Chapter 20 napoleon

The Rise of Napoleon

•

Early military victories

– _{In a series of lightening victories Bonaparte crushed}

the Austrian and Sardinian armies.

– _{The Treaty of Campo Formio gave all of Italy and}

Switzerland to Napoleon

•

France versus England

– _{Napoleon knew he could not directly attack Britain} – _{Napoleon attacked British territories in the}

Mediterranean

– _{He was defeated in Egypt}

– _{The Russians, Austrians, and Ottomans joined Britain}

The Constitution of the Year VIII

constitution.

• _{Napoleon helped him by using the military for the coup}

• _{The proposed constitution called for a divided executive}

authority among three consuls.

• _{Napoleon pushed that idea aside and established the rule of}

one man – the First Council, namely himself.

• _{*****The Consulate in France}

– _{The creation of the Consulate in effect closed the revolution in} France.

Early Peace with Napoleon

•

Napoleon quickly made peace with all of France’s

enemies

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He restored peace and order at home.

•

He was ruthless in suppressing opposition.

•

He had secret police, stamped out the royalist

Concordat with the Roman Catholic Church

•

Napoleon and Pope Pius VII

– _{The Refractory clergy and those who had accepted the}

revolution were forced to resign

– _{The Pope selected their replacements based on}

spirituality.

– _{The State named the bishops and paid their salaries and}

the salary of one priest in each parish.

– _{The church gave up its rights to confiscated land.}

The Napoleonic Code

•

The Plebiscite ratified Napoleon as “Consul for

Life”.

•

By establishing a dynasty Napoleon thought

he would make France more secure.

•

Napoleon crowned himself – confirming that

Napoleonic Code

• _{Wrote the Civil Code of 1804 – a.k.a. The Napoleonic Code}

– _{Privileges based on birth were abolished.}

– _{Employment based on merit rather than purchase was enforced.}

– _{Workers organizations were forbidden}

– _{Fathers were granted extensive control over their children,}

Napoleon’s Empire 1804-1814

• _{Conquering an Empire and British Naval Supremacy} – _{Napoleon conquered most of Europe in a series of}

military campaigns.

– _{He could put as many as 700,000 men under arms at}

one time, risk as many as 100,000 men in a single battle, return and fight again. His men were extremely loyal.

– _{When Napoleon pushed Britain, they declared war.}

William Pitt the Younger returned as Prime Minister

– _{British Admiral Lord Nelson destroyed the combined}

Napoleonic victories in Central Europe

•

Mid-October forced Austrian army to surrender at Ulm

and occupied Vienna.

•

December 1805 Napoleon defeated the combined

Austrian and Russian forces at Austerlitz.

•

The Austrians withdrew from Italy and left Napoleon in

Cont.

•

He defeated the Prussian Army at the Battles

of Jena and Auestadt.

•

He issued the Berlin Decrees which forbade

his allies from importing British goods.

•

He went on to defeat the Russians at

Treaty of Tilsit

• _{Confirmed France’s gains in Europe. Reduced Prussia to}

half its previous size.

• _{Napoleon gave his stepson Italy, and his three brothers and}

his brother-in-law Kingdoms of other conquered states.

• _{This establishment of the Napoleonic family was a}

The Continental System

•

Napoleon knew that he must defeat the British to feel

safe. He decided to fight the British using economics.

•

He planned to cut off all British trade with the

European continent and thus cripple British

commercial and financial power.

•

Despite initial drops in exports the British economy

European Response to the Empire

•

Napoleon’s conquests stimulated the two most powerful

political forces in 19

century Europe: Liberalism and

Nationalism.

•

Wherever he conquered he imposed the Napoleonic

Code.

•

Hereditary social distinctions were abolished, Feudal

privileges disappeared, peasants were freed.

•

Established churches lost their traditional independence

The Wars of Liberation

•

Spain: When a revolt broke out in Madrid,

Napoleon used it as a “pretext” to depose the

Spanish Bourbons and to place his brother

Joseph on the throne.

•

The people used “Guerrilla Warfare” to stop

Wars of liberation continued

• _Austria

– _{Austria felt they could go to war with France now that Napoleon}

was busy in Spain.

– _{Napoleon marched swiftly into Austria and won the Battle of}

Wagram.

– _{The resulting peace of Schonbrunn deprived Austria of much}

territory and 3 ½ million subjects.

The Invasion of Russia

–

Napoleon amassed an army of more than 600,000

Frenchmen and more than 400,000 soldiers from

the rest of his empire.

–

The Russians had only about 160,000 troops and

they knew they could not win the battle.

• _{The Russians used a technique called “scorched-earth”}

destroying all food and supplies as they retreated.

• _{When the French arrived they had no food or water to}

Russia continued

•

Napoleon’s advisors urged him to abandon Russia but

he was afraid that if there was another defeat it would

undermine his position in the Empire and in France.

•

At Borodino the Bloodiest Battle of the Napoleonic era =

cost the French about 30,000 casualties, and the

Russians lost almost twice as many.

•

By October Napoleon was forced to retreat. By

European Coalition

• _{Napoleon was able to re-establish himself and gathered another 350,000 men to}

fight.

• _{Russia headed towards France. They were joined by Austria and Prussia, and}

England (Duke of Wellington).

• _{Napoleon’s troops were not prepared but they were able to defeat the allies at the}

Battle of Dresden.

• _{In October the allies were able to soundly defeat Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig}

in what the Germans called the Battle of the Nations.

• _{The allies marched into Paris and Napoleon was forced to abdicate and went into}

The Congress of Vienna/European Settlement

• _{Treaty of Chaumont March 1814 restored the Bourbons to}

the French throne and the contraction of France to its frontiers of 1792.

• _{Quadruple Alliance formed between Austria, Britain,}

Russia, and Prussia.

• _{All of the victors agreed that no single state should be}

•

To prevent the expansion of France the victors

created new states to block any French movement.

–

They established the kingdom of the Netherlands

Including Belgium in the north and added Genoa to

Piedmont in the South.

–

Prussia was given territory along the Rhine River to

deter French aggression in the west.

–

Austria was given full control of northern Italy to

The Hundred Days

• _{Napoleon returns from Elba on March 1, 1815 the French Army is still loyal to}

him.

• _{Restored to power, he promised a liberal constitution and a peaceful foreign}

policy.

• _{The allies declared him an outlaw and sent their armies to crush him.}

• _{Wellington with Field Marshal von Blucher defeated Napoleon at Waterloo}

in Belgium on June 18, 1815

• _{Napoleon was sent into exile on Saint Helena, off the coast of Africa where}