The First Global Age -
The Search For Spices
Chapter 15 & 16
Main Idea: A desire to share in the rich spice trade of the
East spurred Europeans to explore the oceans. Europeans Explore the Seas
The _Black_ Death and the breakup of the Mongol empire
disrupted trade between Europe and __Asia__. By the 1400s, Europe was well on its way to recovery and as population grew, so did the demand for luxury _Trade__ goods.
The most valued items were __Spices_, such as cinnamon,
cloves, and _Pepper__.
The chief sources for the spices were the Spice Islands in
present day – _Indonesia__. Motives
In the 1400s, __Muslims__ and Italian merchants
controlled most trade between Asia and __Europe__. Europeans wanted to gain direct access to the riches of Asia.
To do so first was Portugal and then __Spain__, but not all
sought a route to Asia for wealth. Some voyagers were still fired by the centuries-old desire to __Crusade__ against the Muslims or the new Renaissance desire to learn and explore.
Improved Technology
- Several improvements in technology helped Europeans conquer the vast Oceans of the world. __Cartography__ or map makers, created more accurate maps and sea charts. - European sailors leaned to use the Greek __Astrolabe__, to
PORTUGAL SAILS EASTWARD
Portugal Sails EastwardPortugal, a small nation on the western edge of _Spain_, led the way in exploration.
Under Prince Henry, known as Henry the __Navigator_, Portugal sent out ships to slowly work south to explore the western coast of Africa.
Henry died in 1460, but the Portuguese continued and in 1488, Bartholomeu
_Dias_
rounded the southern tip of Africa – which is known as the Cape of Good _Hope_.
In 1497, Vasco da Gama led four ships around Africa to the west coast of __India__. The ten month voyage home took a heavy toll. Many sailors died of hunger, thirst,
and _Scurvy_, a disease caused by a lack of vitamin C in their diets. Still, the venture was highly profitable (3000 %) and Gama quickly outfitted a new fleet.
Soon, the Portuguese seized key ports around the Indian Ocean to create a vast
trading empire.
Columbus Sails to the West
Portugal’s success spurred other nations to look for a sea route to Asia. An Italian
navigator, Christopher _Columbus__, sought Portuguese backing for his plan to sail _West_ across the Atlantic Ocean. (Columbus knew the Earth was a sphere.)
After Portugal refused to help him, Columbus persuaded Ferdinand and Isabella of
Spain to finance his ‘enterprises of the Indies.’
On August 3, 1492, Columbus sailed west with three small ships, the Pinta, the
Nina, and the _Santa_ __Maria_.
No land insight until finally, on October 12, a lookout yelled, “LAND! LAND!”
Columbus spent several months cruising the islands of the Caribbean. Because he
thought he had reached the Indies, he called the people of the region __Indians_.
In 1493, he returned to Spain, but Columbus on three later voyages remained
Line of Demarcation
Spain and _Portugal_ pressed rival claims to the land Columbus explored. In 1493, Pope Alexander VI stepped in to keep the peace and set the line of _Demarcation_ dividing the non-European world into two zones.
Spain to the West / Portugal to the East In 1500, Portuguese captain Cabral,
mistakenly landed in Brazil and claimed it.
Naming the New World
In 1507, A German cartographer read reports about the “New World” written by an Italian sailor. The mapmaker labeled the region _America_ and the Islands of the Caribbean, Columbus had explored, he labeled the West Indies.
The Search Continues
Europeans continued to seek new routes around or through the Americas. In 1513, the Spanish adventurer _Balboa_, with help of Natives, hacked a passage
through the forests of Panama and gazed at a huge body of water that he called the _South_ Sea.
In 1519, a minor Portuguese noble,
Ferdinand Magellan, set out from Spain.
Once they reached the coast of South America
they carefully explored each bay, hoping for one that would lead to the South Sea.
Finally, in November 1520 Magellan charted a
south passage that became known as the Straits of Magellan.
Magellan renamed Balboa’s South Sea, the
_Pacific_ or peaceful Ocean.
Magellan’s crew after three years in 1522
would become the first to _Circumnavigate_ or sail around, the world.
(Magellan was killed in the Philippines)
Search for the Northwest Passage.
England – Newfoundland - John Cabot
The First Global Age: Chapter 16
Europe, The Americas, and Africa
1492 - 1750
Section One
Main Idea: Various Factors enabled the
Spanish to conquer the Aztec and
Incan empires.
A. First Encounters
In 1492, _
Christopher Columbus
_ landed in
the islands that are now called the West
Indies, in the Caribbean. ( friendly and
generous Tainos )
Spanish _
Conquistadors
_, or conquerors,
followed in the wake of Columbus.
( Dominican Rep., Haiti, Cuba, Puerto Rico)
As the Spanish seized gold and forced
people to convert to Christianity a deadly
but invisible invader was at work –
_
Disease
_ (unknown)
B. The Conquistadors
◦
Among the earliest conquistadors was Hernan _
Cortes
_ who landed on the coast
of Mexico in 1519 with about 600 men, 16 horses, and _
Cannons
_
◦
_
Malinche
_ - a young Indian women served as a translator and advisor to help
arrange _
Alliances
_ with groups to fight the Aztecs.
◦
Messengers brought word to Aztec emperor __
Moctezuma
__ about the
pale-skinned, bearded strangers. (Quetzalcoatl = god-king from east)
◦
Montezuma welcomed Cortes to his capital as he was dazzled by the grandeur of
the city.
◦
In 1521, in a brutal struggle, Cortes and his Indian allies captured and demolished
Tenochtitlan. The Spanish later built _
Mexico City
_.
◦
Cortés's success inspired other adventurers. Among them was Francisco _
Pizarro
_
who arrived in Peru in 1532.
◦
Helped by Indian allies, Pizarro captured __
Atahualpa
_ after slaughtering
thousands of his followers. They demanded and received a huge ransom for the
ruler, but __
Killed
_ him anyway.
◦
From Peru, Spanish forces surged across Ecuador and _
Chile
_. Before long, Spain
added much of South America to its growing empire.
C. Reason for Victory
-
-
-
-
-Section Two Main Idea
: Spanish and Portuguese Colonies in
the Americas
Ruling the Spanish Empire
In the 1500’s, Spain claimed a vast empire stretching from
__California__ to South America. In time these lands were dived into _5_ provinces (Mexico, Peru)
Spain was determined to maintain strict rule over its empire and to do
so set up the __Council__ of the Indies to pass laws and __Viceroys__ or representatives who ruled in the name the Kings name.
The Catholic Church
To Spain, winning _Souls_ for Christianity was as important as gaining
land. Church leaders became royal officials to regulate Spanish settlers.
__Missionaries__ built churches and baptized thousands of _Natives_.
The Economy
To make the empire profitable, colonists could only export raw goods
to _Spain_ and could only buy Spanish manufactured goods. (no other trade)
_Sugar_ Cane became very profitable and had to be grown on
_Plantations_
or large estates run by a owner or the owners overseer.
Finding workers became a problem so Spanish Monarchs granted the
conquistadors _Encomiendor_, or the right to demand labor or tribute.
Many Native Americans were forced to become _Peons__, workers
forced to labor for landlord in order to pay off a debt. ( B. Las Casas try to end this )
African Workers
As demand for sugar products rose, the settlers imported millions of
Colonial Society and Culture
_Peninsulares__: Top of society. Born in Spain (church and government positions)
_Ceoles_: American-born descendants of Spanish settlers (_Plantations_)
Mestizos: People of Native and _European_ descent.
_Mulattoes_: African and European descent. Native American and _Africans_: Formed the
lowest social classes. Cities
Spanish settlers preferred to live in cities and by 1550 _Mexico_ City was the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world.
(government, commerce, Europe) Education
To meet the Church’s need for educated _Priests__, the colonies built universities.
University of Mexico was established in 1551 (women, Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz)
Cultural Blending
Spanish – Religion, animals ( _Horse_ )
Native American – Architecture, _Foods_, art, travel ( canoe )
_Africans_ - Farming methods, food, drama, dance
Portuguese Colony in Brazil
In 1494, Portugal claimed Brazil, but unlike Spain’s American lands, Brazil offered no instant wealth from silver and _Gold_. Economy
Early settlers clung to the coast, where they cut and exported the brazil wood, used to produce a precious _Dye_.
They forced Indians and as many as five million Africans to clear land that would support plantations for agriculture and raising __Cattle__.
While the European culture dominated the upper and middle classes the Native
American and African influences left their mark. ( hammocks )
Challenging Spanish Power
In the 1500’s, the wealth of the Americas helped make Spain the most powerful country in Europe.
Smugglers traded illegally with Spanish colonists.
Section Three - Main Idea:
France and England set up colonies and competed for dominance in North America.
Building New France
By the early 1500s, French fishing ships were crossing the Atlantic to harvest rich catches of __Cod_
off the coast of __Canada_.
Distracted by war at home, French rulers paid little attention to Canada or _New France_ until about
1608. ( Samuel de Champlain, _Quebec_) Slow Growth
Helped by Native American allies, French explorers and traders soon claimed a vast territory
reaching from Quebec to the Gulf of _Mexico_. (fishing & fur)
Government Policy
In the late 1600s, the French king Louis XIV set out to strengthen royal power and boost
__Revenue_, or income from taxes, from his overseas empire.
The Catholic Louis XIV prohibited Protestants from settling in _New_ France and even though they
had more land the __Population__ remained small compared to that of the _13_ English colonies.
The 13 English Colonies
The English built their first permanent colony at _Jamestown_, Virginia, in _1607_. ( hard life,
friendly natives, export tobacco )
In 1620, other English settlers, the _Pilgrams_, landed at Plymouth, _Massachusetts_. ( Mayflower
__Compact__, religious freedom )
Many Pilgrims died in the early years. With help from local Indians they were able to survive and
soon a new wave of __Puritans_ immigrants arrived.
In the 1600s and 1700s, the English established the __13_ Colonies. Virginia and _New York__ were commercial ventures for profit.
Others, like Massachusetts and __Maryland__ were havens for persecuted religious groups
Government
Like the rulers of Spain, English
monarchs asserted control over the American colonies by
appointing royal _Governors_ and laws passed by __Parliament__.
Other than laws regulating colonial
trade, compared with settlers in the Spanish and French, the
English colonists enjoyed a large degree of self ___Government___.
C. Competing for Power
By the 1600s, Spain, France,
_England_ and the Netherlands were competing for colonies and trade around the world. (all four had American colonies)
During the 1700s, Britain and
France emerged as bitter rivals for power around the globe. They
clashed in Europe, North America, _Africa_ and Asia.
- French and _Indian_ War (1754-1763) - Seven _Years_ War (1756)
After British had won control of
__Canada_ the war officially ended
with the signing of the Treaty of _Paris_ (1763)
The Treaty ensured British dominance
in North America. France ceded Canada and its lands east of the _MIssissippi_ River.
D. Impact on Native American Indians
The arrival of European settlers in
North America had a profound impact on Native Americans
(trade, alliances, horses, _Agriculture_)
Bitter fighting resulted and in the
end, superior __Weapons_ helped the English to victory and pushed the
_Frontier_ and Indians slowly
westward.
As elsewhere, the Native populations
of North America plummeted because of _Diseases_.
Native American Legacy
While encounters with Europeans often brought _Disaster_ to Native societies, the Indians was of life helped shape the emerging new _Culture_.
Sections Four and Five Main Idea: Exploration and increased trade, along with the Atlantic slave trade created a commercial revolution and other changes.
The Atlantic Slave Trade
Slavery had existed in Africa, as elsewhere around the _World_ since ancient times.
(Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Indians, Aztecs, Slavs = slaves)
In the 1500s, Europeans began to view
_Slaves_ as the most important item of African trade. (Spain’s American empire, plantations, rulers and traders = _Slaves_)
The Atlantic slave trade formed one part of _Three legged_ trade network known as the ___Triangular Trade_ .
The second leg, known as the _Middle
Passage_, the slaves were transported to the West Indies (traded for goods, floating coffins, disease, brutal)
The final leg, these products were shipped to Europe or European _Colonies_.
Some African leaders tried to slow down the slave trade or even stop it, but in the end, the
_System_ that supported the trade was too strong for them.
By the end of the overseas slave trade in _1800s_, historians estimate _11-15_million enslaved Africans had reached the Americas. (2 million died)
Battles for Power
A Global Exchange
◦ Over many centuries, _Bantu_-speakingpeoples had migrated into southern Africa and by 1652, _Dutch_ immigrants had also arrived in the region
◦ In the 1800s, the _Zulu_ had emerged as a major force under the ruthless and brilliant leader, _Shaka_ (conqueror, relentless _Warrior_, Zulu pride)
◦ In 1815, the Cape Colony passed from Dutch to _British_. To escape their rule, the Dutch or _Boer_ families started north (Great Trek, 1830’s)
◦ As the migrating Dutch came into contact with the Zulus, fighting broke out, but the Zulu _Regiments_ could not defeat the superior _Weapons_ of the Dutch.
Columbian Exchange:
Columbus returned to Spain in March 1493
(3 trips) – The exchange of people, plants, animals, resources, technology, ideas, disease – from Africa, Europe, Asia to the Americas
New foods and animals
America tomatoes, __Corn_, peppers, __Pumpukins__, potatoes.
Europe wheat, __Grapes__, pigs,
_Horse__, goats, _Chickens_
Africa & Asia banana, _Sugar_ cane , cattle
This exchange sparked the movement of millions of people and these people
A Commercial Revolution
In the early modern age, prices began to rise
in parts of Europe. This sharp rise in prices
and in the amount of money available is
called, _
Inflation
_.
Increased money – combined with the
scarcity of goods – caused prices to
rise…
Expanded trade and the push for overseas
empires spurred the growth of European
__
Capitalism
__, the investment of money to
make a profit.
_
Entrepreneurs
_, or enterprising merchants,
organized, managed, and assumed the risks
of doing business.
European monarchs enjoyed the benefits of
the commercial revolution by adopting a new
economic policy, known as __
Mercantilism
_,
which aimed at strengthening their national
economies. ( gold and silver )
Overseas empires existed for the benefit of
the _
Parent / Mother
_ country. (resources)
Finally, governments imposed _
Tariffs
_, or
