Supporting Information

Supporting Information

Gridded Field Observations of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and

Decabro-modiphenyl Ethane in the Atmosphere of North China

Yifan Zhao

, Jin Ma

, Xinghua Qiu

*, Yan Lin

, Qiaoyun Yang

, Tong Zhu

State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,

College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Center for Environment

and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China

2.

State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese

Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, P. R. China

*Address correspondence to Xinghua Qiu: College of Environmental Sciences and

Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China. Telephone: 86-10-6275

3184. Fax: 86-10-6276 0755. E-mail: [email protected]

Contents:

Text. Calibration of sampling rates and estimation of volumetric concentrations

Table S1. Concentrations of PBDEs in seven-day passive air samples and

synchro-nous active samples

Table S2. Estimated sampling rates of PBDEs in the present study and those from

lit-eratures

Table S3. Volumetric concentrations of PBDEs estimated with sampling rates

cali-brated by active sampler

Table S4. Geographical information of sampling sites, method detection limits and

concentrations of BFRs

Figure S1. Concentrations of selected PBDE congeners and DBDPE in the

atmos-phere of North China

Table S5. PBDEs concentrations obtained with PUF-based passive air sampler in the

atmosphere of North China and other regions

Text. Calibration of sampling rates and estimation of volumetric concentrations.

Field passive air samples were collected from early June to early October of 2011 in

this study. During this period, five sets of calibration samples were obtained with

syn-chronous active samplers and passive air samplers in campus of Peking University.

The active air sampler was operated at a flow rate of ~5 m

/h. Both particulate and

gaseous phases were collected with quartz fiber filters and columnar PUF plugs,

re-spectively. 5 typical PBDE congeners were selected as representatives for tri-, tetra-,

penta-, hexa-, and hepta-BDEs, and the results are shown in Table S1：

Table S1. Concentrations of PBDEs in seven-day passive air samples and

syn-chronous active samples

Sample

No. Sample Type

Sampling interval (days) Sampling Volume (m3)

Concentrations of PBDEs (pg/sample) -28 -47 -99 -153 -183 AF-1 Active-filter 7 837 210 790 1159 404 914 AF-2 Active-filter 7 839 371 958 942 370 973 AF-3 Active-filter 7 807 199 761 678 310 653 AF-4 Active-filter 7 845 356 1279 2006 461 708 AF-5 Active-filter 7 843 409 1520 1403 487 943 AP-1 Active-PUF 7 837 7417 n.d. 391 n.d. 4.74 AP-2 Active-PUF 7 839 n.d. 14526 527 8.44 6.87 AP-3 Active-PUF 7 807 n.d. 14475 599 50.9 5.79 AP-4 Active-PUF 7 845 5645 13571 682 6.90 7.01 AP-5 Active-PUF 7 843 5403 11615 626 6.91 1.93 PP-1 Passive-PUF 7 419 327 70.6 10.9 13.9 PP-2 Passive-PUF 7 274 214 41.5 n.d. 5.55 PP-3 Passive-PUF 7 469 323 50.6 5.87 4.81 PP-4 Passive-PUF 7 378 249 35.4 7.31 2.82 PP-5 Passive-PUF 7 285 183 27.3 0.85 3.61 n.d.- not detected

The calculated sampling rates, as well as those from literatures, are listed in

Table S2 below. The calculated sampling rates in this study agreed with those from

literatures.

Table S2. Estimated sampling rates of PBDEs in the present study and those

from literatures

Ref 2 Ref 3 Ref 4 Two-film model

BDE-28 6.69 ± 0.85 11 n.a. 1.74 8.9 3.15

BDE-47 1.95 ± 0.37 12 1.8 1.95 2.5 3.30

BDE-99 3.32 ± 1.73 7.1 3.5 1.12 3.1 3.33

BDE-153 1.32 ± 0.97 1.4 n.a. n.a. 0.66 3.34

BDE-183 0.85 ± 0.56 .n.a. 5.7 n.a. n.a. 3.34

n.a.-not available.

Log K

values of BFRs investigated in the present study are all >9, indicating

a constant sampling rate for more than 120 days.

As the sampling interval of present

study was 90 day, the calibrated sampling rates could be applied to field samples. The

estimated volumetric concentrations of PBDEs are shown in Table S3 below:

Table S3. Volumetric concentrations of PBDEs estimated with sampling rates

cal-ibrated by active sampler

Substance Concentrations of PBDEs (pg m -3

) average median min max

BDE-17 0.35 0.10 0.02 17.1 BDE-28 0.61 0.21 n.d. 10.4 BDE-47 1.57 0.61 n.d. 35.0 BDE-49 1.84 0.63 0.01 47.4 BDE-66 0.59 0.22 n.d. 19.4 BDE-99 0.27 0.09 n.d. 8.40 BDE-100 0.13 0.04 n.d. 4.64 BDE-153 0.26 0.14 n.d. 4.51 BDE-154 0.28 0.15 n.d. 7.04 BDE-183 0.75 0.35 0.05 23.3 ∑10PBDEs 6.65 2.60 0.64 177 n.d.- not detected.

Table S4. Geographical information of sampling sites, method detection limits and concentrations of BFRs

Site No.

Latitude Longitude Region Site

De-scription Pop. Density (km-2) Concentrations of BFR (pg/sample) -17 -28 -47 -49 -66 -99 -100 -153 -154 -183 TBE -207 -208 -209 DBDPE

Method detection limit (MDL; pg/sample) 5.1 4.7 8.2 5.2 7.1 7.2 7.1 13 9.8 12 10 38 39 23 143

S1 39º21'55" 116º18'26" Hebei Town 621 150 218 212 366 98.7 28.7 44.5 33.3 44.8 87.1 99.8 244 180 8844 24787 S2 39º21'18" 115º31'4" Hebei Town 225 53.6 114 432 89.6 34.5 1767 35.7 11.2 19.5 18.1 n.d. 64.7 68.2 1494 3399 S3 39º20'54" 114º41'48" Hebei Town 117 49.1 104 79.9 147 33.0 14.0 11.4 18.6 14.6 29.0 21.4 84.2 66.1 1466 3613 S4 39º59'26" 114º37'53" Hebei Countryside 152 11.2 16.4 27.4 22.8 11.5 n.d. 10.9 8.51 n.d. 19.0 16.8 143 98.3 5874 7123 S5 40º41'27" 115º23'43" Hebei Town 140 28.7 48.0 52.6 53.2 n.d. 7.74 8.67 8.35 11.9 20.3 n.d. 106 99.2 2848 5278 S6 40º37'50" 116º19'10" Jing-Jin Countryside 159 33.4 64.2 54.4 73.5 n.d. n.d. 8.64 4.97 11.9 16.7 n.d. 86.1 75.7 2786 6677 S7 40º36'7" 117º6'23" Jing-Jin Town 176 53.1 134 103 129 36.9 19.2 12.0 12.2 17.3 26.3 n.d. 203 177 7751 8044 S8 39º59'52" 117º6'3" Hebei Countryside 838 91.8 332 205 185 82.0 25.5 16.0 16.9 28.9 32.5 35.8 126 118 2429 11383 S9 39º59'21" 118º1'2" Hebei Town 481 84.7 270 153 252 50.3 20.1 15.4 52.7 24.0 48.1 25.9 250 185 5704 9603 S10 40º36'54" 117º57'54" Hebei Countryside 104 17.9 60.4 42.6 32.3 n.d. n.d. 11.8 4.24 10.1 16.0 n.d. n.d. n.d. 977 5352 S11 40º37'39" 118º47'50" Hebei Town 128 29.9 113 83.6 54.0 n.d. 20.8 9.73 8.09 12.1 22.5 n.d. 135 120 5735 16312 S12 39º58'15" 119º33'17" Hebei Megacity 4132 211 529 389 456 111 91.9 48.2 52.0 56.6 200 212 1517 1037 66278 114873 S13 39º59'13" 118º44'18" Hebei Town 598 116 369 832 495 61.0 49.8 44.2 28.3 25.6 36.9 35.7 263 192 14963 8301 S14 39º21'5" 118º46'21" Hebei Countryside 349 73.3 751 155 115 44.2 20.6 12.5 14.1 20.3 33.0 n.d. 337 229 21411 26502 S15 39º22'11" 117º54'58" Hebei Countryside 349 109 673 216 274 73.5 36.4 27.6 22.3 32.3 57.4 52.9 312 194 14049 18330 S16 39°6'28" 117°11'8" Jing-Jin Megacity 4486 782 1452 1097 1435 657 167 181 73.8 169 127 99.0 531 377 17225 42745 S17 38º45'22" 117º6'56" Jing-Jin Countryside 439 139 404 207 294 79.0 25.7 21.7 25.6 29.1 43.0 34.7 161 117 5609 15021 S18 38º49'44" 116º45'5" Jing-Jin Countryside 439 10280 6259 6137 8317 3395 2511 1386 536 836 1782 726 3331 1934 62950 67112 S19 39º20'48" 117º0'15" Jing-Jin Megacity 603 240 554 967 957 175 406 133 97.0 93.5 65.9 42.0 197 169 6336 100988 S20 39º58'20" 115º28'46" Jing-Jin Countryside 200 17.6 29.6 97.2 28.6 n.d. 34.1 10.3 3.23 9.61 16.5 37.3 79.7 58.5 1757 15925 S21 40º33'50" 114º36'26" Hebei Town 145 26.2 36.6 75.1 39.0 n.d. 24.2 11.7 7.72 14.3 34.2 30.2 115 87.4 1094 4403 S22 40º0'7" 113º51'27" Shanxi Countryside 158 44.5 33.2 57.5 33.7 n.d. 17.9 12.5 8.42 10.6 24.5 30.2 96.8 89.2 2166 7727 S23 39º59'26" 112º42'6" Shanxi Town 119 62.2 144 143 381 52.4 39.2 14.9 29.8 21.3 77.6 152 291 192 4180 6769 S24 39º23'42" 112º40'16" Shanxi Countryside 282 34.8 56.2 50.1 139 n.d. n.d. 5.95 3.96 12.6 31.4 n.d. 128 96.7 2691 6876 S25 39º19'4" 113º47'45" Shanxi Countryside 113 16.6 32.4 43.0 22.6 n.d. 12.0 7.88 8.50 n.d. 20.0 18.5 74.4 57.4 1412 3182 S26 38º46'6" 112º43'15" Shanxi Countryside 191 66.7 82.9 48.6 110 33.2 n.d. 16.0 n.d. 10.6 25.8 25.6 105 91.2 3060 2700

S27 38º39'56" 112º0'56" Shanxi Town 82 13.6 17.6 39.2 17.4 10.0 7.23 9.14 5.48 n.d. 8.07 n.d. n.d. n.d. 535 6138 S28 39º59'26" 116º18'19" Jing-Jin Megacity 7617 359 1029 1647 1407 981 895 115 177 98.5 81.6 69.7 353 257 9873 39997 S29 37º52'10" 112º32'14" Shanxi Megacity 5665 135 278 430 372 150 109 41.4 78.3 34.7 114 66.3 301 230 6534 12306 S30 37º56'25" 111º51'9" Shanxi Town 82 21.8 27.2 26.1 36.1 n.d. 9.79 7.00 4.96 9.57 26.9 24.4 102 73.4 1911 3056 S31 38º02'39" 111º'50" Shanxi Town 195 24.3 32.9 40.2 39.7 n.d. 12.8 10.5 4.02 5.87 18.4 26.9 65.2 53.4 948 2380 S32 37º26'17" 111º7'4" Shanxi Town 99 83.5 89.2 101 105 45.6 27.4 13.5 9.35 15.1 41.1 58.1 127 112 3120 3102 S33 36º53'60" 111º8'0" Shanxi Town 95 17.5 19.1 31.3 35.8 n.d. 6.01 5.47 7.20 7.40 15.3 16.3 n.d. n.d. 967 2452 S34 36º17'1" 111º15'13" Shanxi Town 102 34.3 76.2 78.1 55.6 n.d. 22.7 11.0 11.8 14.6 26.4 39.6 83.3 78.8 1562 2792 S35 36º9'40" 111º59'58" Shanxi Town 77 39.2 68.4 79.4 43.7 24.2 70.2 11.8 30.6 14.7 51.7 44.2 284 200 5375 6509 S36 35º36'15" 111º13'15" Shanxi Countryside 561 54.8 111 96.3 58.8 29.0 29.5 8.82 22.8 12.1 26.6 34.1 66.4 71.5 1025 3385 S38 35º30'35" 112º54'53" Shanxi Town 239 61.5 70.9 80.8 71.4 40.5 22.4 10.4 20.4 24.3 32.3 n.d. 127 92.2 2349 3790 S39 36º13'7" 112º58'54" Shanxi Countryside 424 20.3 27.9 38.0 52.6 n.d. n.d. n.d. 10.2 n.d. 15.2 n.d. 75.8 56.0 1286 1701 S40 36º49'55" 112º46'19" Shanxi Town 133 23.9 43.2 75.6 39.3 24.5 25.1 8.52 7.55 8.49 15.2 17.4 44.2 n.d. 979 2853 S41 37º28'50" 112º46'55" Shanxi Town 289 66.6 95.3 118 99.4 48.3 25.4 12.9 23.5 17.4 37.1 32.8 207 140 4871 4878 S42 36º53'33" 111º51'50" Shanxi Town 217 34.4 59.7 39.5 91.2 18.0 21.1 6.98 7.65 9.14 21.8 31.2 129 104 4146 6822 S43 37º27'1" 112º4'47" Shanxi Countryside 395 128 130 n.d. 1504 62.8 n.d. 43.0 49.3 20.3 22.7 22.3 81.1 84.2 1767 5736 S44 38º5'2" 112º44'17" Shanxi Countryside 58 29.3 50.9 89.2 49.4 23.6 48.8 9.12 41.2 10.6 29.9 18.3 146 90.1 2728 2784 S45 37º30'40" 113º40'3" Shanxi Countryside 117 34.0 33.9 41.6 53.4 n.d. 10.2 10.1 3.93 14.7 16.5 n.d. 96.9 90.6 1961 6447 S46 38º5'36" 113º54'6" Hebei Town 238 37.9 55.8 53.8 67.0 21.5 21.2 10.6 26.0 13.8 67.1 38.8 220 163 4144 7459 S47 38º41'25" 113º52'27" Hebei Countryside 311 27.7 20.9 45.1 20.3 12.4 20.0 8.53 15.8 5.68 3.93 16.6 n.d. n.d. 603 5402 S48 38º40'37" 114º39'0" Hebei Town 562 75.2 128 123 135 53.8 25.0 15.9 15.1 22.2 21.8 23.7 n.d. n.d. 1276 7667 S49 38º45'40" 115º25'53" Hebei Countryside 749 545 567 659 878 280 146 121 84.4 126 147 176 344 247 12284 16860 S50 38º42'51" 116º18'0" Hebei Town 826 289 337 437 499 150 77.3 104 55.4 79.3 97.9 139 298 204 6946 16767 S51 38º5'9" 117º6'4" Hebei Countryside 556 207 481 160 1196 151 n.d. 57.8 88.7 24.1 30.2 34.7 162 117 4966 15034 S52 38º5'43" 116º18'23" Hebei Town 596 112 240 186 365 87.5 n.d. 39.8 19.1 29.0 35.7 33.9 138 116 3560 15927 S53 38º6'20" 115º31'15" Hebei Town 457 61.5 83.2 73.7 78.7 29.8 41.5 8.98 8.98 11.0 14.3 32.9 132 95.2 3777 10932 S54 38º6'38" 114º43'50" Hebei Town 969 202 240 245 221 119 29.6 47.1 28.6 47.8 56.5 48.1 324 223 13785 10046 S55 37º29'34" 114º41'43" Hebei Town 731 74.9 136 106 169 57.0 55.4 20.8 32.9 20.3 25.9 27.8 115 88.4 3005 16808 S56 36º50'8" 114º43'4" Hebei Countryside 1134 85.1 112 133 151 51.9 25.8 18.9 16.8 24.5 25.1 22.8 68.7 71.5 1509 6558 S57 36º50'41" 113º57'57" Hebei Town 433 31.4 23.9 52.0 33.6 n.d. 25.2 6.50 10.2 8.79 18.9 n.d. 113 75.6 1722 19651 S58 36º13'46" 114º41'49" Hebei Countryside 914 65.0 n.d. 105 79.4 37.3 29.6 12.8 16.7 19.0 28.0 18.6 105 82.1 2636 7216 S59 36º8'40" 114º5'12" Hebei Countryside 707 68.6 143 147 88.8 56.0 52.0 9.52 81.6 17.0 24.0 30.8 161 124 2553 7465 S60 35º31'11" 114º0'39" Hebei Countryside 575 97.2 85.6 107 86.9 39.9 32.2 16.1 3.80 19.5 24.2 28.3 112 107 2439 11067 S61 35º33'23" 114º36'29" Hebei Countryside 696 32.3 64.5 65.3 58.8 27.3 20.2 n.d. 4.88 10.9 14.7 13.6 151 102 6646 6975

S62 36º51'17" 115º28'17" Hebei Countryside 685 93.5 126 137 198 68.7 22.4 14.4 9.90 28.9 26.0 n.d. 168 121 10924 10167 S63 37º27'57" 115º29'37" Hebei Countryside 400 84.7 156 157 209 58.1 27.1 16.3 29.0 19.4 33.9 32.6 86.0 69.8 2339 8738 S64 37º24'40" 116º22'21" Shandong Town 1146 53.1 177 117 128 39.5 24.3 11.0 15.5 16.8 20.8 20.8 131 103 4095 26652 S65 36º49'50" 116º18'26" Shandong Countryside 517 42.0 104 94.0 81.3 28.2 26.4 11.4 17.8 22.2 30.3 26.9 109 93.6 4944 4158 S66 36º11'20" 115º30'0" Shandong Town 721 31.7 131 94.7 65.3 41.0 20.8 6.98 6.53 6.28 15.2 14.8 112 75.9 4330 10695 S67 35º34'43" 115º30'16" Shandong Megacity 837 51.1 76.2 83.4 70.7 32.1 19.8 9.30 1.29 9.95 14.0 17.5 106 92.3 4117 5052 S68 35º33'42" 116º14'36" Shandong Countryside 893 57.9 110 104 74.6 35.7 32.2 11.2 9.33 19.8 18.9 n.d. 103 115 3177 24508 S69 36º10'16" 116º16'19" Shandong Countryside 451 103 226 222 156 76.9 57.2 28.6 34.8 61.1 72.7 46.8 201 149 5302 20001 S70 36º11'16" 116º58'20" Shandong Countryside 517 42.4 134 119 301 49.3 42.2 12.4 6.95 17.0 21.0 23.4 169 112 3821 13566 S71 35º35'52" 117º1'46" Shandong Town 783 203 242 220 198 83.4 74.6 28.8 27.5 34.9 64.2 48.3 178 120 3702 13394 S72 35º30'56" 117º45'34" Shandong Countryside 554 85.2 201 391 174 93.1 145 19.6 21.9 17.1 16.0 n.d. 93.0 82.7 2881 10319 S73 35º34'33" 118º36'35" Shandong Countryside 531 71.8 251 378 145 83.7 122 18.2 12.3 15.0 32.9 34.0 108 n.d. 3510 17300 S74 35º35'59" 119º19'14" Shandong Countryside 344 35.7 150 82.1 60.0 19.6 27.9 8.01 17.4 8.76 15.6 25.2 90.8 69.6 2425 6387 S75 36º12'45" 119º23'51" Shandong Countryside 496 41.0 188 117 86.3 30.9 30.7 12.2 16.9 17.4 21.0 19.6 194 142 11241 40042 S76 36º13'9" 118º41'59" Shandong Town 475 57.9 475 228 289 53.8 65.3 16.5 18.8 14.4 35.2 34.2 463 290 31569 117850 S77 36º13'0" 117º47'44" Shandong Town 557 178 300 141 190 60.7 28.0 24.8 36.6 31.3 63.1 n.d. 375 259 10644 32985 S78 36º50'20" 117º51'26" Shandong Countryside 1217 109 694 225 238 66.6 86.9 26.8 79.1 36.1 85.6 123 610 362 36789 85960 S79 36º50'9" 117º6'2" Shandong Town 513 92.4 302 227 179 51.1 93.2 32.2 18.5 31.4 38.2 33.1 321 185 11461 29578 S80 37º25'58" 117º5'44" Shandong Countryside 534 50.7 309 96.2 79.8 31.6 24.1 10.3 11.0 17.4 23.4 18.4 220 148 11332 165105 S81 37º28'30" 117º52'50" Shandong Countryside 611 73.5 798 190 119 60.0 51.5 17.9 20.5 19.2 35.0 41.7 419 278 23164 67280 S82 37º31'35" 118º39'0" Shandong Countryside 100 51.5 3565 253 1296 n.d. 49.4 18.4 20.5 n.d. 10.2 n.d. 753 431 54472 269606 S83 36º49'44" 118º39'40" Shandong Countryside 522 83.6 1455 324 286 60.7 63.6 37.2 34.1 20.7 48.0 36.6 1012 591 78236 205083 S84 36º49'34" 119º20'29" Shandong Countryside 357 40.6 415 173 129 19.3 31.3 13.8 12.8 11.8 25.0 25.4 534 340 30923 80657 S85 37º20'41" 120º15'54" Shandong Countryside 399 1003 3823 2166 742 310 230 37.6 158 47.7 27.3 15.6 n.d. n.d. 1356 19014 S86 37º29'12" 121º2'14" Shandong Countryside 311 88.2 126 143 188 60.3 31.2 12.8 n.d. 30.9 46.7 239 219 139 3982 2845 S87 37º10'45" 121º57'10" Shandong Countryside 352 20.6 38.9 64.2 35.0 17.5 15.1 14.9 10.3 9.57 29.9 55.3 435 269 13306 11849 S88 36º47'4" 120º58'42" Shandong Countryside 352 27.5 73.0 73.1 43.5 19.6 16.4 9.90 7.76 11.7 14.7 n.d. n.d. n.d 3107 10658 S89 36º47'13" 120º12'29" Shandong Countryside 434 47.2 132 111 71.5 31.2 31.0 13.2 16.2 18.5 39.9 39.5 169 126 5489 14203 S90 36º9'37" 120º29'29" Shandong Megacity 622 34.2 70.0 81.5 68.1 25.7 17.4 11.8 7.53 15.2 19.8 22.1 137 96.5 5144 19997 n.d.: not detected

BD

E-28

BD

E-47

BD

E-99

BD

E-10

0

BD

E-15

3

BD

E-15

4

BD

E-18

3

BD

E-20

9

DB

DP

E

C

o

n

c

e

n

tr

a

ti

o

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(

p

g

/s

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m

p

le

)

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

(88)

(88)

(80)

(87)

(87)

(84)

(89)

(89)

(89)

Figure S1. Concentrations (in ng/sample) of selected PBDE congeners and DBDPE in the atmosphere of North China. The black

hori-zontal line represents the median, red horihori-zontal line represents the mean. The box represents the 25

-75

percentiles, and the whiskers

Table S5. Atmospheric concentrations of PBDEs obtained with PUF-based passive air sampler in North China and other regions

Sampling

re-gion Description Year Season BDE-28 BDE-47 BDE-99 BDE-100 BDE-153 BDE-154 BDE-183 ∑PBDEs

Normalized concentrations (average; pg sample-1 day-1) North China-this

study regional 2011 summer 4.08 3.06 0.90 0.43 0.35 0.37 0.64 17.0

a

mainland China6 national 2004 autumn 42.2 29.8 30.0 6.01 n.a. n.a. n.a. 119b

South Korea6 national 2004 autumn 5.22 9.56 6.97 3.22 n.a. n.a. n.a. 31.3b

Japan6 national 2004 autumn 35.4 1.63 2.27 0.97 n.a. n.a. n.a. 68.0b

Singapore6 national 2004 autumn 11.1 19.6 12.6 4.31 n.a. n.a. n.a. 66.8b

Europe7 national 2002 summer 7.71 68.0 101 18.3 9.38. 7.43 n.a. 130c

Brisbane, Aus-tralia8

commercial

2009-2010

summer 2.3 30 11 2.3 n.a. n.a. n.a. 45d

industrial summer 2.3 21 8.1 1.2 n.a. n.a. n.a. 33d

residential summer 1.2 8.1 2.3 1.2 n.a. n.a. n.a. 13d

Brisbane9 metal recy-cling

2009-2010 summer 7.4 123 109 19.8 30.9 n.a. 112 376

e

Calibrated volumetric concentrations (average and/or range; pg m-3)

North China-this

study regional 2011 summer

0.61 (n.d.-10.4) 1.6 (n.d.-35.0) 0.27 (n.d.-8.4) 0.13 (n.d.-4.6) 0.26 (n.d.-4.5) 0.28 (n.d.-7.0) 0.75 (0.05-23.3) 6.65a (0.64-177) mainland China6 national 2004 autumn (n.d.-130) (n.d.-78) (n.d.-50) (n.d.-5.5) n.a. n.a. n.a. (n.d.-340)b

South Korea6 national 2004 autumn (n.d.-13) (n.d.-9) (n.d.-10) (n.d.-2.3) n.a. n.a. n.a. (2.0-27)b

Japan6 national 2004 autumn (1.4-52) (n.d.-1) (0.4-1.3) (n.d.-0.3) n.a. n.a. n.a. (5.0-71)b

Singapore6 national 2004 autumn (1.0-6) (2.8-10) (2.8-5) (1.0-1.5) n.a. n.a. n.a. (10.0-29)b

Europe7 national 2002 summer (n.d.-30) (n.d.-80) (n.d.-120) (n.d.-20) (n.d.-15) (n.d.-10) n.a. (0.5-250)c

India13 rural 2006 summer 0.22 (0.06-0.43) 1 (0.36-3) 0.42 (0.14-1) 0.11 (0.02-0.17) 0.04 (0.01-0.17) 0.23 (0.04-0.79) 0.08 (0.02-0.20) 2.3 f urban summer 1 (0.08-6) 12 (0.44-72) 4 (0.15-27) 1 (0.04-7) 0.22 (0.02-1) 1 (0.04-4) 0.2 (0.01-1) 20.4 f

wetlands summer 0.04 (0.02-0.08) 1 (0.05-1) 0.23 (0.02-0.57) 0.07 (0.01-0.17) 0.01 (0-0.03) 0.05 (0.01-0.11) 0.02 (0.01-0.05) 1.5 f

Thailand14 e-waste stor-age 2007-2008 winter (0.74-5.8) (2.9-46) (1.4-73) (0.17-9.4) (0.32-20) (n.d.-6.6) n.a. (8-150) g Chicago10 urban 2002-2003 annual 2.0 25 7.0 2.1 0.4 0.7 n.a. 37h

Toronto10 urban annual 1.5 20 6.0 1.6 0.4 0.4 n.a. 30h

Toronto11 urban-rural 2000 summer (0.26-1.11) ( 3.9-12.1) (2.4-4.8) (0.6-1.2) (0.06-0.37) (0.11-0.21) (0.06-0.25) (8.1-20.2)a

Ottawa12 urban 2002-2003 winter 0.095 (n.d.-0.17) 0.87 (n.d.-1.9) 1.1 (n.d.-1.9) 0.11

(n.d.-0.38) n.a. n.a. n.a.

2.2i (n.d.-4.4) UK15 suburban-rural

2003-2004 summer (0.50-0.87) (2.8-4.9) (0.97-1.55) (0.39-0.73) (0.15-0.20) (0.12-0.17) n.a. (2.8-23.3) c

n.a.-not available; n.d.- not detected. a. Sum of BDE-17, -28, -47, -49, -66, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183; b. Sum of BDE-17, -28, -32, -47, -49, -75, -99, -100; c. Sum of BDE-28, -47, -49, -75, -99, -100, -153, -154; d. Sum of BDE-28, -47, -99, -100; e. Sum of BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -183; f. Sum of BDE-28, -47, -66, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183; g. Sum of BDE-17, -28, -47, -49, -66, -85, -99, -100, -153, -154; h. Sum of BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154; i. Sum of BDE-17, -28, -47, -99, -100.

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