath’. Most of the cables used in data networks comprise four pairs, although cables with larger pair counts known as ‘multi-pair cables’ are sometimes used to carry voice circuits.

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G I G A N E T C E R T I F I E D I N S T A L L E R w w w . g i g a - n e t . c o . u k

Electrical ‘Noise’

230_V 50 H_z Electrical ‘Noise’

The copper conductors have a tendency to pick up electrical ‘noise’ from any nearby device that’s radiating an electromagnetic field. This includes radio and television transmitters, fluorescent lamps and power cables.

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Electrical ‘Noise’

Power Cable

Telecoms Cable Pair

230 V 50 Hz

Noise Current

If the wires were not twisted together, the conductor closer to the noise source, for example a nearby power cable, would receive a higher amount of noise current than its partner.

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Electrical ‘Noise’

Power Cable

Telecoms Cable Pair

230 V 50 Hz

Noise Current

This would result in a noise current equal to the difference between the currents in the two conductors flowing through any device connected to the circuit.

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Electrical ‘Noise’

Power Cable

Telecoms Cable Pair

Currents Cancel Out

230 V 50 Hz

If however the two conductors are twisted together uniformly along their length both will receive the same amount of electrical noise and therefore the two currents will cancel each other out. The result is no noise in the connected devices.

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Balanced Twisted-Pair

Conductors Electrically Equal Circuit is ‘Balanced’

Balanced Twisted-pair

Because the two conductors that form the twisted pair are electrically equal to each other, the circuit is described as being ‘balanced’.

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Crosstalk

Signal Signal Crosstalk Crosstalk Crosstalk

Cable pairs also pick up signals from their neighbours. This unwanted noise is called ‘Crosstalk’.

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Crosstalk

Conductors of each pair twisted at different rates to reduce crosstalk

To reduce the amount of ‘crosstalk’ transmitted between the pairs in the cable, the conductors are twisted together at different rates.

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Balanced Twisted-Pair Cable

Element Screen Overall Screen

Additional Measures to Improve Cable Performance

Additional Measures to Improve Cable Performance

In case more protection against electrical noise is needed, an overall metallic screen is sometimes included between the cable sheath and the twisted pairs. The

conductor elements are also sometimes individually wrapped with a foil screen to improve the cable crosstalk performance.

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Cable Acronyms

Balanced Element Element Screen Overall Screen XX Balanced Element Element Screen Overall Screen TP = Twisted Pair U = Unscreened F = Foil Screened F = Foil Screen S = Braid Screen SF = Braid and Foil Screen

/ X XX

Cable Acronyms

In order to standardise terminology, international cabling standards include a simple coding system for describing cable construction.

The code uses the XX/XXX format where the first two letters (XX/) describe the overall screening around the entire cable core and the second three letters (/XXX) describe the screening around each balanced element, either a cable pair or quad.

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Balanced Twisted-Pair Cables

U/UTP - No Overall Screen/Unscreened Twisted Pairs

S/FTP - Overall Braid Screen/Foil Screened Twisted Pairs

Balanced Twisted-Pair cable types are defined in ISO/IEC 11801:2002 For

example:-F/FTP - Overall Foil Screen/Foil Screened Twisted Pairs

F/UTP - Overall Foil Screen/Unscreened Twisted Pairs

(UTP)

Using this method to describe common cable types we see that U/UTP refers to a cable with no overall screen and no screens around the individual pairs. This type of cable construction is also commonly known as UTP.

S/FTP cable has a braid screen around the cable core and separate foils over each pair.

F/FTP is similar to S/FTP but the braid is replaced by an overall foil screen. F/UTP has an overall foil screen but no separate screening around the pairs.

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w w w . g i g a - n e t . c o . u k Physical Layer

Electrical Signals and Cabling

1

Data Link (MAC) Layer

Transmits packets from node to node based on station address

2

Network Layer

Routes data to different LANs and WANs based on network address

3

Transport Layer

Ensures delivery of entire file or message

4

Session Layer

Starts-stops session, Maintains order

5

Presentation Layer

Encryption, Data Conversion

6

Application Layer

Type of Communication Email, file transfer, client/server

7

OSI Model

OSI Layers

To help remember the sequence, learn the following

sentence:-All People Seem To Need Data Processing 7 –Application 6 –Protocol 5 –Session 4 –Transport 3 –Network 2 –Data Link 1 –Physical

• Stands forOpenSystemsInterconnection

• Contains seven layers that build on one another.

• Each layer provides specific services and makes the results available

to the next layer

OSI Layers

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model was developed in 1978 by the International Standards Organisation (ISO) as a way of defining the various stages through which data passes from one end point to another. The OSI model is a universal standard for exchanging information within and between networks and across geographical boundaries.

The model comprises seven layers that build on one another. Each layer provides specific services and makes the results available to the next layer.

The seven layers are,

7 - Application 6 - Protocol 5 - Session 4 - Transport 3 - Network 2 - Data Link 1 - Physical

The sequence can be remembered by learning the following sentence,

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OSI Layers

The Physical Layer The Physical Layer deals in zeros and ones. It’s there to get the zeros and ones from the source to the destination. The physical layer includes cables, hubs and repeaters.

Physical Layer

Electrical Signals and Cabling

1

Data Link (MAC) Layer

Transmits packets from node to node based on station address

2

Network Layer

Routes data to different LANs and WANs based on network address

3

Transport Layer

Ensures delivery of entire file or message

4

Session Layer

Starts-stops session, Maintains order

5

Presentation Layer

Encryption, Data Conversion

6

Application Layer

Type of Communication Email, file transfer, client/server

7 OSI Model 1 1 0 0 1 1 11 0 0 1 1

Network Cabling is part of the Physical Layer (Layer 1) along with ‘dumb’ electronics such as repeaters and hubs.

The Physical Layer only deals in Zeros and Ones and is there to get this information from the source to the destination.

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Networks

• What is a network?

Networks

A Network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to

communicate and share resources such as printers, file servers, internet connections etc.

The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, lasers or infrared light beams.

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Local Area Network

• LAN (Local Area Network)

LAN - Local Area Network

A LAN connects network devices over a relatively short distance. A networked office building, school, or home usually contains a single LAN, though sometimes one building will contain a few small LANs (perhaps one per room), and occasionally a LAN will span a group of nearby buildings.

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Wide Area Network

• WAN (Wide Area Network)

Router

Router Router

Internet

WAN - Wide Area Network

As the term implies, a WAN spans a large physical distance. The Internet is the largest WAN, spanning the Earth. A WAN is a geographically dispersed collection of LANs. A network devices known as a Router connects a LAN to a WAN.

A WAN differs from a LAN in several important ways. Most WANs (like the Internet) are not owned by any one organization but rather exist under collective or distributed ownership and management.

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Pros and Cons of a Network

 Speed-Provide a very rapid method for sharing and transferring files

 Cost-Networkable versions of many popular software programs are available at considerable savings when compared to buying individually licensed copies

 Security-Files and programs on a network can be designated as "copy inhibit," so that you do not have to worry about illegal copying of programs

 Centralised Software Management-This eliminates that need to spend time and energy installing updates and tracking files on independent computers throughout the building.

 Resource Sharing-Sharing resources is another area in which a network exceeds stand-alone computers

 Expensive to Install-Although a network will generally save money over time, the initial costs of installation can be prohibitive.

 Requires Administrative Time-Proper maintenance of a network requires considerable time and expertise.

 Cables May Break-One broken cable can stop the entire network.

Pros and Cons of a Network The advantages of a network are,

Speed – Networks provide a rapid method of sharing and transferring files. Without

networks, files would have to be copied onto portable storage devices and carried from one computer to another

Cost – Networkable versions of many popular software programs are available at

considerable savings when compared to buying individually licensed copies.

Security – Files and programs on a network cam be designated as “copy inhibit” so

that you don’t have to worry about illegal copying of programs.

Centralised Software Management – This eliminates the need to spend time and

energy installing updates and tracking files on independent computers throughout the building.

Resource Sharing – Shared resources such as printers and storage devices is

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Cables may break – One broken cable can stop the entire network. (This problem

can be reduced by implementing star topologies and redundant routes for common cabling such as backbones).

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w w w . g i g a - n e t . c o . u k ‘Topology’refers to the configuration of cables, computers, and other

peripherals.

• Main Types of Physical Topologies:

– Linear Bus

– Star

– Ring

– Tree

Network Topologies

Network Topologies

The complete configuration of cables, computers and peripherals is known as the ‘Topology’.

The four main types of physical topology are known as,

 Linear Bus

 Star

 Ring

 Tree

It’s important that a network is designed using a recognised topology to avoid it becoming an unmanageable and unreliable mess.

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Network Topologies

• Linear Bus Topology

– Consists of a main run of cable with a terminator at each end.

Easy to connect a computer or peripheral

Requires less cable length than a Star topology

Entire network breaks down if main cable breaks

Terminations are required at both ends of the backbone cable.

Difficult to identity the problem if the main cable goes down

Not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution in large buildings

Linear Bus

The Linear Bus Topology consists of a main run of cable with a terminator at each end. This topology was used for the early implementation of Ethernet and used coaxial cables with BNC connectors. The computers and peripherals were connected to the main backbone using ‘T’ connectors.

The advantages of this topology are,

 It’s easy to connect a computer or peripheral to the backbone.

 The cable lengths can be kept relatively short. However, the disadvantages are,

 If the main backbone cable breaks, the entire network fails.

 Both ends of the backbone cable require impedance-matching terminations.

 If the main cable goes down, it’s difficult to pin-point the location of the fault.

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Network Topologies

• Star Topology

– Each node connects directly to a central network hub/switch or concentrator.

Easy to install and connect

No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices.

Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.

Requires more cable length than a linear topology.

If the hub/switch or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled.

More expensive than linear bus topologies because of the cost of the concentrators.

Star

The Star Topology consists of individual cables running from each computer and peripheral to a central hub, switch or concentrator. Early star topologies employed coaxial cables for Ethernet or 2-pair shielded twisted-pair cables for Token Ring. Today’s Star Topologies use either 4-pair Balanced Twisted-Pair or Fibre Optic cables terminated at the centre of the star on passive patch panels.

 The advantages of using the Star Topology are

 They are easy to install and connect

 If an individual device is connected or removed, there will be no disruption to the rest of the network.

 Fault-finding and repairs are easy to carry out. The disadvantages are

 The network requires a large amount of cable.

 If a hub, switch or concentrator fails, all the attached devices will be disabled.

 The system is more expensive than a linear bus because of the extra cost of the active equipment.

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Network Topologies

• Ring Topology

– computers are connected by a single loop of cable.

Data is quickly transferred without a ‘bottle neck’

The transmission of data is relatively simple as packets travel in one direction only.

Adding additional nodes has very little impact on bandwidth

It prevents network collisions because of the media access method or architecture required.

Because all stations are wired together, to add a station you must shut down the network temporarily.

It is difficult to troubleshoot the ring. Data packets must pass through every computer between the sender and recipient Therefore this makes it slower.

If any of the nodes fail then the ring is broken and data cannot be transmitted successfully.

Ring

The Ring Technology was originally deployed in Token Ring networks using 2-pair Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) cables. It was largely superseded by Star Toplogies but has recently found favour in industrial networks where fast localised control networks are employed.

Advantages are,

 Data is quickly transferred – important in industrial control system where equipment has to respond rapidly to on/off commands.

 Data transmission is relatively simple as packets travel in one direction only.

 Adding additional nodes has very little impact on bandwidth.

 It prevents network collisions because of the media access method or architecture required.

The disadvantages of the Ring Topology are,

 With all stations being wired together, adding an additional station requires shutting down the network temporarily.

 Troubleshooting is difficult.

 Data packets must pass through every computer between sender and receiver. This slows them down.

 If any of the nodes fail then the ring is broken and data cannot be transmitted successfully.

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Network Topologies

• Tree (Hierarchical) Topology

– a central 'root' node (the top level of the hierarchy) is connected to one or more other nodes that are one level lower in the hierarchy

 Easy to extend

 Easy to manage from the central ‘root’ node.

The entire network depends on one node; failure of that node will bring the whole network down.

Difficult to wire, configure and maintain, especially in extensive networks.

Tree

Tree Topology is also known as Hierarchical. A central ‘root’ node, classed as the top level of the hierarchy, is connected to one or more other nodes that are one level lower in the hierarchy.

Hierarchical topologies are used when configuring multiple backbone cabling systems.

The advantages of the Tree Topology are,

 They are very easy to extend.

 They are easy to manage from the central ‘root’ node. Disadvantages are,

 The entire network depends on one node at the top level; failure of that node will bring the whole network down.

 The system can be difficult to wire, configure and maintain, especially in extensive networks.

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Generic Cabling

• Definition of Generic Cabling (EN50173-1)

– Structured telecommunications cabling system, capable of supporting a wide range of applications.

– Application-specific hardware is not a part of generic cabling

– NOTE Generic cabling can be installed without prior knowledge of the required applications.

Definition of Generic Cabling

‘Generic Cabling’ is the term used by standards bodies to define what is usually known in the industry as ‘Structured Cabling’. The cabling as classed as being

‘Generic’ because it is able to support data and voice applications as required over a standardised set of cables and connecting hardware.

Before the introduction of Generic Cabling, each application had it’s own cable requirement, for example coaxial cable for Ethernet, SPT cable for Token Ring and Twisted-pair for voice. With Generic Cabling, just about every current application can be supported over Balanced Twisted-pair, Fibre Optic or combinations of the two cable types.

Network managers can deploy or change the application-specific hardware without needing to change the cabling, providing it has the necessary transmission

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Structured Cabling Diagram

Horizontal Cable

Campus Backbone Cable

Floor Distributor Building Distributor Campus Distributor Building Backbone Cable Structured Cabling

Generic cabling is configured from three possible cabling sub-systems.

Horizontal Cabling extends from the Floor Distributor to the Work Area

Building Backbone Cabling connects the individual Floor Distributors in a building

to the Campus Distributor using a star topology.

Campus Backbone Cabling connects all the Building Distributors within a campus

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Telecommunications Cabling Standards

• The reason for having a 'Standard'is to define a method of connecting all types

of vendors voice and data equipment, over a cabling system that uses a common media, common connectors and a common topology.

• Building can be cabled for all its communications needs without the planner or architect ever having to know what type of equipment will be used.

• Standards also define the electrical and mechanical performance requirement of components, channels and links and the relevant testing methodology.

Cabling Standards

Telecommunications Standards are documents prepared by various national or international committees comprising members from manufacturers, consultants, installer companies and end-users.

The purpose of Telecommunications Standards is to define a method of connecting all types of vendors voice and data equipment, over a cabling system that uses common media, common connectors and a common topology.

A building can be cabled for all its communication needs without the planner or architect ever having to know what type of equipment will be used.

Standards also define the electrical and mechanical performance requirements of components, channels and links and the relevant testing methodology.

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Standards Bodies

•

ANSI- The American National Standards Institute (USA) • TIA- The Telecommunications Industry Association (USA) • EIA- The Electronics Industries Alliance (USA)

• ISO- The International Organisation for Standardisation • IEC - The International Electrotechnical Commission

• CENELEC - The European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation

• BSI -British Standards Institute

Standards Bodies

ANSI – The American National Standards Institute.

Started in 1918, The American National Standards Institute acts as an administrator and coordinator for the United States private sector voluntary standardisation

system. It is a private, non-profit membership organisation.

TIA – The Telecommunications Industry Association (USA).

TIA’s Engineering Committee TR-42 develops and maintains voluntary

telecommunications standards for telecommunications cabling infrastructure in user-owned buildings, such as commercial buildings, residential buildings, homes, data centers, industrial buildings, etc. The generic cabling topologies, design, distances and outlet configurations as well as specifics for these locations are addressed. The committee’s standards work covers requirements for copper and optical fiber cabling components (such as cables, connectors and cable assemblies), installation, and field testing in addition to the administration, pathways and spaces to support the cabling.

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IEC – The International Electrotechnical Commission

The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global

organization that prepares and publishes international standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies. These serve as a basis for national

standardization and as references when drafting international tenders and contracts.

ISO and IEC form the centralised system for worldwide standardisation. work.

ISO/IEC have established a joint IT technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1. Draft International Standards adopted by the committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75% of the national bodies casting a vote.

CENELEC – The European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation

CENELEC’s mission is to prepare voluntary electrotechnical standards that help develop the Single European Market/European Economic Area for electrical and electronic goods and services removing barriers to trade, creating new markets and cutting compliance costs.

BSI – British Standards Institute

BSI British Standards is the UK’s national standards body and was the world’s first. BSI British Standards has a close working relationship with the UK government, primarily through the Department for Innovation, University and Skills.

Development of BSI Telecommunications standards is undertaken by the TCT7 committee and it’s sub-committees. TCT7 also mirrors the work carried out by ISO/IEC and CENELEC and coordinates the UK vote on draft standards.

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ANSI/TIA/EIA Standards

• ANSI/TIA/EIA – 568 – first published in 1991 • ANSI/TIA/EIA – 568-A

– revised version published in 1995.

• ANSI/TIA/EIA – 568-B

– Further revision published in 2001 • ANSI/TIA/EIA – 568-C – 568-C.0 and 568-C.1 Published February 2009 – 568-C.2 Published August 2009 – 568-C.3 Published June 2008 TIA/EIA-568-C • 568-C.0 ‘Generic Telecommunications Cabling for Customer Premises’

• 568-C.1

‘Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standards – Part 1 General Requirements’

• 568-C.2 ‘Balanced Twisted-Pair Telecommunications Cabling and Component Standards’

• 568-C.3 ‘Optical Fibre Cabling Components Standard’

ANSI/TIA/EIA Standards

The ANSI/TIA/EIA 568 standard was the first to cover generic cabling in commercial premises and helped define many of the basic rules that we still observe today (for example the 90 metre link and 100 metre channel limits). It was published before Category 5 performance was finalised so was quickly followed by a number of Telecommunications Systems Bulletins (TSB) covering the performance of Category 5 components and cabling.

This trend continues and ANSI/TIA/EIA standards are reviewed approximately every 5 years. The current version, 568-C is being published in 5 parts, all of which are planned to be approved by the end of 2009.

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ANSI/TIA/EIA Standards

Other ANSI/TIA/EIA standards include • ANSI/TIA/EIA-569-B– Pathways & Spaces • ANSI/TIA/EIA-606-A- Administration • ANSI/TIA/EIA-862– Building Automation • ANSI/TIA/EIA-526-7– SM Fiber Testing • ANSI/TIA/EIA-526-14-A– MM Fiber Testing • ANSI/TIA-942– Data Centers

Other ANSI/TIA/EIA standards used by installers and designers,

ANSI/TIA/EIA-569-B covers the design and installation of telecommunications pathways and spaces

ANSI/TIA/EIA-606-A provides a detailed plan for creating and maintaining records of cable installations

ANSI/TIA/EIA-862 this Standard specifies a generic cabling system for building automation systems (BAS) used in commercial buildings that will support a multi-product, multi-vendor environment. It also provides information that may be used for the design of BAS products for commercial enterprises.

ANSI/TIA/EIA-526-7 gives detailed instructions on the measurement of optical power loss of installed singlemode fibre cable plant

ANSI/TIA/EIA-526-14-A gives detailed instructions on the measurement of optical power loss of installed multiode fibre cable plant

ANSI/TIA-942 is the standard for design and installation of cabling plant in Data Centres

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ISO/IEC 11801

• Initiated in1990

• Published in1995.

• It was developed with the co-operation of

– the UK, the USA, Japan, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Spain, France, Germany, Holland, Austria, Italy and Belgium.

• TheANSI/TIA/EIA- 568standard was used as a basis for theISO/IEC

international standard.

• Currently onISO/IEC 11801 Edition 2.1

(ComprisesISO/IEC 11801:2002plusAmendment 1:2008)

ISO/IEC 11801

Although work on the ISO/IEC 11801 standard was started in 1990, it wasn’t published until 1995, about the same time as the ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-A standard. It was developed by technical experts from 15 countries and used the ANSI/TIA/EIA-568 standard as a basis. In reality, there is a lot of cross-fertilisation between the two standards groups with members sitting on both committees.

The current version is Edition 2.1 which comprises the 2002 edition plus amendments covering Classes EA and FA.

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CENELEC EN 50173

• CENELECadopted a draft version of ISO/IEC 11801

• EN 50173 formed the basis of a regional European cabling standard. • References European standard components rather than International ones,

e.g. Low Smoke Zero Halogen cables(LS0H)

• All national standards within Europe that conflicted with the CENELEC standard were withdrawn upon its publication in 1995.

• Latest version EN 50173 (Parts 1– 5):2007

CENELEC EN 50173

CENELEC EN 50173 started as a very close copy of ISO/IEC 11801 but with

reference to European components. The standard has since taken on its own identity and is currently in 5 parts.

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CENELEC EN 50173

EN 50173 Information technology - Generic cabling systems –

• EN 50173-1:2007General Requirements – Published 1st_{May 2007} • EN 50173-2:2007Office Premises – Published 27th_{February 2008} • EN 50173-3:2007 Industrial Premises – Published 21st_{December 2007} • EN 50173-4:2007 Homes – Published 1st_{May 2007} • EN 50173-5:2007 Data Centres – Published 1st_{May 2007}

The five parts of EN 50173 are

EN 50173-1:2007 covers the general requirements for Generic Cabling Systems EN 50173-2:2007 is concerned specifically with generic cabling in office premises EN 50173-3:2007 defines the cabling requirements for industrial premises

EN 50173-4:2007 is the standard for home cabling. Once known as SOHO (Small Office Home Office), the reference to Office was dropped so that the standard only covers the requirements for residential property

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10GBASE-T Standards

The IEEE 10GBASE-T Ethernet Standard

• IEEE 802.3an10GBASE-T – Published September 2006

Support for 10GBASE-T over installed cabling

• ISO/IEC TR 24750

– Published July 2007 • TIA/EIA TSB-155

– Published March 2007

New Class EA/Augmented Category 6 (6A) Cabling Standards

• ISO/IEC 11801: Edition 2

– Published in November 2010 (Includes earlier amendments) • ANSI/TIA/EIA 568-C

– (Includes earlier addenda)

10GBASE-T Standards

Most development work in the past few years has been concerned with defining balanced twisted-pair standards to support the IEEE 10GBASE-T (10 Gigabit per second) standard. This is now completed and the focus has been turned to supporting the emerging IEEE standard for 40/100GBASE-T.

10GBASE-T is defined as an ISO/IEC 11801 Class E or Class F application which means that in theory it should operate over Category 6 and Category 7 cabling. In practice, Category 7/Class F channels are able to support 10GBASE-T over a full 100 metres. Screened Category 6 channels may be able to support 10GBASE-T over 100 metres but their insertion loss must be at least as good as the Class F insertion loss. Unscreened Category 6 channels may be able to support 10GBASE-T up to a distance of 55 metres, providing the installed cabling meets the alien

crosstalk requirements specified in the standard. ISO/IEC TR 24750 and TIA/EIA TSB-155 both give advice on testing installed Class E/Category 6 cabling for 10GBASE-T support and provide information on alien crosstalk mitigation where necessary.

For guaranteed support of 10GBASE-T over 100 metre channels ISO/IEC and TIA/EIA both published standards for Augmented Category 6 cabling. ISO/IEC 11801:200 Amendment 1 covers channel performance of Class EA cabling and

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performance than the American standard in NEXT (near end crosstalk), ACR-F and ACR-N (alien crosstalk, far-end and near-end respectively).

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Cabling Categories/Classes

Copper Categories – ISO/IEC, TIA & CENELEC Category 3– up to 16 MHz

Category 5– up to 100MHz (ISO/IEC & CENELEC) Category 5e– up to 100MHz (TIA)

Category 6– up to 250 MHz Category 6A– up to 500 MHz

Category 7– up to 600 MHz (ISO/IEC & CENELEC)

Category 7A– up to 1000 MHz (ISO/IEC & CENELEC) Performance Classes Class C Class D Class E Class EA Class F Class F_A Cabling Categories/Classes

TIA/EIA standards define the performance of installed cabling, cable and connecting hardware components through the use of Categories. ISO/IEC and CENELEC use Categories to define cable and connecting hardware component performance but use the term ‘Class’ for the performance of channels and links.

There is a correlation between Categories and Classes with the different component and cable Categories intended to provide the equivalent link and channel Class performance. For example, a channel composed of Category 3 cable, cords and connectors will provide Class C performance.

Note that Category 5e as defined by TIA/EIA has the same performance as Category 5/Class D specified by ISO/IEC. Although both original Category performance values were enhanced, ISO/IEC decided not to change its designation. Performance for the old Category 5 is relegated to informative annexes in both standards.

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Horizontal Cabling

The Horizontal Cabling Subsystem extends from a floor distributor to the TO(s) connected to it. The subsystem includes:

a) the horizontal cables;

b) the mechanical termination of the horizontal cables at the TO and the floor distributor together with associated patch cords and/or jumpers at the FD; c) Consolidation Points (optional);

d) Consolidation Point cables (optional);

e) the Telecommunications Outlets(s) or MUTO assembly;

Horizontal Cabling

The Horizontal Cabling Subsystem extends from a Floor Distributor to the Telecommunications Outlets connected to it and includes.

The Horizontal Cables – these could be balance twisted-pair, fibre optic or a combination of both.

 The mechanical termination of the horizontal cables at the

Telecommunications Outlet and the Floor Distributor together with associated patch cords and/or jumpers at the Floor Distributor.

 Consolidation Points where specified.

 Consolidation Point cables where specified.

 The Telecommunications Outlets or Multi-User Telecommunications Outlet assembly.

Note that the Horizontal Cabling Subsystem does not include any active equipment, media adapters or Work Area cords.

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Horizontal Cabling

Horizontal Cable Telecommunications Outlet Mechanical Terminations Patch Cords & Jumpers

Work Area Floor Distributor

Horizontal Cabling extends from a Floor Distributor to the Telecommunications Outlets connected to it. It includes the Telecommunications Outlet at the Work Area, the Horizontal Cables, the mechanical terminations of the cable at the Floor

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Horizontal Channel

Horizontal Cable Telecommunications Outlet Floor Distributor Patch Cords & Jumpers Equipment Cables Work Area Cable End of Channel End of Channel Horizontal Channel

Standards define a channel as being all the components of a Horizontal Cabling Subsystem with the addition of Equipment Cables at the Floor Distributor and Work Area Cables at the Work Area.

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Horizontal Channel

• Example of a 4-connector Channel

Horizontal Cable Telecommunications Outlet Floor Distributor Consolidation Point Cable Consolidation Point

1

2

3

4

An additional termination known as a ‘Consolidation Point’ may be added between the Floor Distributor and the Telecommunications Outlet to provide additional design flexibility.

Consolidation Points are used in open office situations where the

Telecommunications Outlets may have to be relocated at some stage, for example where floor boxes are moved to accommodate furniture relocation. Consolidation Points are also used when the position of the final Telecommunications Outlets is unknown at the time of Horizontal Cable installation.

The link between the Consolidation Point and the Telecommunications Outlet is called the ‘Consolidation Point Cable’.

The type of connection at the Consolidation Point is not defined and may be hard-wired on a terminal block or use a plug/jack interface.

A maximum of 4 connections are allowed within a channel. These are at the

Telecommunications Outlet, Consolidation Point, first patch panel and second patch panel at the Floor Distributor.

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Open Office Cabling

Consolidation Point design guidelines

•Only one Consolidation Point is permitted between the Floor Distributor and any Telecommunications Outlet

•The Consolidation Point shall only contain passive connections

•The Consolidation Point shall be located so that each work area group is served by at least one Consolidation Point

•The Consolidation Point should be limited to serving a maximum of 12 Work Areas

•The Consolidation Point should be located in accessible permanent locations such as ceiling voids and under floors

Consolidation Points

The design requirements and recommendations when using Consolidation Points are as follows.

 Only one Consolidation Point is permitted between the Floor Distributor and any Telecommunications Outlet

 The Consolidation Point shall only contain passive connections

 The Consolidation Point shall be located so that each work area group is served by at least one Consolidation Point

 The Consolidation Point should be limited to serving a maximum of 12 Work Areas

 The Consolidation Point should be located in accessible permanent locations such as ceiling voids and under floors

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Open Office Cabling

Horizontal Cables Consolidation Point Floor Distributor CP Link Cables TO At least 15 m (50 ft) recommended

Consolidation Point design guidelines

Multiple connections in close proximity cause problems when testing for crosstalk and return loss. To avoid this problem, it is recommended to install at least 15 metres of cable between the Floor Distributor and Consolidation Point.

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Open Office Cabling

Horizontal Cables MuTO assembly

Floor Distributor

Multi-user Telecommunications Outlet (MuTO) assembly

Multi-user Telecommunications Outlet Assembly

A Multi-user Telecommunications Outlet assembly is an assembly of several outlets mounted at a common location such as a floor box or multi-outlet faceplate designed to serve more than one user’s Work Area from the same location. It’s most useful to employ MuTO assemblies in open office situations where desk and other furniture locations are likely to be changed on a regular basis.

From a transmission perspective, each outlet at a MuTO assembly is treated in the same way as a traditional Telecommunications Outlet.

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Open Office Cabling

MuTO assembly design guidelines

•A MuTO assembly shall be located in an open work area so that each furniture cluster is served by at least one MUTO assembly

•A MuTO assembly should be limited to serving a maximum of twelve work areas •A MuTO assembly should be located in user accessible, permanent locations •A MuTO assembly shall not be installed in ceiling spaces or any obstructed areas. •The length of the work area cord should be limited to ensure cable management in the work area

Design requirements and recommendations for a Multi-user Telecommunications Outlet are as follows.

 A MUTO assembly shall be located in an open work area so that each furniture cluster is served by at least one MUTO assembly

 A MUTO assembly should be limited to serving a maximum of twelve work areas

 A MUTO assembly should be located in user accessible, permanent locations

 A MUTO assembly shall not be installed in ceiling spaces or any obstructed areas.

 The length of the work area cord should be limited to ensure cable management in the work area

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Horizontal Cabling

Physical Lengths:

• The physical length of the horizontal cable shall not exceed90 m (295 feet)and may need to be less depending on the length of CP cables and cords used and the number of connections(see ISO/IEC 11801:2002 for details)

• The physical length of the channel shall not exceed100 m (328 feet) • The length of patch cords or jumpers shall not exceed5 m (16 feet)

• Where a MuTO assembly is used, the length of the work area cord should not exceed20 m (66 feet)(see ISO/IEC 11801:2002 for details)

Physical Lengths

Applications standards, such as IEEE 802.3 Ethernet, specify that the supporting cabling shall be in accordance with ISO/IEC 11801. It’s important that, to provide a generic cabling system, the design requirements in the standards are followed. The physical length limits are very important as they affect the attenuation (insertion loss) of the signal as well as the propagation delay time, that is the time it takes for the signal to travel from one end of the channel to the other.

The maximum length for Horizontal Cable is 90 metres but this will be reduced if a Consolidation Point is used as allowance has to be made for the length of the Consolidation Point cable. If the Consolidation Point cable is the same type as the Horizontal Cable, then the maximum total distance between the Floor Distributor and Telecommunications Outlet is 90 metres. However, if stranded patch cord cable is used for the Consolidation Point cable, this will increase the overall insertion loss of the channel and the total distance length of the Horizontal Cable, and therefore the channel, will have to be reduced.

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Horizontal Cable Lengths

Horizontal Cable Lengths

This table from the ISO/IEC 11801 standard provides an extremely accurate method for calculating the maximum Horizontal Cable length based upon the channel

configuration, the cabling class being installed and the lengths and cable types of the cords and Consolidation Point cables.

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Horizontal Pathway Systems

• Horizontal pathways include:

Physical Pathway _{Non-physical Pathway}

Horizontal Pathway Systems

Horizontal Cabling pathways are dedicated routes and supports for containing the cables as they run from the Floor Distributor to the Work Areas. They may comprise continuous physical pathways such as conduit and cable tray or non-continuous pathways such as the space between open-top cable supports.

When designing Horizontal Cabling pathways, all types of telecommunications cable must be considered, for example telephone, data, video and so on.

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Horizontal Pathway Systems

Access (False) Floor Suspended (False) Ceiling Cable Tray

Ladder Rack Raceway (Trunking) Raceway (Trunking)

Sometimes called raised floor, access floor in often used in computer rooms, equipment rooms and data centres as well as sometimes being used in general office areas. A typical access floor will comprise removable floor tiles mounted on pedestals and can be of any number of depths. A standard floor tile as used in telecommunications spaces is 600 mm x 600 mm.

Cables may be laid directly on the floor slab beneath the access floor as long as the surface is smooth and will not have a detrimental effect on the cable during

installation or once installed. Alternatively the cable may be laid on special cable mat or in cable tray to provide greater protection

The space between a susended (false) ceiling is often used as a pathway for cable trays or basket. Whilst these make very convenient pathways there is a number of considerations to be made when choosing the area above a suspended ceiling as a cable route.

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racks and cabinets or being used to support vertical cables in risers. The 'rungs' support the cable bundles and act as tie points.

Raceways (trunking) provide containment for cables that need to be fully enclosed. Multi-compartment trunking is usually wall-mounted around the interior of office spaces and carries the network cabling along with power cables and other circuits as required. It is important that the necessary spacing is maintained between power and data cables in this situation. The larger compartment may also contain power and data faceplates.

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Horizontal Pathway Systems

Conduits

Conduits or ducts should only be considered in certain circumstances. For instance • Where regulations require their use, for example fire codes.

• Where cables would otherwise be directly buried in the soil of concrete floor slab. • For small numbers of cables going to remote locations

Conduit lengths must not be greater than 30 metres between pull boxes (it is recommended that the maximum length be 15 metres)

and there must be no more than 2 x 90o_{bends in any conduit length.}

Conduits

Conduits or ducts should only be considered in certain circumstances. For instance

 Where regulations require their use, for example fire codes.

 Where cables would otherwise be directly buried in the soil of concrete floor slab.

 For small numbers of cables going to remote locations

Conduit lengths must not be greater than 30 metres between pull boxes (it is recommended that the maximum length be 15 metres) and there must be no more than 2 x 90o bends in any conduit length.

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Horizontal Pathway Systems

• The size requirements for Horizontal Pathways depend on the following considerations:

– Useable floor space served by the pathway

– Maximum floor space required per individual Work Area

– Cable density – quantity of Horizontal cables required for each Work Area – Cable diameter

– Pathway capacity

– Cabling requirements for other cabling systems

The size requirements for Horizontal Pathways depend on the following considerations:

 Useable floor space served by the pathway

 Maximum floor space required per individual Work Area

 Cable density – quantity of Horizontal cables required for each Work Area

 Cable diameter

 Pathway capacity

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Maximum Pathway Fills

• The maximum depth of cables in any cable tray shall be 150 mm (6 in). • When planning cable tray pathways a maximum calculated fill ratio of 50% is

used to allow for air space and the random placement of the cables. A calculated fill ratio of 50% will physically fill the entire tray.

Cable Tray Fill

The maximum depth of cables in any cable tray shall be 150 mm (6 in).

When planning cable tray pathways a maximum calculated fill ratio of 50% is used to allow for air space and the random placement of the cables. A calculated fill ratio of 50% will physically fill the entire tray.

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Backbone Cabling

• Provides connection between :

– Equipment rooms (ERs)

– Telecommunications rooms (TRs)

– Telecommunications service Entrance Facilities

• The distance limitations of this cabling depend on the type of cable and facilities it connects.

Backbone Cabling

Backbone Cabling provides connection between:

 Equipment rooms (ERs)

 Telecommunications rooms (TRs)

 Telecommunications service Entrance Facilities

The distance limitations of this cabling depend on the type of cable and facilities it connects.

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Backbone Cabling

A backbone system normally provides connection between:

a) Intrabuilding connections between floors in multistory buildings (Building Backbone)

b) Interbuilding connections in campus-like environments (Campus Backbone)

Building Backbone Cable

Campus Backbone Cable

As described earlier, backbone cables can be defined as either Building Backbone or Campus Backbone. An alternative terminology used in the TIA/EIA standards is Intrabuilding and Interbuilding Backbone respectively.

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Maximum Backbone Channel Lengths:

• 3,000 m (9,840 ft)for singlemode (OS1) optical fibre.

• 2,000 m (6,560 ft)for 62.5/125mm or 50/125mm (OM1-OM3) optical fibre.

• OM3 Laser Optimised 50 micron Multimode Glass, enhanced for 10 Gigabit transmission over distances up to300 metres (984 ft).

• 2,000 m (6,560 ft)for balanced twisted-pair PBX/Class A applications.

For data Class C, D, and E applications (data) over balanced twisted-pair:

100 m (328 ft)per backbone segment.

Backbone Cabling

Maximum Backbone Channel Lengths Backbone cable length limits are,

3,000 m (9,840 ft) for singlemode (OS1) optical fibre. This is a design limit based on the optimum size of a local area network.

2,000 m (6,560 ft) for 62.5/125 m or 50/125 m (OM1-OM3) optical fibre. Be aware that many of today’s applications have length limits less than 2,000 metres. A table showing the maximum cable length and attenuation for each application is published in ISO/IEC 11801:2002

OM3 Laser Optimised 50 micron Multimode Glass, enhanced for 10 Gigabit transmission over distances up to 300 metres (984 ft).

2,000 m (6,560 ft) for balanced twisted-pair PBX/Class A (analogue voice) applications.

For data Class C, D, and E applications (data) over balanced twisted-pair: 100 m (328 ft) per backbone segment.

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Work Areas

• A Work Area is a building space where the occupants interact with telecommunications terminal equipment

• Telecommunications Outlets (TOs) are located in the Work Area

Work Areas

A Work Area is a building space where the occupants interact with

telecommunications terminal equipment. It may be in a discrete office location or a space within an open office environment.

Telecommunications Outlets (TOs) are located in the Work Area. Local regulations may determine the density of work areas to available space.

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Work Area Components include:

• Station Equipments-(computers, data terminals, telephones etc).

• Modular cords,PC adapter cables, fiber jumpers, etc. • Adapter (baluns etc)- Must be external to

telecommunication outlet.

Work Areas

Work Area Components include:

 Station Equipment (computers, data terminals, telephones etc.).

 Modular cords, PC adapter cables, fiber jumpers, etc.

 Adapter (baluns etc) must be external to telecommunication outlet.

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Work Areas

• Each individual Work Area shall be served by a minimum of 2 TOs

– The first outlet should be

• 4-pair balanced cable

– The second outlet may be for

• optical fibre or • 4-pair balanced cable

Note: these requirements are taken from ISO/IEC 11801:2002 and CENELEC EN

50173-2 and differ slightly from those of ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1

Each individual Work Area shall be served by a minimum of two Telecommunications Outlets

 The first outlet should be connected to a 4-pair balanced cable

 The second outlet may be for optical fibre or 4-pair balanced cable

Note: these requirements are taken from ISO/IEC 11801:2002 and

CENELEC EN 50173-2 and differ slightly from those of ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1

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Work Areas

Cable Termination:

• Each horizontal distribution cable exiting the Patch Panel or Consolidation Point shall have all four pairs terminated in an eight position modular outlet in the Work Area.

Cable Termination

Each horizontal distribution cable exiting the Patch Panel or Consolidation Point shall have all four pairs terminated in an eight position modular outlet in the Work Area. This will usually be what is often known as an RJ45 jack but may also be a Category 7 non-RJ style jack.

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w w w . g i g a - n e t . c o . u k • Outlets shall not be mounted on temporary, movable, or removable surfaces,

doors, or access hatches.

• The distance of the telecommunications outlet/connector from the actual work area is based on the limited length of the work area equipment cord.

• The Telecommunications outlet/connectors should not protrude more than 57mm (2.25in) from the surface on which it is mounted.

Work Areas

Mounting Outlets

Outlets shall not be mounted on temporary, movable, or removable surfaces, doors, or access hatches.

The distance of the telecommunications outlet/connector from the actual work area is based on the limited length of the work area equipment cord.

The Telecommunications outlet/connectors should not protrude more than 57mm (2.25in) from the surface on which it is mounted.

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Telecommunications Spaces

Equipment room (ER):

• Room or space within a building for the storage or installation of mechanical or electrical/electronic devices

• Can house telecommunication installations that serve the occupants of the building or multiple buildings in a campus environment.

• Is considered distinct from a telecommunications room because it is considered to be a building or campus serving ( as opposed to a floor serving facility) and because of the nature of complexity of the equipment that it contains.

Telecommunications Spaces

Equipment Room

An Equipment Room is a room or space within a building for the storage or installation of mechanical or electrical/electronic devices. It can house

telecommunication installations that serve the occupants of the building or multiple buildings in a campus environment.

The Equipment Room is distinct from a telecommunications room because it is considered to be a building or campus serving ( as opposed to a floor serving facility) and because of the nature of complexity of the equipment that it contains.

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Telecommunications Spaces

Equipment Room Location: The following factors should be considered when locating the Equipment Room:

Centralization: Should be located near the centre of the served area to reduce the amount of cabling and to avoid long wire runs that may result in transmission trouble.

Equipment Room

Telecommunications Closet Telecommunications Closet

When deciding on the location of an Equipment Room, its position in relation to the backbone cabling is important. Ideally, the Equipment Room should be located central to the building in both the horizontal and vertical planes to reduce the

required amount of backbone cable. This may not always be possible because of the building design, for example a core and shell construction provides limited space for such a substantial room in the middle of the building space.

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Telecommunications Spaces

Equipment Room Location cont’

Security:

The room should be kept locked at all times to prevent unauthorized access. Someone who is in good position to monitor access should keep the key. Card-key access is often advisable to limit access to authorised personnel.

Because of its importance as the top level node in a network, a breach of security in the Equipment Room may have a devastating effect on the network and on the company’s business.

The room should be kept locked at all times to prevent unauthorized access. Someone who is in good position to monitor access should keep the key. Card-key access is often advisable to limit access to authorised personnel.

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Hazards:

Room should be located to minimize fire, flood or earth quake. Avoid rooms with overhead water pipes that may rupture and ruin equipment. Avoid storage of flammables and corrosive or dust-producing materials in the room.

Telecommunications Spaces

To reduce the incidence of the most obvious hazards, the Equipment Room should be located to minimize fire, flood or earth quake. Avoid rooms with overhead water pipes that may rupture and ruin equipment. Avoid storage of flammables and corrosive or dust-producing materials in the room.

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Accessibility:

The room should be easy to reach from elevators for moving equipment and located close to major users. The room must have an entrance large enough to accommodate large deliveries. It may be necessary to locate the PABX in the equipment room.

Fire suppression:

The system should be protected by a fire suppression system recommended by the manufacturer.

Telecommunications Spaces

The Equipment Room should be easy to reach from elevators for moving equipment and located close to major users. The room must have an entrance large enough to accommodate large deliveries. It may be necessary to locate the PABX in the equipment room.

The system should be protected by a fire suppression system recommended by the equipment manufacturer.

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Wall space:

Sufficient wall space is needed for backboards that mount distributing frames and terminals.

Environment Consideration:

Telecommunications equipment differs in its requirements for heating, ventilation and air conditioning. Manufacturers’ recommendations should be observed with respect to temperature limits and airflow.

Telecommunications Spaces

Equipment rooms should be designed with enough clear wall space to allow the installation of wall-mounted equipment such as distribution frames and cable terminals. These are usually mounted to backboards rather than being attached directly to the wall.

Because Equipment Rooms contain electronic devices, air conditioning, cooling and ventilation considerations are extremely important. Large data centres can over-heat to the point where equipment fails if they are not cooled and ventilated sufficiently.

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Storage Space:

Equipment including circuit boards, telephones, and terminals, may need to be stored in the equipment room.

Lighting:

The equipment room must be have enough light

(TIA requires 500 lux measured 1 m (3 ft) above the finished floor in the middle of all aisles between cabinets and racks)

Telecommunications Spaces

It is normal to store related equipment such as circuit boards, patch cords, telephones and terminals in an Equipment Room. Sufficient storage such as cupboards and shelves should be provided t accommodate these items.

An Equipment Room must have sufficient ambient light to enable technicians to work safely and accurately. The American TIA/EIA-569 standard specifies a minimum lighting level of 500 lux measured 1 metre above the finished floor level in the middle of all aisles between cabinets and racks.

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