• No results found

Annotated Bibliography

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Annotated Bibliography"

Copied!
11
0
0

Loading.... (view fulltext now)

Full text

(1)

Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources

Articles

Flammer, Philip M. “Communist Propaganda in South Vietnam.” Brigham Young University Studies 13, no. 2 (Winter 1973): 206-213

https://www.jstor.org/stable/43040494?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_cont ents

This entry was written nearly at the end of the Vietnam war, allowing for Philip Flammer to have a full, yet fresh, understanding on what he had seen in the media. He provided amazing and interesting insight on what propaganda means, and how much it can vary in meaning depending on the government of the country.

Lonidier, Fred. " Resist the Draft." The Agitator. December 21, 1967. http://depts.washington.edu/labpics/zenPhoto/antiwar/lonidier/

This news article portrayed three different pictures all communicating about resisting the Vietnam draft. We used this in our draft page and showed some for and against the draft.

“Remarks from President Lyndon B. Johnson in Memorial Hall, Akron University,”

Resistance and Revolution: The Anti-Vietnam War Movement at the University of Michigan, 1965-1972, accessed January 18, 2021.

http://michiganintheworld.history.lsa.umich.edu/antivietnamwar/items/show/77. This article notes the remarks made by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1963-1964 about the soldiers in Vietnam. He mentions that rough state of the U.S. soldiers. He explained what their plan was by quoting from the prophet Isaiah: "Come now, let us reason together."

Springer, Claudia. "Military Propaganda: Defense Department Films from World War II and Vietnam." Cultural Critique, no. 3 (1986): 151-67. Accessed December 10, 2020. doi:10.2307/1354170.

This article was written a bit after the war, primarily focusing on the transformation of propaganda, comparing when that transformation started in World War II, to then, after the Vietnam War."

(2)

Cronkite, Walter. “Vietnam Commentary” 1:22. NPR.

https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106775685

This clip is taken from the end of one of Cronkite’s broadcasts. He relays what he saw in Vietnam after the Tet Offensive, and is bluntly honest about the outcome. He tells the truth, and shows that while propaganda can be effective, sometimes the plain truth can be all the propaganda you need.

Ngọ, Trịnh Thị. "They Have Ordered You." 0:04. Peal. https://peal.io/soundboards/hanoi-hannah

This is an actual audio clip of Trinh Thi Ngo, or Hanoi Hannah: "They have ordered you to die, GI. Don't trust them." She once again tried to discourage U.S. troops by

potentially turning them against their orders.

Ngọ, Trịnh Thị. "You Have Lost." 0:05 Peal. https://peal.io/soundboards/hanoi-hannah

This is another audio clip of Hanoi Hannah: "You have lost this war, GI. Your army will leave you behind." She tried to convince them to turn back.

Ngọ, Trịnh Thị. "Your Planes." 0:04. Peal. https://peal.io/soundboards/hanoi-hannah

This is another audio clip of Hanoi Hannah: " GI, your airplanes bombed your own men. You are not safe here." She gave updates on the war just to discourage them.

Interviews

Kiger, Jim. Telephone interview by the author. January 31, 2021.

This interview was made with one of our grandfathers who fought in the Vietnam War from 1967-1969. He stayed most of the time in Hue, and whenever he and his friends would hear Hanoi Hannah on their radio, they would turn her off; and they would listen to some songs on the radio mostly. We were able to get a first-hand perspective from someone who experienced the radio broadcasts and life of a “G.I. Joe”

Pictures

"Appreciate America."1900s. Pinterest.

https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=1zxbLA0g&id=C847E 7290622889F9A3D4CB3ABAB635F94091823&thid=OIP.1zxbLA0gmISwYTV4_0 VyugHaKi&mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2fs-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com%2f736x%

(3)

2f47%2fca%2ff6%2f47caf61f7f5a59945da14ab2764c7acb.jpg&exph=650&expw =457&q=pro+vietnam+war+propaganda&simid=608047573959078637&ck=C380 A7E1D55603FBE7C2F60EBBAAE196&selectedIndex=6&FORM=IRPRST&ajax hist=0

This picture communicated the rival against communism. It revealed an enemy within America, communism. Communism will take over from the inside out by propaganda.

“Does He Destroy Your Way of Life?” 1960-1970. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library, San Jose State University.

https://library.sjsu.edu/online-exhibits/art-protest-collection

This poster tried to make the reader feel guilty for supporting the war effort, and portray an average and simple Vietnamese farmer. This might have been made so that the reader would think that the Vietnamese were the victims.

“Fight Pollution not Wars” 1960-1970. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library, San Jose State University.

https://library.sjsu.edu/online-exhibits/art-protest-collection

This poster tried to not only dissuade the reader from the war, but also focus their

concern on an entirely different matter. This shows that sometimes the artist would try to simply redirect people’s focus instead of totally diminish their concerns about important problems.

“Know your Enemy” 1966. Vietnam Anti-war Propaganda.

http://vietnamanti-warpropoganda.blogspot.com/2015/12/know-your-enemy-antiw ar-poster.html

This poster is a picture of a child, with mud and blood on their face. The caption, “Know your enemy”, implies that the soldiers were really just killing children, and that was who they were making an enemy out of.

“Is this tomorrow” 1950-1960. Poster. MSSchiller.wordpress.com

https://msschillersclass.wordpress.com/2018/03/06/mccarthyism-and-the-red-sca re/

This poster showed a hand reaching down from the sky with a sickle and star emblem on its cuff. But it also showed that hand reaching down to not the factory, but the homes. This showed how the artist was trying to scare people, and show that Communism would invade the homes and families.

(4)

“Resist the Draft” December 21, 1967. Civil Rights and Labor History Consortium, University of Washington.

https://depts.washington.edu/antiwar/vietnam_draft.shtml

This poster was a collection of photos of people holding up signs in protest of the draft. The poster showed how many other people were doing it, perhaps in an attempt to help the reader rationalize it with themselves.

“Send Them Tractors Not Tanks” 1960-1970. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library, San Jose State University.

https://library.sjsu.edu/online-exhibits/art-protest-collection

This poster tried to persuade the reader to not support the war effort in Vietnam.

Instead, it tried to cause the reader to support the people in Vietnam, and tell them that we should send them economical aid.

"Stop Communism! It's Everybody's Job." 1920-1950. Poster. Library of Congress.

https://cdn.loc.gov/service/pnp/cph/3c00000/3c02000/3c02300/3c02355_150px.j pg

This poster was originally made for the Philippines, but it served the same purpose. This poster could replace the picture of the Philippines with Vietnam and it would communicate just as much to stop communism.

“The Call to Duty, Join the Army, For Home and Country” 1950-1970. Pritzker Military Museum.

https://www.pritzkermilitary.org/explore/museum/digital-collection/search?keys=D raft%20Posters&op=&page=0

This poster, made during the Vietnam War, shows how the artist tried to appeal to the reader’s sense of duty and patriotism. This was a common way for propaganda to appeal to the masses, as fear was not always effective.

"The War is Over." March 23, 1971. Poster. Wisconsin Historical Society. https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Image/IM63191

This poster was published four years before the Vietnam War ended. This

communicated to American voters to vote for peace and bring the troops home at last. The title on the top of the poster reads in big letters: "The War is Over," communicating that the war was already done, so just vote for peace.

(5)

Dylan, Bob. “Blowin' in the Wind.” 1963. Spotify.

https://open.spotify.com/track/18GiV1BaXzPVYpp9rmOg0E.

This song was written by Bob Dylan in 1963. It was his way of showing his disagreement with the Vietnam War, and sharing it with the world.

Lennon, John. “Imagine” 1971. Spotify.

https://open.spotify.com/track/0xzaemKucrJpYhyl7TltAk

This song was written by John Lennon, in the hopes that he would be able to cause the listener to share the sentiment that the world would be a better place without war. He wanted the listener to grow an anti-war mindset through the idea of a peaceful utopia being the alternative.

Videos

"North Vietnamese Propaganda (1969)." Video File, 9:25. YouTube. Posted by Nuclear Vault, February 26, 2016.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYcZoYWS2zE

This video was an interview with a North Vietnamese filmmaker, but it showed one of the films that communicated the North Vietnam effort and their communism. It showed a brother fighting for South Vietnam and his sister for North, but because this was North Vietnam propaganda, America and the South were the villains and tortured the sister. At the end of the film, the brother becomes communist with his sister.

"Report from Vietnam (1968) Walter Cronkite." Video File, 0:44. YouTube. Posted by Fiona Heaney, January 26, 2012.

This video shows Walter Cronkite, a very famous American journalist during the Vietnam War, after going to Vietnam himself, saying that the war was at a stalemate. He said that the solution would be to negotiate honorably.

Secondary sources

Articles

(6)

Hahn, Nicole. "Propaganda and the Vietnam War." Munich, GRIN Verlag. Last Modified in 2005. Accessed on December 8, 2020.

https://www.grin.com/document/6134

This paper was written primarily about the American side of propaganda. This provided us with an interesting view and perspective on how people viewed what they knew to be propaganda from their own government.

Moïse, Edwin E. "Lyndon Johnson's War Propaganda." New York Times. Last modified on November 20, 2017. Accessed December 10, 2020.

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/20/opinion/johnson-propaganda-vietnam-west moreland.html

This article, based on opinion, talked about the "Optimism Campaign." This described the propaganda used by President Lyndon Johnson to claim American victory for the Vietnam War.

Woolfe, Christopher. "Anyone who Served in Vietnam Probably Remembers Hearing this Voice." Last modified in 2016. Accessed December 9, 2020.

https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-10-04/anyone-who-served-vietnam-probably-rem embers-hearing-voice#:~:text=Thu%20Huong%20was%20better%20known%20t o%20GIs%20as,known%20as%20Saigon%2C%20now%20Ho%20Chi%20Minh %20City.

This article helped introduce us to Hanoi Hannah. She was a North Vietnam

propagandist during the Vietnam War that tried to discourage the U.S. soldiers from going to Vietnam to fight. She became famous primarily to the GIs.

Pictures

“Back our boys in Vietnam” 1970. Quora.

https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-examples-of-pro-Vietnam-war-posters This poster once again appealed to the reader’s sense of family and duty. This shows how this tactic may have been effective if it was used this much.

“Blowin’ in the Wind Cover” 1963. Wikipedia.org.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowin%27_in_the_Wind#/media/File:BlowingUnauth orized.jpg

(7)

We used this image on the Music page, when we talked about Bob Dylan’s hit protest song. While this is just a picture for the cover of the album, you can see the emotion in his face as he sings, and looks as if he truly meant what he was saying, which is a testament to how passionate people were about their stances.

“End the War now” 1967. Wordpress.com.

https://americanculturesdsu.wordpress.com/tag/vietnam/

This picture showed a very interesting scene. American citizens marching in protest, as has been done for many causes in our history, against the war, carrying signs to say how they felt.

“Family at the TV” 1971. Getty Images.

https://www.gettyimages.com/photos/family-around-tv?family=creative&license=rf &page=2&phrase=Family%20around%20TV&sort=mostpopular#license

This picture shows what was no doubt a familiar and common scene in the era of the Vietnam War. A nuclear, American family, sitting around one of the new-fangled TV’s, watching footage and clips of the war in Vietnam.

“Hanoi Hannah Quote” October 17, 2016. AZ Quotes. https://www.azquotes.com/author/28563-Hanoi_Hannah

We used this quote image on the radio page of our website. This was what Hanoi

Hannah said at the beginning of every radio broadcast, and soon this became familiar to the soldiers, whom she addressed as “G.I. Joe”.

“It’s your choice: Where do you draw the line against Communist aggression?” 1966. Artwork. Studyingthehumanities.com

https://studyingthehumanities.wordpress.com/2013/07/14/u-s-cold-war-foreign-po licy-containment/

This poster was used on our posters and artworks page, and showed how the propagators would try to appeal to the reader’s sense of guilt to convince them into taking part in stopping the spreading Vietnam. We found this to be a recurring theme in not just artwork and posters, but just about every form.

"Propaganda." 2020. Stephenhprovost.com. http://www.stephenhprovost.com/ This is a picture of the definition of propaganda based on the artist's view. We used this picture for the background of the titles of our pages.

(8)

We used this image on our page about the draft. This poster had been in use for many years, whenever there was an American draft or call to arms.

“Vietnam War Songs” 1967. Cfr.org.

cfr.org/blog/twenty-best-vietnam-protest-songs

This picture was used on our music page, and showed famous singers performing songs on stage.

“You can’t be there to help them. We can. Put your money where your boys are” 1969. NateDSanders.com

https://natedsanders.com/1969_vietnam_war_poster_from_the_american_red_cr os-lot43758.aspx

This poster appealed to the sense of family to the reader. It tried to make the reader feel like because people they knew were fighting, they should support the war and donate money

Websites

Achenbach, Joel. “How Walter Cronkite’s Broadcast changed the Vietnam War” Accessed April 6th 2021.

https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/did-the-news-media-led-by-walter-cron kite-lose-the-war-in-vietnam/2018/05/25/a5b3e098-495e-11e8-827e-190efaf1f1e e_story.html

This page talked about how influential Walter Cronkite truly was to an American. He had a large amount of influence over what the people knew, and yet he chose to deliver cold hard facts. Because of this, he is considered to have changed, in some ways, the

overall outcome of the American’s perception.

B., Stephanie. "Vibrant and passionate propaganda posters look fantastic in our homes but also have a rich and fascinating history." Last modified 2017.

Accessed April 6, 2021.

This website was made by a shop in Hanoi, Vietnam and sells Vietnamese art that was used for propaganda. Vietnamese propaganda is found in many houses because it is beautiful artwork. Propaganda was first attractive so it could catch attention.

Barton, Cat. “Powerful Propaganda: Vietnam Journalists' Role in War.” Jakarta Globe. Last modified 2015. Accessed December 8, 2020.

(9)

This website had an abundance of information, from the perspective of a Vietnamese. The writer of this article interviewed Dinh Quang Tahnh, a Vietnamese War

Photographer.

“During the Vietnam War, music spoke to both sides of a divided nation” The Conversation. Accessed February 25, 2021.

https://theconversation.com/during-vietnam-war-music-spoke-to-both-sides-of-a-divided-nation-83702

This website had very interesting insight on how music was received in the Vietnam War era. It gave us useful information for our own page about music, and showed us how influential singers and their works were.

Hahn, Nicole. "History of Art in the Soviet Union: Propaganda, Rebellion, and Freedom in Socialist Realism." History Is Now Magazine. Last modified 2018. Accessed December 8, 2020.

http://www.historyisnowmagazine.com/blog/2019/5/19/history-of-art-in-the-soviet-union-propaganda-rebellion-and-freedom-in-socialist-realism#.X9Ar1qGSnIUNico le Hahn, 2005, Propaganda and the Vietnam War , Munich, GRIN Verlag,

https://www.grin.com/document/61349

This website told how Socialists promoted their political power using propaganda in their view of Socialism. This was called Socialist realism. It showed only the good of

Socialism and helped us realize that there are always two sides to propaganda. Hunt, Luke. “The Vietnam War's Great Lie.” – The Diplomat, For The Diplomat, 13 Feb. 2018, thediplomat.com/2018/02/the-vietnam-wars-great-lie/. Last modified 2018. Accessed December 9, 2020.

Here, the author had interesting insight. He believed that America lost the “Propaganda War”, in that they were able to convince the public they were winning, as while they had claimed thousands of lives, they had also turned the tide of the war in their favor, though this wasn’t entirely true.

Irvine, Dean. “Propaganda posters: Life during war in Vietnam” CNN Travel. Last modified 2017. Accessed December 8, 2020.

https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/cnngo-travel-vietnam-propaganda-poster-art/in dex.html

This website provided insight with quotes from one of the artists of the posters shown. The artist explained his purposes and meanings behind some of the posters.

(10)

Raz, Guy. “Final Words: Cronkite’s Vietnam Commentary” Accessed April 5th, 2021. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106775685

This site had extensive information about Walter Cronkite, and how influential he was in how Americans received the truth of the Vietnam War, specifically the Tet Offensive. He was not afraid to be brutally honest, even if it meant showing the government in a not so positive light.

"Socialist Realism." Encyclopedia of Art History. Accessed December 10, 2020. http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/socialist-realism.htm#:~:text=Sociali st%20Realist%20painting%20and%20sculpture%20was%20a%20key,working% 20citizens%20trying%20to%20build%20a%20communist%20society.)

This Website talked about how Socialists used Socialist Realism to communicate to either the rulers or those who are being ruled. The website talked specifically about propaganda in the form of art and sculptures used for illiterate people

Stanley, Alessandra. “Cronkite’s Signature: Authority and Approachability” The NewYorkTimes.com Accessed April 6,

2021https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/18/arts/television/18appraisal.html Here, we found more information and background on Walter Cronkite. He used often objective truths in contrast to the subjective opinions of many other outlets, in order to allow the average American to have their own opinions, while still giving his own without pressing them upon his viewers.

"The Significance of Television as a Propaganda Tool During the Vietnam War." Bartleby Research. Accessed January 8, 2021.

https://www.bartleby.com/essay/The-Significance-of-Television-as-a-Propaganda-FKXGZ6STJ#:~:text=The%20Significance%20of%20Television%20as%20a%20 Propaganda%20Tool,that%20were%20shown%20on%20the%20television%20e very%20night.

This Website showed us that television was a big use of propaganda to show those at home in America what was going on in Vietnam. Showing distressing images promoted anti-Vietnam War in America..

“The Twenty Best Vietnam Protest Songs” Council on Foreign Relations. Accessed February 25, 2021.

(11)

This website had a very insightful list of protest songs directed at the Vietnam War. The list was comprised of what were considered the 20 “best”. The list also described each song, and told when they came out along with how they were received.

"Walter Cronkite: The Most Trusted Man in America." Media by the Decades Project. Accessed January 8, 2021. https://blogs.uoregon.edu/frengsj387/ This website told us about a news journalist for NBC News called Walter Cronkite that was helpful to President Lyndon B.Johnson. He went to Vietnam during the war to report what was going on, and he inferred that the war was a stalemate between the two sides and had to be resolved by a peaceful agreement. He was very famous in his day and quickly spread the news of what he saw.

References

Related documents

knowledge on a subject. This requires that you never take anything at face value and always seek greater understanding of your clients. If you do this, over time, you’ll be able

If you are a small business owner that is thinking about upgrading your current phone system because it’s outdated, you’re moving offices or because you just want to see if you

Allowing employees internet access raises real challenges for IT managers who have to protect the business against malware, keep internet bandwidth available for legitimate

If you’re one of the many lawyers who have decided to take advantage of the cloud for cost savings, mobility, security, flexibility and disaster preparedness, it’s important that

As a pagan doctrine going back as far as ancient Greece, the theory of evolution was advanced extensively in the nineteenth century. The most important development that made it the

A greater inconsistency committed in the name of Darwinism was Mesohippus and its supposed ancestors. Jonathan Wells, noted for his criticism of Darwinism in his Icons of

According to the the o ry of ev o lu - tion, life emerged in the oceans be - tween 3.5 and 4 bil lion years ago in an en vi ron ment known as the "pri - mor di al

HUBBARD COMMUNICATIONS OFFICE Saint Hill Manor, East Grinstead, Sussex HCO POLICY LETTER OF 17 NOVEMBER 1965.. Remimeo Dissem Sec HCO Exec Sec Dir