CO
HER E N
TTM
• Mark Williams
This publication conveys information that is the property of Mark Williams Company. It shall not be copIed, reproduced or duplicated in whole or in part without the express written permission of Mark Williams Company. Mark Williams Company makes no warranty of any kind with respect to this material and disclaims any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose.
COHERENT is a trademark of Mark Williams Company. UNIX is a trademark of AT&T. MS-DOS is a copyright of Microsoft Corporation. All other products are trademarks or registered trademarks of the respective holders.
Revision 8 Printing 5 4 3 2 1
Published by Mark Williams Company, 60 Revere Drive, Northbrook, IllinoiS 60062.
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This manual was written under the COHERENT operating system, using the MicroEMACS and ed text editors. Text formatting - including positioning of PostScript clip art - was performed by the COHERENT edition of the trotJ text formatter, using its Postscript output function. Page design was implemented with custom-written macros written in the trotJ text-formatting language and in PostScript. Capitals are derived from the Golden Bible of Augsburg, and were supplied in encapsulated Postscript form by BBL Typographic, 137 Narrow Neck Rd., Katoomba, NSW 2780, Australia. Typesetting of this manual, from the table of contents through the index, was performed by one script written in the COHERENT Kom shell. Camera-ready copy was printed on a Hewlett-Packard LaserJet lIP printer usIng the Pacific Page Postscript cartridge.
COHERENT is the work of a large number of exceptionally talented people. The development of a multi-user, multi-tasking operating system is a daunting task. Creating COHERENT took an enormous effort by all involved. The system and manual are dedicated to those who dedicated themselves to COHERENT.
These people include the following:
Jay Alter Bob Beals Luddyne Blue Fred Butzen Allan Cornish Ella Dashevsky Tom Duff Charles Fiterman Johann George Walter Grogan Randall Howard Michael Kaufman William Lederer Jeanne Lewis Esther Munoz Gerson Negron Douglas Peterson Vladimir Smelyansky Julie Stewart
Trevor Thompson Bill Witt
Riyaz Asaria James Behr Barry Bowen Henry Cejtin Roger Critchlow Stephen Davis Mark Epstein Charles Forsyth Daniel Glasser Robert Hemedinger Owen Jacobsen Nancy Kenston Irene Lee Karen McBride Tim Murphy Steve Ness Frank Pfeiffer Hal Snyder Robert Swartz Diane Tracey La Monte Yarroll
Norman Bartek Chris Berrios Denise Buirge David Conroy Richard Critchlow Mimi Diaz Michael Farley Kim Fruin Michael Griffin Scott Hermes
Mary Karabatsos J.T. Kittridge Dave Levine Scott Moody Asia Negron Ciaran O'Donnell Norma Reyes Michael Spertus Angus Telfer Rico Tudor Jim Yonan
The "port" of the COHERENT kernel to the 80386 was implemented using software provided by Ciaran O'Donnell, Bievres, France.
Ta
Contents
Introduction . . . . Editions of COHERENT
COHERENT 286 . . . COHERENT 386 . .
How To Use This Manual The Lexicon . . . . Installation . . . .
User Registration and Reaction Report . Technical Support . . . .
Using the COHERENT System . . . .
How Do I Begin? . . . . Loggingin . . . . Special Terminal Keys . . . .
Try Some COHERENT Commands. Giving Commands to COHERENT . help. man: Help with Commands ..
Shutting Down COHERENT and Rebooting. . Logging Out . . . .
Working With Files and Directories File Names . . . . Introduction to Directories . Path Names . . . . Is. Ic: Listing Your Directory . . cat: Print Contents of a File. . more: List Files on the Screen mkdir: Create a Directory . . . . cd: Change Directory. . . . pWd: Print Working Directory. . mv. cp: Move and Copy Files . . .. rm. rmdir: Remove Files and Directories duo df: How Much Space? . . . . .. in: Link Files . . . . File Permissions. . . . chmod: Change File Permissions . . Creating and Mounting a File System . fdformat: Format a Diskette.
mkfs: Create a File System . . . . mount: Mount a File System . . . . Using a Newly Mounted File System. umount: Unmount a File System .. fsck: Check a File System .
Devices. Files. and Drivers Character-Special Files . . . tty Processing . . . .
A Tour Through the File System . . General File System Layout. . .
fetc .
flib . fusr. fu ..
Files: Conclusion .
Introduction to COHERENT Commands The Shell . . . . Redirecting Input and Output . . . Pipes . . . . Superuser . . . ' . . . Manipulating Text Under COHERENT. MicroEMACS: Text Screen Editor. . pr, prps, lpr: Print Files . . . nroff, troff: Text Formatters . Miscellaneous Commands. . who: Who Is On the System. write: Electronic Dialogue. . mail: Send an Electronic Letter. msgs: Cumulative Message Board . grep: Find Patterns in Text Files date: Print the Date . . . . passwd: Change Your Password stty: Change Terminal Behavior
Scheduling Commands For Regular Execution Managing Processes . . . . .
ps: List Active Processes. . . . kill: Signal Processes . . . . Programming Under COHERENT . . . . Basic Steps in COHERENT Programming .. Create the Program Source . .
cc: Compile the Program . . . . m4: Macro Processing . . . . . make: Build Larger Programs. db: Debug the Program . . . . Administering the COHERENT System .
Adding a New User. System Security. Passwords . . . File Protection. . Encryption. . . .
Dumping and Saving Files. Back-ups Using ustar Back-ups Using cpio . Restoring Information System Accounting. . ac: Login Accounting. sa: Processing Accounting. Conclusion. . . . introdUCing sh. the Bourne Shell. .
Simple Commands . . . . Special Characters . . . . Running Commands in the Background Scripts . . . .
. profile: Login Shell Script. . Substitutions . . . . File Name Substitution . . . . Parameter Substitution . . . Shell Variable Substitution . Command Substitution Special Shell Variables. . . . . dot. : Read Commands . . . . Values Returned by Commands test: Condition Testing. . . . Executing Commands Conditionally. Control Flow. . . .
for: Execute a Loop. . . . if: Execute Conditionally. . . . while: Execute a Loop . . . . until: Another Looping Construct case: Serial Conditional Execution. Summary . . . .
Introduction to MicroEMACS. . . What is MicroEMACS? . . . . Keystrokes: <ctrl>. <esc> . . .
Becoming Acquainted with MicroEMACS. Beginning a Document. . . . . Moving the Cursor . . . . Moving the Cursor Forward. . Moving the Cursor Backwards From Line to Line. . . . Repetitive Motion . . . .
Moving Up and Down by a Screenful of Text . Moving to Beginning or End of Text .
Saving Text and Quitting Killing and Deleting. . . . Deleting Vs. Killing . . . . Erasing Text to the Right Erasing Text to the Left . Erasing Lines of Text. . . Yanking Back (Restoring) Text Quitting . . . . Block Killing and Moving Text . . . Moving One Line of Text. . . . Multiple Copying of Killed Text . Kill and Move a Blockof Text. . Capitalization and Other Tools . . . . Capitalization and Lowercasing. Transpose Characters
Screen Redraw . Return Indent. . . . . Word Wrap . . . . Search and Reverse Search .
Search Forward. . . Reverse Search . . . Cancel a Command. Search and Replace.
Saving Text and Exiting . . . . Write Text to a New File . . . . Save Text and Exit
Advanced Editing. . . . Arguments . . . .
Arguments: Default Values . Selecting Values. . . .
Deleting With Arguments: An Exception Buffers and Files . . . .
Definitions. . . . File and Buffer Commands . . . Write and Rename Commands . Replace Text in a Buffer . . . . .
Visiting Another Buffer. . . . Move Text From One Buffer to Another . Checking Buffer Status
Renamtnga Buffer . . . . Delete a Buffer . . . . Windows . . . .
Creating Windows and Moving Between Them. . . . Enlarging and Shrinking Windows.
Displaying Text Within a Window . . . . One Buffer . . . . Multiple Buffers. . . . Moving and Copying Text Among Buffers. . Checking Buffer Status . . .
Saving Text From Windows . Keyboard Macros . . . . Creating a Keyboard Macro . . Execute a Macro Repeatedly Replacing a Macro . . . . Renaming a Macro . . . . Renaming Macros: A Few Caveats. Setting the Initialization Macro . Flexible Key Bindings . . . .
Changing a Keybinding . . . . Rebinding Metakeys . . . . Save and Restore Keybindings . . . Sending Commands to COHERENT. . .
Compiling and Debugging Through MicroEMACS. . The MicroEMACS Help Facility. . . .
Where To Go From Here. . . . Introduction to ed, Interactive Line Editor . .
Why You Need an Editor . . Learning To Use the Editor General Topics . . . . ed, Files, and Text . . . . .
Creating a File. . . . Changing an Existing File. . Working on Lines. .
Error Messages . . . . Basic Editing Techniques . . . Creating a New File. . . .
Changing a File . . . . Printing Lines . . . . Abbreviating Line Numbers . How Many Lines? . . . . Removing Lines . . . . Abandoning Changes . . . . Substituting Text Within a Line Undoing Substitutions. Global Substitutions .. Special Characters . . . Ranges of Substitution. Intermediate Editing . . . . . Relative Line Numbering. Changing Lines . . . . . Moving Blocks of Text . . Copying Blocks of Text. . String Searches. . . .
Remembered Search Arguments . . Uses of Special Characters
Global Commands
Joining Lines . . . . Splitting Lines . . . . Marking Lines . . . . Searching in Reverse Direction . Expert Editing. . . . File Processing Commands . . . Patterns . . . . Matching Many With One Character. Beginning and Ending of Lines. . . Replacing Matched Part . . . . Replacing Parts of Matched String. Lis ting Funny Lines . . . . Keeping Track of Current Line . . . When Current Line Is Changed. . . More About Global Commands . . . Issuing COHERENT Commands Within ed . For More Information. . . .
Introduction to the sed Stream Editor . Getting to Know sed . . .
Getting Started . . . Simple Commands . Substituting . . Selecting Lines . . p: Print Lines . . . Line Location . . . Add Lines of Text . Delete Lines . . . . . Change Lines . . . Include Lines From a File . Quit Processing. . . . . Next Line . . . . Advanced sed Commands.
WorkArea . . . .
Add to Work Area. Print First Line . . Save Work Area. . Transform Characters . Command Control . . . . { }: Command Grouping !: All But . . . .
= :
Print Line Number Skipping Commands. . t: Test Command . For More Information. . . . .The C Language . . . .
Compiling C Programs under COHERENT
Try the Compiler . . . . Phases of Compilation . . . . Renaming Executable Files . . . Floating-Point Numbers . . . Compiling Multiple Source Files Linking Without Compiling . . . Compiling Without Linking . . . Assembly-Language Files . . . . Changing the Size of the Stack. Where To Go From Here. . . . . C for Beginners . . . . Programming Languages and C. Assembly and High-Level Languages So, What Is C? . . . .
Structured Programming . . . Writing a C Program . . . . A Sample C Programming Session.
Designing a Program. . . . The mainO Function . . . . . Open a File and Show Text Accepting File Names. . . . . Error Checking . . . . Print a Portion of a File . . Checking for the End of File. Polling the Keyboard . . . . For More Information. . . . Bibliography. . . .
Introduction to the awk Language.
Usingawk . . . . Program Structure . . . . . Records and Fields . . . . . Command Line Arguments Printing with awk. . . .
Printing Individual Fields .
Changing the Output Field and Record Separators . Printing Predefined Variables .
Redirecting Ou tpu t . Formatting Output . Piping Output. . . . awk Pattern Scanning . .
Special Patterns: BEGIN and END . . . Patterns . . . . Arithmetic Relational Expressions. . . Boolean Combinations of Expressions. Pattern Ranges . . . .
Specifying awk Actions. . . . . Functions . . . . Assignment of Variables. Field Variables. . . . String Concatenation. . . Arrays . . . .
Control Statements .. if (condition) else while (condition). for . . . . break . . continue next . . . exit . . .
For More Information.
Introduction to lex. the Lexical Analyzer How To Use lex . . . .
Translating Strings. . . . Remove Blanks From Input. Trimming Blanks .
lex Specification Form. Simple Form. . . . Rules in lex . . . . Statements in lex. Groups of Statements . Using the Same Action. Patterns . . . .
Simple Patterns. . . . . Classes of Characters . Repetition . . . . Choices and Grouping .
Matching Non-Graphic Characters. More Patterns . . . .
Line Context. . . . Context Matching. . . . Macro Abbreviations . . Context: Start Rules . . Separate Contexts . . . More About Writing Actions. ECHO . . . .
Processing Overlapping Strings. yylex . . . .
Header Section . . . Additional Routines. U sing lex With yacc. Summary . . . Introduction to yacc
Examples . . .
Phrases and Parentheses . . . Simple Expression Processing Background . . . .
LR Parsing . . . . Input Specification. Parser Operation . Form of yacc Programs.
Rules . . . . Definitions . User Code . Rules . . . .
General Form of Rules. . Suggested Style . . . . . Actions . . . . Basic Action Statements. Action Values . . . Structured Values Handling Ambiguities .
How yacc Reacts . Additional Control Precedence. Error Handling . . Summary . . . . Helpful Hints Example . . . . Where to Go From Here be Desk Calculator Language .
Entry and Exit. . . . . Example of Simple Use. Simple Statements . . . . Numbers with Fractions. . . The Scale of Numbers . Addition and Subtraction . Scale During Multiplication. Setting the Scale of Results. Scale for Divisions . . . . Scale From Exponentiation . What Is the Current Scale? . The if Statement. . . .
Using the if Statement. . . . Comparisons. . . . Grouped Statements . . . . Many Statements Per Line. The while Statement . . . .
Abbreviations in the while Statement. The for Statement . . . . Three Parts of the for Statement . . . .
Similarities Between the for and while Statements . Functions in be . . . .
Example of Function Use . . . . . . Functions Using Other Functions Functions That Call Themselves . The auto Statement. . . .
Programs in a File . . . . U sing a Program From a File U sing Libraries . . . . The bc Library. . . . Summary . . . . Introduction to the m4 Macro Processor. .
Definitions and Syntax. . Defining Macros. . . Input Control . . . . Output Control . . . . . String Manipulation . . Numeric Manipulation. COHERENT System Interface.
Errors . . . . For More Information. . . . The make Programming DiscipUne
How Does make Work?
Try make . . . . Essential make . . . . The makefile. . . . Building a Simple makefile Comments and Macros. Setting the Time. . . . Building a Large Program . . . . Command Line Options . . Other Command Line Features. Advanced make . . . .
Default Rules . . . . Source File Path . . . . Double-Colon Target Lines Alternative Uses.
Special Targets . . . Errors . . . . Exit Status. . . . Where To Go From Here.
nroff, The Text-Formatting Language. What is nroft? . . . . nroff Input and Output Printing nroffOutput. . nroff Limitations . . . . The ms Macro Package. Using this Tutorial . . The -ms Macro Package . . .
Text and Commands . Command Names . . Paragraphs. . . . Section Headings . . . Title Page . . . . Headers and Footers . Fonts . . . . Special Characters. Footnotes . . . . Displays and Keeps.
Other Commands. . . . . Introducing nroffs Primitives. Page Format. . . . Breaks . . . . Fill and Adjust Modes . . Defining Paragraphs Centering . . . Tabs . . . . Page Breaks . Macros and Traps.
What Is a Macro? . Introducing Traps. Headers and Footers . Macro Arguments. . .
Double vs. Single Backslashes. Designing and Installing Macros . Strings . . . .
Strings Within Strings . . . . Number Registers. . . . Incrementing and Decrementing. Units of Measurement . .
Conditional Input. . . . Environments and Diversions. Buffers . . . .
Headers and Footers . More About Fonts. Diversions . . . . . A Footnote Macro. Command Line Options For Further Information.
UUCP. Remote Communications Utility Contents of This Tutorial An Overview of UUCP . . .
The Programs . . . . Directories and Files . . . Attaching a Modem to Your Computer Selecting Site and Domain Names . Installing UUCP With uuinstall.
Setting Up Your Local Site. Devices . . . . Describing a Remote Site Day and Time To Call . . The Chat Script. . . . Granting Permissions . .
Polling a Remote Site Automatically . Where To Go Next . . . .
Setting Up UUCP for Dialout: An Extended Example . Site and Domain Names. . . . Setting Up the Serial Port/Communications Device. Configuring L.sys . . . . The Chat Script. . . . Configuring the Permissions File. . . . Requesting Files From a Remote UUCP System .
Sending Files to a Remote UUCP System. . . . Setting Up UUCP for Dial-in: An Extended Example
Configuring / etc / ttys . . . . Setting Up a Modem for Logins . Answering the Phone. . . . Setting Echo and Result Codes. Modem Reinitialization. . . . Modem Registers . . . .
Enabling a Serial Device for Remote Access Direct Connections. . . .
Giving a Remote UUCP Site a Login . . . . . Configuring L.sys for Remote UUCP Access .. Configuring Permissions for Remote UUCP Access .
Configuring a Spooling Directory for Remote UUCP Access . One Last, Loose Thread . . . .
Other UUCP Configuration Considerations. . Debugging UUCP Calls. . . . What Is the Problem? . . . . UUCP Reports: Cannot Get Own Name . The Modem Isn't Dialing. . . .
The Modem Dials, Carrier is Established, Nothing Else Happens. UULOG Shows Incorrect Response... .
Files Refuse to be Sent. . . . Non-COHERENTUUCP Site Problems. UUCP Administration .
Where to Go From Here
The Lexicon.
example.
# . . . . .
## . . . . #define . . #elif . . #else . #endif. #if . . . . #ifdef . #ifndef #include #line . . . #pragma. #undef . .
DATE. FILE - -LINE--STDC. -TIME-_exitO .-: abortO . . . absO . . . . ac . . . . accessO. access.h acctO . .
· Give an example of Mark Williams Lexicon format. · String-ize operator . . . .
· . Token-pasting operator . . . . . · Define an identifier as a macro . · Include code conditionally. . . . · Include code conditionally. . . . · End conditional inclusion of code · Include code conditionally. . . . · Include code conditionally. . . . · Include code conditionally. . . . · Read another fIle and include it
· Reset line number . . . .
· Perform implementation-specific preprocessing . · U ndefine a macro. .
· Date of translation . . . . · Source file name . . . . · Current line within a source file · Mark a conforming translator. · Time source file is translated . · Terminate a program. . . . · End program immediately. . .
· Return the absolute value of an integer. . · . Summarize login accounting information.
· Check if a file can be accessed in a given mode · . Check accessibility. . . .
· Enable/disable process accounting . . . .
acct.h. accton. acosO. action.h . . address . . aha154x . alarmO . . alarm20 alias . . . . aliases . . alignment alloc.h . . allocaO ar . . . ar.h . . . arena . . argc . . . argv . . . . ARHEAD . array . . ARTAIL. as 286 as 386 ASCII . . ascii.h. asctimeO . asfIx . . . AS HEAD asinO . . ASKCC. assertO . . assert.h. ASTAIL. asy at . . . . at . . . atanO. atan20 ATclock. atof() atoiO . . atolO . . atrun . auto. awk . . bad . . badscan banner. basename bc . . bind . . . bit . . . . bit-fIelds .
· Format for process-accounting fIle. . . . · Enable/disable process accounting . . . · Calculate inverse cosine. . . . · Describe parsing action and goto tables.
· Adaptec AHA-154x device driver. · Set a timer. .
· Set an alarm. . . . . · Set an alias . . . . . · File of users' aliases
· DefIne the allocator.
· Dynamically allocate space on the stack · The librarian / archiver .
· Format for archive fIles. . .
· Argument passed to mainO · Argument passed to mainO
· Append options to beginning of ar command line .
· Append options to end of ar command line. · i80286 assembler.
· i80386 assembler. . . .
· DefIne non-printable ASCII characters · Convert time structure to ASCII string
· Convert assembly-language programs into as 80386 format. · Append options to beginning of as command line .
· Calculate inverse sine . . . .
· Force prompting for CC names. . . . · Check assertion at run time . . . . · DefIne assertO. . . . · Append options to end of as command line. · Device driver for asynchronous serial lines . · Drivers for hard-disk partitions . .
. . Execute commands at given time. · Calculate inverse tangent . . . . . · Calculate inverse tangent . . . . . · Read or set the AT realtime clock. · Convert ASCII strings to floating point · Convert ASCII strings to integers. . . . · Convert ASCII strings to long integers. . . Execute commands at a preset time.
· Note an automatic variable · Pattern -scanning language · Maintain list of bad blocks · Build bad block list. . . . . · Print large letters . . . .
· Strip path information from a fIle name. · Interactive calculator with arbitrary precision . · Bind key sequence to editing command.
bit map . . block . . boot . . . . boot.fha. booting . . boottime brc . . . . break. break . . brkO . . bsearchO. buf.h . . buffer . . build . builtin byte . . byte ordering. .
c . • . . .
cabsO . . . . cal . . . . calendar . . . . calling conventions . callocO . . . . candaddrO .. candev(). caninoO· . canintO . . canlongO. canon.h . . canshortO cansizeO . cantimeO. canvaddrO . captoinfo. case. case . . cast. cat . . . caveat utilitor . cc .
ccO ccl cc2 cc3 CCHEAD . CCTAIL. cd . . . cdmp ceilO. cgrep char. chars.h . . chase . . .
· Boot block for hard-disk partition/nine-sector diskette · Boot block for floppy disk . . . . · How booting works. . . . · File that holds time system was last booted . . . . . . Perform maintenance chores. single-user mode.
· Exit from shell construct . . . . · Exit from loop or switch statement. . · Change size of data area.
· Search an array. . . . · Buffer header . . . .
· Install COHERENT onto a hard disk.
· Execute a command as a built-in command.
· Machine-dependent ordering of bytes . · Print multi-column output . . . . · Complex absolute value function. · Print a calendar . . .
· Reminder service . . . .
· Allocate dynamic memory. .
· Convert a daddr t to canonical format. · Convert a dev t to canonical format . · Convert an ino t to canonical format · Convert an int to canonical format. . · Convert a long to canonical format. . · Portable layout of binary data. . . . . · Convert a short to canonical format. · Convert an fsize t to canonical format. · Convert a time
t
to canonical format . · . Convert a vaddr t to canonical format. · . Convert termcap data to terminfo form . .· . Execute commands conditionally according to pattern. · Introduce entry in switch statement.
· . Concatenate/print files
· . C compiler .
· . Append options to beginning of cc command line . · . Append options to end of cc command line. . .. Change directory . . . .
· . Dump COFF files into a readable form · Set numeric ceiling. . . . · . Pattern search for C source programs. · . Data type . . . .
· . Character definitions. . . . . · '. Highly amusing video game.
chdirO . . . check . . . checklist. chgrp . . chmod . chmodO. chmog . . chown . . chownO. chroot . . chrootO. ckermit. C keywords .. C language. clear . . . . clearerrO . closeO . . . closedirO . clri . . cmp . . . . coff.h . . . COHERENT. col . . com. coml com2 com3 com4 comm. commands. compress. con.h . . console. const . . . const.h. continue continue conv. core . . cosO . . coshO. cp . . cpdir cpio. cpp .
Cpreprocessor creatO . . . cron . . . . crontab . . crypt . cryptO. ct . . ctags .
· Change working directory. . . . · Check file system . . . . · File systems to check when booting COHERENT · Change the group owner of a file. . . . · Change the modes of a file. . . . · Change file-protection modes . . . . · Change mode, owner, and group simultaneously. · Change the owner of files .
· Change ownership of a file . . . . · Change root directory . . . . · Change the root directory . . . . · Interactive inter-system communication and file transfer
· Clear the screen. . . . · Present stream status · Close a file . . . . · Close a directory stream . · Clear i-node . . . . · Compare bytes of two files.
· Format for COHERENT 386 objects · Principles of the COHERENT System · Remove reverse and half-line motions. · Device drivers for asynchronous serial lines · Device driver for asynchronous serial line COM 1 · Device driver for asynchronous serial line COM2 · Device driver for asynchronous serial line COM3 · Device driver for asynchronous serial line COM4 · Print common lines.
· Compress a file . . . . · Configure device drivers . · Console device driver. . .
· Qualify an identifier as not modifiable. · Declare machine-dependent constants
· Terminate current iteration of shell construct . · Force next iteration of a loop
· Numeric base converter · Core dump file format . . . . · Calculate cosine. . . . · Calculate hyperbolic cosine . · Copy a file . . . . · Copy directory hierarchy. · Archiving/backup utility. · C preprocessor . . . .
· Create/truncate a file
· Execute commands periodically
· Copy a command file into the crontab directory . · Encrypt/decrypt text. . . .
· Encryption using rotor algorithm. . . . . · Controlling terminal driver . . . . · Generate tags and refs files for vi editor.
ctime() ctype . . ctype.h . curses . . curses.h cut . . . .
cwo ..
daemon. data formats. data types date. db . . . . dc . . . dcheck dd . . . decvax_dO decvax f(). default . . defined . . definitions deftty.h . . deroff . . . detab . . . device drivers df . . diff . . diffS . dir.h. directory . dirent.h. dirs . . . disable div() . . . do . . . domain. dos . . doscat . . . doscp . . doscpdir dosdel . . . dosdir . . dosformat doslabel. . dosls . . . dosmkdir. dosrm . . . dosrmdir. double drvld . . . drvld.all.
duo . . .
dump . . . dumpdate
· Convert system time to an ASCII string.
· Header file for data tests. . . . · Library of screen-handling functions . . · Define functions and macros in curses library . · Select portions of each line of its input · Current working directory. .
· Print/set the date and time. · Assembler-level symbolic debugger · Desk calculator . . . .
· Check directory consistency. . . . .. · File conversion . . . .
· Convert a double from IEEE to DECV AX format. · Convert a float from IEEE to DECVAX format · Default label in switch statement . . . . . · Perform an action if a macro is defined . .
· Define default tty settings . . . . · Remove text formatting control information · Replace tab characters with spaces . . . .
· Measure free space on disk . . . . · . Summarize differences between two files . · Summarize differences among three files. · Directory format. . . .
· Define dirent. . . . · Print the contents of the directory stack · Disable a port . . . .
· . Perform integer division . . . . · . Introduce a loop. . . . · . Set your system's mail domain. . . . · Manipulate files on MS-DOS file systems. · Concatenate a file on an MS-DOS file system · Copy files to/from an MS-DOS file system .. · Copy a directory to/from an MS-DOS file system. · Delete a file from an MS-DOS file system.
· List contents of an MS-DOS directory . · Format a floppy disk . . . . . . . . . · Label an MS-DOS floppy disk . . . . · List files on an MS-DOS fIle system . . . . · Create a directory in an MS-DOS file system. · Remove a file from an MS-DOS file system .. · Remove a directory from an MS-DOS file system · Data type . . . .
· Load a loadable driver into memory . · Load loadable drivers at boot time . . . . Summarize disk usage. . . .
· File-system backup utility .. · Print dump dates . . . .
dumpdir . . . dumptape.h . dup() . . dup20 . . ebcdic.h echo . . . ed . . . . . EDITOR . . egrep . . else . . . elvis . . . enable .. endgrentO endpwentO . . enum . .
ENV . . .
env . . . environ.
· . Print the directory of a dump. . . . · Define data structures used on dump tapes . · Duplicate a file descriptor. . . . · Duplicate a file descriptor. . . .
· . Define constants for non-printable EBCDIC characters · . Repeat/expand an argument.
· . Interactive line editor. . . . . . . Name editor to use by default. .
· Extended pattern search. . . . . · Introduce a conditional statement . . · Clone of Berkeley-standard screen editor. · Enable a port . . . .
· . Close group file . . . . · Close password file. . . . · Declare a type and identifiers. · File read to set environment. .
· Execute a command in an environment .. · Process environment . . .
environmental variables . envp . . .
EOF . . . . epson . . ermo . . errno.h. eval . ex . . . . . exec . . . . execlO .. . execleO . execlpO. execu table file . execution. execv() .. execveO. execvpO. exit. exitO . . expO . . export. expr . . extern .. fabsO . factor. false . . . fblk.h . fc . . . . FCEDIT. fcloseO fcntIO . fcntl.h. fd . . . fd.h . . fdformat
· Argument passed to mainO . · . Indicate end of a file . . . . . · Print files on Epson printer .
· External integer for return of error status · Error numbers used by errnoO .
· Evaluate arguments . . . . . · Berkeley-style line editor . . . · Execute command directly . · Execute a load module. · . Execute a load module. .
· Execute a load module. .
· Execute a load module. . · Execute a load module. · Execute a load module. · Exit from a shell. . . . .
· Terminate a program gracefully. . · . Compute exponent . . . .
· Add a shell variable to the environment. . · . Compute a command-line expression.
· Declare storage class. . . . . · Compute absolute value. . . . · Factor a number . . . . . . . · Unconditional failure. . . . . · Define the disk-free block ..
· Edit and re-execute one or more previous commands · Editor used by fc command. . . . · Close a stream. . . . · Control open files. . . . · Manifest constants for file-handling functions . · Floppy disk driver. . . .
· Declare file-descriptor structure . · Low-level format a floppy disk .
fdioct1.h. fdisk . . . fdisk.h . fdopen(). feof() . . ferrorO fflushO fgetcO. fgetsO. fgetwO. field. file . . . file . . FILE.
file descriptor file formats. file no
0
filsys.h . . filter . . . find . . . . fixstack. fixtermO float . . . . floorO . . . floppy disks . fnkey . . fopenO for . . for . . . forkO . fortune. fperr.h . . fprintf() . . fputcO. fputsO. fputwO freadO . . freeO . . freopenO frexpO. from . . fscanf() fsck . . fseekO. fstatO . fstatfsO . ftellO . . . ftimeO . . function fwriteO . fwtable . gcdO . . .
general functions .
· Control floppy-disk I/O . . . . · Hard-disk partitioning utility . . . . . · . Fixed-disk constants and structures.
· Open a stream for standard I/O · Discover stream status . . . · . Discover stream status. . . . .
· Flush output stream's buffer . · Read character from stream. · . Read line from stream . . . . · . Read integer from stream . .
· Guess a file's type . . . . · Descriptor for a file stream .
· . Get file descriptor. . . .
· Structures and constants for super block.
· Search for files satisfying a pattern . · Change stack allocation . . . . · Set the terminal into program mode. · Data type . . . . · Set a numeric floor . . . .
· Set/print function keys for the console .. · Open a stream for standard I/O . . . · Execute commands for tokens in list · Control a loop . . . . · . Create a new process. . . .
· Print randomly selected, hopefully humorous, text . · Constants used with floating-point exception codes. · . Print formatted output into file stream
· Write character into file stream. · Write string into file stream. . . . · Write an integer into a stream . . . . . · Read data from file stream. . . . · . Return dynamic memory to free memory pool .
· Open file stream for standard I/O . . . · Separate fraction and exponent. . . . · Generate list of numbers, for use in loop . . . · Format input from a file stream . . . . · . Check and repair file systems interactively ..
· Seek on file stream. . . . · . Find file attributes . . . .
· Get information about a file system . . · Return current position of file pOinter.
· Get the current time from the operating system.
· Write into file stream. . . . · Build font-width table . . . . · Set variable to greatest common divisor. .
getcO . . . getcharO . getdentsO. getegidO. getenv() . . geteuidO . getgidO . . getgrentO. getgrgidO . getgmamO . . getloginO . getoptO. getopts . getpassO getpgrpO getpidO . . getpw() . getpwentO getpwnamO. getpwuidO getsO .. getty . . . getuidO. getw() . . . getwdO . . GMT . . . gmtimeO goto . . grep . . group. grp.h . gttyO . guess. hard disk. hash . . . . hdioctl.h . head . . . . header files. help . . . . HOME . . . hp . . . hpd . . hpr . . hpskip hs . . . hypotO i-node. icheck . . ieee dO . ieee-ft) if ..
-if. .
IFS .
· Read character from file stream . . . · Read character from standard input. . " · Read directory entries . . . .
· Get effective group identifier · Read environmental variable · Get effective user identifier . . · . Get real group identifier . . .
· Get group file information ..
· Get grou p file information, by group id · Get group file information, by group name. · Getlogin name . . . .
· Get option letter from argv . . · Parse command-line options. · Get password With prompting. · Get process group number . . · Get process identifier. . . . · Search password file . . . . · Get password file information.
· Get password file information, by name. · Get password file information, by id . · Read string from standard input . · Terminal initialization . . . . · . Get real user identifier. . . . · . Read word from file stream . . . . · . Get current working directory name.
· Convert system time to calendar structure . · Unconditionally jump within a function. · Pattern search. . . .
· Group file format . . . . · Declare group structure . . . . · Device-dependent control . . . . · Extraordinarily amusing guessing game .
· Add a command to the shell's hash table. · Control hard-disk I/O . . . .
· Print the beginning of a file . . . .
· . Print concise description of command. · . User's home directory . . . .
· Prepare files for Hewlett-Packard LaserJet printer. · Hewlett-Packard LaserJet printer spooler daemon. · Send file to Hewlett-Packard LaserJet printer spooler. · Abort/restart current listing on Hewlett-Packard LaserJet. · Device driver for polled serial ports . .
· Compute hypotenuse of right triangle. . . . · COHERENT system file identifier. . . . · . i-node consistency check . . . . · Convert a double from DECVAX to IEEE format .. · Convert a float from DECVAX to IEEE format · . Execute a command conditionally . . .
· Introduce a conditional statement. . . · Characters recognized as white space.
indexO . infocmp. init . . . initialization. ino.h . . inode.h. install . . int . . . . interrupt. io.h . ioctlO . . . ipc.h . . . . isalnumO. isalphaO isasciiO . isatty() . iscntrlO. isdigitO . islowerO . . isposO . . isprintO. ispunctO iss pace 0
isupperO itomO. JOO.
j 10.
jnO. jobs. jOin. kermit.
keyboard tables . kill . .
killO . . . . ksh . . . . KSH VERSION 1 . . -: . . . L-devices. l.out.h. L.sys . . . 13toiO . . . LASTERROR. lc . . . Id . . . . . IdexpO . . . LDHEAD. IdivO . . . LDTAIL. let . . . . . lex . . . . Lexicon.
If . . . .
libmisc .
· Find a character in a string. · De-compile a terminfo file . . . · System initialization . . . .
· Constants and structures for disk i-nodes .
· Constants and structures for memory-resident i-nodes
730 731 731 732 735 735 735 738 738 738 738 739 739 739 740 740 740 740 741 741 741 741 742 742 742 743 744 744 744 745 746 749 753 754 754 773 774 774 775 776 778 779 779 780 783 783 783 784 784 784 787 788 788 · Install a software update onto COHERENT.
· Data type . . . .
· Constants and structures used by I/O · Device-dependent control . . . . · Definitions for process communications · Check if a character is a number or letter · Check if a character is a letter . . . . · Check if a character is an ASCII character. · Check if a device is a terminal . . . . . . Check if a character is a control character . · Check if a character is a numeral . . . · Check if a character is a lower-case letter. · Return if variable is positive or negative .. · Check if a character is printable . . . . · Check if a character is a punctuation mark · Check if a character prints white space . . . · Check if a character is an upper-case letter · Create a multiple-precision integer. · Compute Bessel function
· Compute Bessel function .. · Compute Bessel function .. · Print information about jobs · Join two data bases . . . . .
· Inter-system communication and file transfer . · How to write a keyboard table
· Signal a process. . . .
· Kill a system process. . . . · The Korn shell. . . . · List current version of Korn shell. · List directory's contents in long format . · Describe devices used by UUCP . . . . . · Format for COHERENT 286 objects . . . . . Format for UUCP site descriptions. . . .
· Convert file system block number to long integer . · Program that last generated an error . . . . . · List directory's contents in columnar format. · Link relocatable object modules . . . . · Combine fraction and exponent . . . . · Append options to beginning of ld command line · Perform long integer division . . . . · Append options to end of ld command line . · Evaluate an expression . .
· Lexical analyzer generator. . . .
LIBPATH. libraries. limits.h. lines . . . linkO . . .
linker-defined symbols. In . . .
localtimeO logO . . . loglOO lOgin . . logmsg . long . . longjmpO. look. Ip . . . . Ipd . . . . . Ipioctl.h. Ipr . . . Ipskip. Ir . . . . Is . . . IseekO. ltol30 . lvalue.
Ix .. . m4 . . .
machine.h macro. maddO mail . . mail . . mainO.
major number. make . . . mallocO. malloc.h man . . . man . . .
manifest constant. math.h . . . . mathematics library mboot . . .
mcmpO . . mcopyO . . mdata.h mdivO. me . . . . . mem . . . memccpy() . memchrO. memcmpO memcpyO.
· Directories that hold compiler phases and libraries.
· Define numerical limits . . . · Highly amusing board game. · Create a link. . . .
· Create a link to a file. . . . .
· Convert system time to calendar structure . · Compute natural logarithm . . . .
· Compute common logarithm . . . · Log in or change user name. . . . · Hold COHERENT Login Message. · Data type . . . . · Return from a non-local goto . . . · Find matching lines in a sorted file · Line printer driver . . . . · Line printer spooler daemon . . . . · Definitions for line-printer I/O control · Send to line printer spooler. . . . · Terminate/restart current line printer listing · List subdirectories' contents in columnar format · List directory's contents . . . . · Set read/write position . . . . · Convert long integer to file system block number .
· List directory's contents in columnar format. · Macro processor. . . .
· Machine-dependent definitions.
· Add multiple-precision integers. · Electronic mail system. . . . · Computer mail . . . . · Introduce program's main function · Device numbering. . . . · Program building discipline. . . . . · Allocate dynamic memory. . . .
· Definitions for memory-allocation functions · Manual macro package . . . . .
· Print Lexicon entries . . . .
· Declare mathematics functions.
· Master boot block for hard disk · Compare multiple-precision integers · Copy a multiple-precision integer .. · Define machine-specific magic numbers · Divide multiple-precision integers . . . . · MicroEMACS screen editor . . . . · Physical memory file . . . . · Copy a region of memory up to a set character · Search a region of memory for a character . · Compare two regions. . . . · Copy one region of memory into another . .
memmoveO . . . . . memokO . . . . memory allocation memsetO. mesg . . . . minO . . . . minitO . . . . minor number. mintfrO. mitomO. mkdir . . mkdirO . mkfnames mkfs . . . mknod . . mknodO . . mktempO. mnegO . . mnttab.h. modem . . modemcap. modem control modeminit. modf() . . modulus mon.h. moo. more. motd . mountO. mount.aU. mount . . mount.h moutO . . mprec.h. ms . . . . MS-DOS msg . . . msg . . . msg.h .. msgctlO. msggetO. msgrcv() msgs .. msgsndO. msig.h msqrtO msubO mtab.h mtioctl.h . mtoiO .. mtosO . . mtypeO.
· Copy region of memory into area it overlaps · Test if the arena is corrupted.
· Fill an area with a character . . . . . . Permit / deny messages from other users
· Read multiple-precision integer from stdin .
· Condition global or auto multiple-precision integer. · Device numbering . . . .
· Free a multiple-precision integer. . . . . · Reinitialize a multiple-precision integer. · Create a directory. . . . · Create a directory. . . . 0 • • • •
. . Generate data base of user names . · Make a new file system. . . . · Make a special file or named pipe · Create a special file. . . . · Generate a temporary file name . · Negate multiple-precision integer. · Structure for mount table. . .
· Modem-description language .
· Initialize a modem . . . . · Separate integral part and fraction.
· Read profile output files . . . . · Greatly amusing numeric guessing game. · Display text one page at a time. . . · File that holds message of the day. · Mount a file system. . . . · Mount file systems at boot time · Mount a file system. . . . · Define the mount table. . . .
· Write multiple-precision integer to stdout · Multiple-precision arithmetic.
· Manuscript macro package 0 • • • • • · That other operating system . . . . . · Message device driver . . . . · Send a brief message to other users . · Definitions for message facility . · Message control operations . . . . · Get message queue. . . . · Receive a message . . . .
· Read messages intended for all COHERENT users · Send a message. . . . · Machine-dependent signals. . . : . . . . · Compute square root of multiple-precision integer · Subtract multiple-precision integers . . . . · Currently mounted file systems . . . . · Magnetic-tape I/O control . . . . · Convert multiple-precision integer to integer. · Convert multiple-precision integer to string · Return symbolic machine type . . . .
mtype.h. . . List processor code numbers . . . . . multO . . . Multiply multiple-precision integers . . multiple-precision mathematics . . . . mv. . . Rename files or directories . . . mvdir . . . Rename a directory. . . . mvfreeO. . Free multiple-precision integer. n.out.h . . Define n.out file structure. . . . named pipe . . . .
ncheck . . Print file names corresponding to i-node . newgrp . . Change to a new group. . . . newusr . . Add new user to COHERENT system nkb . . . Device driver for console keyboard. nlistO . . . Symbol table lookup . . . . nm. . . Print a program's symbol table . . . . notmemO . . Check if memory is allocated . . . . . nptx. . . . Generate permutations of users' full names nroff. . . . Text-formatting language
NUL.. . . . . . NULL. . . . . . null . . . The 'bit bucket' nybble . . . . object format. . . .
od . . . Print an octal dump of a file. openO. . . Open a file . . . . opendirO . Open a directory stream .. . operator . . . . PAGER. . Specify Output Filter . . . . .
param.h . Define machine-specific parameters. passwd . . Set! change login password . . . .
passwd . . Password file format . . . . paste . . Merge lines of files . . . . patch . . Modify portions of an executable. pathO . . Path name for a file. . . . PATH. . Directories that hold executable files
path.h. . Define/declare constants and functions used with path. paths. . Routing data base for mail .
pattern. . . . . . pauseO . . Wait for Signal . . . . pax . . . . Portable archive interchange pcloseO . . Close a pipe . . . . Permissions . Format of UUCP permissions file. perrorO . . System call error messages . . . .
phone. . . . Print numbers and addresses from phone directory. pipe. . . . . . .
pipeO . . . . Open a pipe . . . . pnmatchO . Match string pattern . . . . pOinter. . . . . . polIO. . . . Query severall/O devices.
poll.h . . . Define structures / constants used with polling devices. popd. . . . Pop an item from the directory stack
popenO . . Open a pipe port . . .
pow() pow() pr . . prep . . print. printer printfl) proc.h. process. prof . . profile. . profile prps. ps . PSI. PS2. ptraceO.
pty . . .
pun . . . pushd . . putcO . . . putcharO. putpO . . putsO. putwO . . pwd . . . pwd.h . . qfind . qsortO. quot . . ram . . ramdisk. randO . . random access. ranlib.
rc . . . read . . readO . . readdirO readonly readonly
read-only memory. realloc() . . reboot . . ref . . . register.
register variable. rename . . . resettermO . restor . . return . . rev . . . rewindO.
· Raise multiple-precision integer to power. · Compute a power of a number . . . . · Paginate and print files . . . . · Produce a word list. . . . · Echo text onto the standard output.
· Print formatted text. . . .
· Define structures / constants used with processes.
· Print execution profile of a C program. . . . · Set user's environment at lOgin. . . . . . Set user's personal environment at login . . . . · Prepare files for PostScript-compatible printer. · Print process status . . . . · User's default prompt . . . .
· Prompt when user continues command onto additional lines . 926 926 926 927 928 928 931 933 933 933 934 934 935 937 939 939 939 941 942 942 943 943 944 944 944 945 945 946 946 947 949 950 951 951 952 952 952 953 954 954 954 955 955 955 955 956 956 956 957 957 959 960 960 · Trace process execution . . . .
· Device driver for pseudoterminals . . .
· Push an item onto the directory stack. · Write character into stream. . . . · Write a character onto the standard output · Write a string into the standard window · Write string onto standard output . . . . · Write word into stream. . . . · Print the name of the current directory . · Declare password structure. . . . · Quickly find all files with a given name . . . Sort arrays in memory. . . . .
· Summarize file-system usage. . . . · Driver for manipulating RAM . . . . · Script to create a RAM-disk . . . · Generate pseudo-random numbers
· Create index for object library . . . . · Perform standard maintenance chores · Assign values to shell variables. . . · Read from a file . . . . · Read a directory stream . . . . · Mark a shell variable as read only . · Storage class . . . .
· Reallocate dynamic memory. . . · Reboot the COHERENT system. · Display a C function header. · Storage class. . . .
· How to rename a file . . . .
· Reset the terminal to its previous settings · Restore file system . . . . · Return a value and control to calling function. · Print text backwards.
rewinddirO . rindexO. rm . . . rmail . rmdir . rmdir() root . . . rpowO. RS-232. rubik . . rvalue . . sa . . . . sbrkO . . scanf() .. . scat . . . sched.h. SCSI. .. sdiv() .. SECONDS security. sed . . . seekdirO seg.h .. sem . . . sem.h .. semctlO. semgetO. semopO. set . . . . setbufO. setgidO . setgrentO. setjmpO .. setjmp.h . setpgrpO . setpwentO settzO . . . setuidO .. setuptermO. sgtty . . sgtty.h .. sh . . . SHELL .. shellsortO. shift . . shm . . . shm.h . . shmctlO. shmgetO short . . shutdown signalO .. signal.h ..
· Rewind a directory stream. . · Find a character in a string. · . Remove files . . . . .
· Receive UUCP mail . · Remove directories . · Remove a directory.
· Raise multiple-precision integer to power. · COM port wiring . . . . · Play Rubik's cube. . . .
· . Print a summary of process accounting. . · . Increase a program's data space . . . . .
· Accept and format input. . . . · Print text files one screenful at a time .. · Define constants used with scheduling. · SCSI device drivers. . . . · Divide multiple-precision integers . . . · Number of seconds since current shell started.
· Stream editor . . . . · Reset the position within a directory stream . · Definitions used with segmentation . . · Semaphore d~vice driver. . . . · Definitions used by semaphore facility · Control semaphore operations . . . . . · Get a set of semaphores . . . . · Perform semaphore operations . . . . .
· Set shell option flags and positional parameters. · Set alternative stream buffers.
· Set group id and user id . . . . · Rewind group file . . . . · Perform non-local goto . . . . . · Define setjmpO and longjmpO . · Set process group number. · Rewind password file. . · Set local time zone . · Set user id . . . . · Initialize a terminal. . · General terminal interface. .
· Definitions used to control terminal I/O . · The Bourne shell . . . .
· Name the default shell. . . . · Sort arrays in memory. . . . · Shift positional parameters . · Shared memory device driver .
· Definitions used with shared memory . · Control shared-memory operations . · . Get shared-memory segment . . . . . · Data type . . . . · . Shut down the COHERENT system · . Specify disposition of a signal.
· Declare signals . . . .
signame sinO . . sinhO . size . . sizeof . sleep . sleepO. sloadO. smail . smultO sort . . spell . . split . . spow() . . sprintf() .
sqrto ..
srandO . srcpath. ss . . . . sscanf() . stack . . standard error. standard input standard output. statO .
stat.h. statfsO static. stdarg.h .. stddef.h. stderr. stdin . STDIO . . stdio.h stdlib.h. stdout . . sticky bit . stimeO . . storage class. strcat() . strchrO . strcmp(). strcollO . strcpyO. strcspnO stream. stream.h. strerrorO . string.h . . string functions . strings
strip . . strlenO
· Array of names of signals · Calculate sine . . . . · Calculate hyperbolic sine · Print size of an object file · Return size of a data element. · Stop executing for a specified time. . . Suspend execution for interval. . . .
· Load device driver. . . . · Send UUCP mail . . . . · Multiply multiple-precision integers. · Sort lines of text. . . . · Find spelling errors . . . . · Split a text file into smaller files . . . · Raise multiple-precision integer to power. · Format output. . . .
· Compute square root. . . . · Seed random number generator . . . . · Find source files. . . . · Future Domain/SeagateSCSI device driver · Format a string .
· Find file attributes .
· Definitions and declarations used to obtain file status. · Get information about a file system. : . . .
· Declare storage class. . . . · Header for variable numbers of arguments. · Header for standard definitions.
1011 1011 1011 1012 1012 1013 1013 1014 1014 1018 1018 1019 1020 1021 1021 1021 1022 1022 1022 1024 1025 1025 1025 1026 1026 1028 1028 1029 1029 1029 1030 · . . . 1030 · . . . 1030 · Declarations and definitions for I/O. 1031 · Declare / define general functions. 1031 · . . . 1032 · . . . 1032
· Set the time 1032
· . . . 1033
· Concatenate strings 1033
strncatO . strncmpO. strncpyO . strpbrkO strrchrO. strspnO. strstrO . strtodO . strtokO . strtolO .. strtoulO. struct .. structure. structure assignment. strxfrmO
sttyO . . . stty . . . su . . . . . suloadO. sum . . . superuser swabO. switch. sync . . syncO. systemO. . system calls .
system maintenance . tail. . .
tanO . . tanhO. tape . . tar . . . tboot .
technical information. tee . . . .
telldirO . . . . . tempnamO. TERM . . . term . . . . termcap. terminal. terminfo . termio . . . termio.h test . . . tgetentO. tgetflagO tgetnumO. tgetstrO .. tgotoO. tic . . tickO . .
· Append one string onto another . . . . · Compare two strings . . . . · Copy one string into another . . . . · Find first occurrence of a character from another string . . · Search for rightmost occurrence of a character in a string. · Return length a string includes characters in another . · Find one string within another. . . .
· Convert string to floating-point number .. · Break a string into tokens. . . . · Convert string to long integer. . . .. · Convert string to unSigned long integer .. · Data type . . . .
· Transform a string . · Set terminal modes.
· Set/print terminal modes ..
· Substitute user id, become superuser. · Unload device driver ..
· Print checksum of a file
· Swap a pair of bytes . . · Test a variable against a table · Flush system buffers . . . . · . Flush system buffers. . . .
· Pass a command to the shell for execution. · COHERENT system calls.
· Print the end of a file . . . · Calculate tangent. . . . . · Calculate hyperbolic cosine . · Magnetic tape devices . . . . · . V7 tape archive manager .' .
· Describe the tertiary bootstrap .
· Branch pipe output . . . .
· Return the current position within a directory stream · Generate a unique name for a temporary file.
· Name the default terminal type. . · . Format of compiled terminfo file . · Terminal-description language .
· terminal description language . · General terminal interface. . . . .
· Definitions used with terminal input and output. · Evaluate conditional expression
· Read termcap entry . . . . · Get termcap Boolean entry . . . · Get termcap numeric feature . . · Get termcap string entry. . . . .
· Read/interpret termcap cursor-addressing string . · Compile a terminfo description.
· Get time . . . .
time. time. timeO time.h. timeb.h. timef.h . timeout.h. times . . times.h . . timesO . . TIMEZONE. TMPDIR. . tmpnam(). tolowerO . touch . . . toupperO . tparmO. tputsO. tr . . trap. troff . true. tsort. ttt . . tty . . tty.h. ttynameO. ttys . . . ttyslotO . . ttystat . . . type checking typedef . . . type promotion types.h . typeset typo . . . umask . . umaskO. umount. umountO. unalias . . unameO . . uncompress . ungetcO. union . . uniq . . . uniqueO. units . . unlinkO. unmkfs. unsigned. until . . . update . .
· Time the execution of a command . · Get current system time . . . . · Give time-description structure .. . · Declare timeb structure . . . . · Definitions for user-level timed functions. · Define the timer queue. . . . · Print total user and system times . . . · Definitions used with timesO system call. · Obtain process execution times . . . . · Time zone information . . . . · Directory that holds temporary files . . . . · Generate a unique name for a temporary file. · Convert characters to lower case.
· Update modification time of a file . . . . · Convert characters to upper case . . . . · Output a parameterized string . . . . · Read / decode leading padding information . · Translate characters . . . . · Execute command on receipt of signal · Extended text-formatting language. · Unconditional success .
· Topological sort . . . . · Play 3-D tic-tac-toe . . . . · Print the user's terminal name . . . · Define flags used with tty processing · Identify a terminal . . . . · Describe terminal ports . . . . · Return a terminal's line number. · Get terminal status. . .
· Define a new data type .
· Declare system-specific data types. · Set/list variables and their attributes.
· Detect possible typographical and spelling errors . · Set the file-creation mask .
· Set file-creation mask . · Unmount file system . . · U nmount a file system. · Remove an alias. .. . . .
· Get the name and version of COHERENT. · U ncompress a compressed file . . . . · Return character to input stream . . . . . · Multiply declare a variable. . . . · Remove/ count repeated lines in a sorted file . · Return a unique long integer . . .
· Convert measurements . . . . · Remove a file. . . . · Construct a prototype file system · Data type . . . . · Execute commands repeatedly . · Update file systems periodically
uproc.h. USER .. ustar . ustatO. utimeO utmp.h. utsname.h. uucheck uucico UUCP .. uucp .. uucpname. uudecode. uuencode. uuinstall . uulog . . . uumvlog . uuname . uurmlock. uutouch uux . . . uuxqt .. . va_argO. va endO. va-startO.
variable arguments. vi . . .
vidattrO. vidputsO view. virec . . void . . volatile wait. waito wall. wc . . whence. whereis. which. while while. who . . wildcards.
· Definitions used with user processes · Name user's identifier . . . . · Process tape archives . . . . · Get statistics on a file system . . . . . · Change file access and modification times · Login accounting information. . . . · Define utsname structure . . . . · Sanity-check the UUCP system. . . . . · Transmit data to or from a remote site
· Unattended communication with remote systems. · Ready files for transmission to other systems . . . · Set the system's UUCP name. . . . . . Decode a binary file sent from a remote system .
· Encode a binary file for transmission · Install UUCP. . . .. · Examine UUCP operations . . . . · Archive UUCP log files . . . . · List UUCP names of known systems. · Remove UUCP lock files . . . . · Touch a file to trigger uucico poll . . . · Execute a command on a remote system.
· Execute commands requested by a remote system · Return pointer to next argument in argument list. · Tidy up after traversal of argument list .
· Point to beginning of argument list .
· Clone of Berkeley-style screen editor. · Set the terminal's video attributes .. · Write video attributes into a function . · Screen-oriented viewing utility . . .
· Recover the modified version of a file after a crash · Data type . . . . · Qualify an identifier as frequently changing . · Await completion of background process . . . . · Await completion of a child process . . . . · Send a message to all logged -in users. . . . . · Count words, lines, and characters in text files · List a command's type. . . . · Locate source, binary, and manual files. · Locate executable files . . . . · Execute commands repeatedly . · Introduce a loop . . . . · Print who is logged in . . . .
write. . . Converse with another user. writeO . . Write to a file . . . .
xgcdO . . Extended greatest-common-divisor function . yacc . . Parser generator. . . . yes. . . . Print infinitely many responses . . . . zcat . . . Concatenate a compressed file . . . . zeropO. . Indicate if multi-precision integer is zero .
Error Messages. . . . .
COHERENT System Error Messages. . . ..
Compiler Error Messages .. as 286 Error Messages. . as 386 Error Messages. cpp Error Messages. ccO Error Messages. . . cc 1 Error Messages. . . cc2 Error Messages. . . ld 286 Error Messages. . ld 386 Error Messages . fsck Error Messages . . . . . Initialization. . . .
Phase 1: Check Blocks and Sizes. . Phase 1 b: Rescan for more Duplicates. . Phase 2: Check Path Names . . . . . Phase 3: Check Connectivity . . . . Phase 4: Check Reference Counts . Phase 5: Check Free List. .
Phase 6: Salvage Free List. Cleanup . . . .
General Messages. make Error Messages .. nroff Error Messages .
Index . . . .
COHERENT is a professional operating system designed for use on machines that can run MS-DOS.
It has many of the same features and functionality of the UNIX operating system, but is the creation of Mark Williams Company. COHERENT gives your computer multi-tasking, multi-user capabilities without the tremendous overhead, both in hardware and money, required by current editions of UNIX. COHERENT is what UNIX used to be: an efficient system of selected tools and well-designed utilities, that brings out the best in modest computer systems.
The COHERENT system consists of the follOwing: A fully multi-tasking, multi-user kernel. Choice of Bourne or Korn shells.
The Mark Williams C compiler, linker, assembler, archiver, and other tools. A suite of commands, including editors, languages, tools, and utilities.
Drivers for peripheral devices, including terminals, ASCII printers, and the Hewlett-Packard LaserJet printer.
Libraries, including the standard C library and the mathematics library. Sample programs, including full source code for the MicroEMACS editor.
For a list of third-party programs that you can run under COHERENT, see the Release Notes that accompany this manual. New programs are released regularly, so consult the Mark Williams Bulletin Board for the latest information.
COHERENT comes in two editions: COHERENT 286 and COHERENT 386.
COHERENT 286
COHERENT 286 runs on all machines that are fully compatible with the IBM PC-AT. It reqUires 640 kilobytes of RAM, at least one high-density floppy disk drive, and a hard disk. It requires approximately ten megabytes of space on the hard disk, although it performs better when given more space than that.
COHERENT 286 is designed to work well on modest hardware. Therefore, all of its executables are compiled into the Intel SMALL model. This model uses 16-bit pointers and integers, and so allows a program a maximum of 64 kilobytes of code space and 64 kilobytes of data space. It uses the Mark Williams I.out format for its objects.
COHERENT 286 can also run on machines built around the Intel 80386 and 80486 microprocessors, but does not take advantage of their ability to address larger amounts of memory.
COHERENT 386
COHERENT 386 runs on machines built around the Intel 80386 and 80486 microprocessors. It
hard disk. It requires approximately 10 megabytes of space on the hard disk. although it performs better when given more space than that.
COHERENT 386 uses the Common Object File Format (COFF) for its executables. This offers many advantages. including the ability to execute some programs compiled under some versions of UNIX. The COHERENT-386 kernel can also execute programs compiled by COHERENT 286. which means that upgrading from COHERENT 286 to COHERENT 386 is relatively straightforward.
This manual is in two parts. The first part consists of a set of tutorials that introduce COHERENT and its utilities.
If you are new to COHERENT. you should first read the first tutorial. Using the COHERENT System.
This gives you an overview of COHERENT. and will get you up and running. It also includes information for advanced users on how to administer a COHERENT system properly.
The subsequent tutorials introduce the COHERENT shell. its editors. its languages. and its utilities.
The Lexicon
The second half of this manual is taken up by the Lexicon. The Lexicon consists of apprOximately 1.000 articles that summarize all library routines. system calls. and commands available under the COHERENT system. It also includes numerous articles that define terminology and give technical information.
The articles are arranged in alphabetical order. to make it easy for you to find information on any topic. The articles are also linked via their cross-references into a tree structure. with the "root" of the tree being the article titled Lexicon. You can trace from anyone article in the Lexicon to any other article simply by following the cross-references up and down the Lexicon's tree. The Index also references all topics discussed in the Lexicon or the tutorials. should you wish to look something up quickly.
If you are unfamiliar with a technical term used in this manual. look it up in the Lexicon. Chances are. you will find a full explanation. If you are not sure how to use the Lexicon. look up the entry for Lexicon within the Lexicon. This will help you get started. If you have struggled with multi-volume manuals for other operating systems. we think you will quickly come to appreciate the Lexicon.
The Lexicon is followed by a table of error messages. and an index.
The release notes that accompany this manual also describe how to install COHERENT.
The release notes also list hardware that is known to work with COHERENT. and they also list hardware that is known not to work with COHERENT. Before you begin to install COHERENT on your system. be sure to check those lists and make sure that your system is compatible with COHERENT.
Before you continue. fill out the User Registration Card that came with your copy of COHERENT. When you return this card. you become eligible for direct telephone support from the Mark Williams Company technical staff. and you will automatically receive information about all new releases and updates.
If you have comments or reactions to the COHERENT software or documentation. please fill out and mail the User Reaction Report included at the end of the manual. We especially wish to know if you found errors in this manual. Mark Williams Company needs your comments to continue to improve COHERENT.
Mark Williams Company provides free technical support to all registered users of COHERENT. If
you are experiencing difficulties with COHERENT. outside the area of programming errors. feel free to contact the Mark Williams Technical Support Staff. You can telephone during business hours (Central time). send electronic mail. or write. This support is available only if you have returned your User Registration Card for COHERENT.
Befor
