macos Support Essentials 11

Apple Pro Training Series

macOS Support

Essentials 11

Supporting and Troubleshooting macOS Big Sur

Arek Dreyer and Adam Karneboge

macOS Support Essentials 11: Supporting and Troubleshooting macOS Big Sur – Apple Pro Training Series Arek Dreyer and Adam Karneboge

Copyright © 2021 by Peachpit Press. All Rights Reserved. Peachpit Press

www.peachpit.com

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Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third-party trademarks that may appear in this work are the property of their respective owners and any references to third-party trademarks, logos, or other trade dress are for demon-strative or descriptive purposes only. Such references are not intended to imply any sponsorship, endorsement, authorization, or promotion of Pearson Education, Inc. products by the owners of such marks, or any relationship between the owner and Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates, authors, licensees, or distributors.

Apple Series Editor: Laura Norman Development Editor: Victor Gavenda Senior Production Editor: Tracey Croom

Production Coordinator: Maureen Forys, Happenstance Type-O-Rama Technical Editor: Steve Leebove

Apple Program Manager—Training and Certification: Drew Winkelman Copy Editor: Elizabeth Welch

Proofreader: Scout Festa

Compositor: Cody Gates, Happenstance Type-O-Rama Indexer: Valerie Perry

Cover Illustration: Von Glitschka

Cover Production: Cody Gates, Happenstance Type-O-Rama

IMPORTANT: Some of the exercises contained in this guide can be temporarily disruptive, and some exercises, if performed incorrectly, could result in data loss or damage to system files. As such, it’s recommended that you perform these exercises on a Mac computer that is not critical to your daily productivity.

ISBN 13: 978-0-13-734595-3 ISBN 10: 0-13-734595-X

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Thanks to Heather Jagman for her love, support, and encouragement. —Arek Dreyer This book is dedicated to my father, who gave me the greatest gift

anyone could give another person. He believed in me. —Adam Karneboge

Acknowledgments Thank you, dear reader, for staying on top of what’s new, while keeping your users’ needs as the root of what you do.

Thanks to Tim Cook and everyone at Apple for always innovating.

Thank you to Kevin White, Gordon Davisson, and Susan Najour for all their foundational work.

Thank you to Steve Leebove for insightful technical editing and for going above and beyond.

Thank you to Craig Cohen for technical assistance.

Thank you to Schoun Regan, who reviewed this book at the request of Apple Training. His tenacity for accuracy is unmatched and you have a better guide because of that. Thank you to the amazingly capable Laura Norman and Victor Gavenda for gently making sure these materials made it into your hands, and to Liz Welch, Scout Festa, and Maureen Forys and her team at Happenstance Type-O-Rama for working their editorial and production magic.

Thank you to the readers who sent corrections.

Thank you to the many contributors to the macadmins.org Slack instance for asking questions and answering questions.

Thanks to the people who generously provided feedback and assistance, including: Mike Boylan Tom Bridge Mark Buffington Craig Cohen Chris Dawe Charles Edge Nat Fellows John Filardo Rich Goon Steve Hayman Christopher Holmes Kennedy Soo Hong Andre LaBranche Steve Leebove Ben Levy Michael Lynn Keith Mitnick Ryan Pasch Timothy Perfitt Vernon Rooze Sam Valencia Joan Work David Yoon

Contents at a Glance

About This Guide . . . xv

Installation and Configuration Lesson 1 Introduction to macOS . . . 3

Lesson 2 Update, Upgrade, or Reinstall macOS . . . 15

Lesson 3 Set Up and Configure macOS . . . 45

Lesson 4 Use the Command-Line Interface . . . 97

Lesson 5 Use macOS Recovery . . . 129

Lesson 6 Update macOS . . . .161

User Accounts Lesson 7 Manage User Accounts . . . .181

Lesson 8 Manage User Home Folders . . . 229

Lesson 9 Manage Security and Privacy . . . 253

Lesson 10 Manage Password Changes . . . .311

File Systems Lesson 11 Manage File Systems and Storage . . . 339

Lesson 12 Manage FileVault . . . 381

Lesson 13 Manage Permissions and Sharing . . . 393

Lesson 14 Use Hidden Items, Shortcuts, and File Archives . . . 421

Data Management Lesson 15 Manage System Resources . . . 443

Lesson 16 Use Metadata, Siri, and Spotlight . . . 463

vi

Apps and Processes

Lesson 18 Install Apps . . . 523

Lesson 19 Manage Files . . . 565

Lesson 20 Manage and Troubleshoot Apps . . . 625

Network Configuration Lesson 21 Manage Basic Network Settings . . . 683

Lesson 22 Manage Advanced Network Settings . . . 707

Lesson 23 Troubleshoot Network Issues . . . 747

Network Services Lesson 24 Manage Network Services . . . 771

Lesson 25 Manage Host Sharing and Personal Firewall . . . 813

System Management Lesson 26 Troubleshoot Peripherals . . . 863

Lesson 27 Manage Printers and Scanners . . . 883

Lesson 28 Troubleshoot Startup and System Issues . . . 921

Index . . . 959

Table of Contents

About This Guide . . . xv

Installation and Configuration Lesson 1

Introduction to macOS . . . 3

Reference 1.1 macOS Big Sur 11 . . . 3

Reference 1.2 What’s New in macOS Big Sur . . . 4

Reference 1.3 Use macOS Help . . . 11

Reference 1.4 Review macOS History . . . 13

Lesson 2

Update, Upgrade, or Reinstall macOS . . . 15

Reference 2.1 macOS Installation Methods . . . 15

Reference 2.2 Prepare to Upgrade or Reinstall macOS . . . 17

Reference 2.3 Upgrade or Install macOS . . . 25

Reference 2.4 Troubleshoot Installation Issues. . . 27

Exercise 2.1 Prepare a Mac for Upgrade . . . 29

Exercise 2.2 Upgrade to macOS Big Sur . . . 34

Exercise 2.3 Erase a Mac and Install macOS Big Sur . . . 39

Exercise 2.4 Verify That macOS Is Installed Correctly . . . 43

Lesson 3

Set Up and Configure macOS . . . 45

Reference 3.1 Configure a Mac with a New Installation of macOS Big Sur . . . 45

Reference 3.2 Manage System Settings . . . 56

Exercise 3.1 Configure a Mac for Exercises . . . 73

Exercise 3.2 Configure System Preferences . . . 77

Exercise 3.3 Download Student Materials . . . 86

Exercise 3.4 Install a Configuration Profile . . . 89

viii Contents

Lesson 4

Use the Command-Line Interface . . . 97

Reference 4.1 CLI Basics . . . 97

Reference 4.2 CLI Navigation . . . 106

Reference 4.3 Manipulate Files in the CLI . . . 109

Reference 4.4 Manage macOS from the CLI . . . 112

Reference 4.5 Command-Line Tips and Tricks . . . 113

Exercise 4.1 Command-Line Navigation . . . 115

Exercise 4.2 Manage Files and Folders with Commands . . . 119

Lesson 5

Use macOS Recovery . . . 129

Reference 5.1 Start Up from macOS Recovery . . . 130

Reference 5.2 Use macOS Recovery . . . 135

Reference 5.3 Secure Startup . . . 136

Reference 5.4 Create a Bootable Installer for macOS . . . 146

Exercise 5.1 Use macOS Recovery . . . 147

Exercise 5.2 Create a macOS Install Disk . . . 153

Lesson 6

Update macOS . . . 161

Reference 6.1 Automatic Software Updates . . . 161

Reference 6.2 Use MDM to Install macOS Updates . . . 173

Reference 6.3 Examine Installation History . . . 173

Exercise 6.1 Use Automatic Software Update . . . 174

User Accounts Lesson 7

Manage User Accounts . . . 181

Reference 7.1 User Accounts . . . 181

Reference 7.2 Configure User Accounts . . . 190

Reference 7.3 Restrict Local User Access with Screen Time . . . 194

Reference 7.4 Configure Login and Fast User Switching . . . 202

Exercise 7.1 Create a Standard User Account . . . 210

Exercise 7.2 Manage a User Account Using Screen Time . . . 219

Lesson 8

Manage User Home Folders . . . 229

Reference 8.1 User Home Folders . . . 229

Reference 8.2 Delete User Accounts and Preserve Their Home Folder Contents . . . 237

Reference 8.3 Migrate and Restore Home Folders . . . 238

Exercise 8.1 Restore a Deleted User Account . . . 243 Review Copy Only. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2021 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Contents ix

Lesson 9

Manage Security and Privacy . . . 253

Reference 9.1 Password Security . . . 253

Reference 9.2 Manage Secrets in Keychains . . . 256

Reference 9.3 Use iCloud Keychain . . . 262

Reference 9.4 Manage Systemwide Security . . . 264

Reference 9.5 Manage User Privacy . . . 267

Reference 9.6 Use Find My . . . 278

Reference 9.7 Protect Your Mac with Activation Lock . . . 287

Reference 9.8 Approve Legacy System Extensions . . . 289

Reference 9.9 Approve System Extensions . . . 291

Reference 9.10 Lock Your Screen . . . 293

Exercise 9.1 Manage Keychains . . . 295

Exercise 9.2 Allow Apps to Access Your Data . . . 305

Lesson 10

Manage Password Changes . . . 311

Reference 10.1 Change Known Passwords . . . 311

Reference 10.2 Reset Lost Passwords . . . 313

Reference 10.3 Manage User Keychains . . . 319

Exercise 10.1 Reset Account Passwords in macOS Recovery . . . 323

Exercise 10.2 Reset Account Passwords . . . 326

Exercise 10.3 Observe Automatic Login Keychain Creation . . . 329

File Systems Lesson 11

Manage File Systems and Storage . . . 339

Reference 11.1 File Systems . . . 340

Reference 11.2 Mount, Unmount, and Eject Disks . . . 353

Reference 11.3 Inspect File-System Components . . . 356

Reference 11.4 Manage File Systems . . . 360

Reference 11.5 Troubleshoot File Systems . . . 364

Exercise 11.1 View Disk and Volume Information . . . 369

Exercise 11.2 Erase a Storage Device . . . 375

Exercise 11.3 Repair Volumes in Recovery Mode . . . 378

Lesson 12

Manage FileVault . . . 381

Reference 12.1 FileVault Introduction . . . 381

Reference 12.2 Turn On FileVault . . . 384

Exercise 12.1 Restart a FileVault-Protected Mac . . . 388

x Contents

Lesson 13

Manage Permissions and Sharing . . . 393

Reference 13.1 File-System Permissions . . . 393

Reference 13.2 Examine Permissions for Sharing . . . 400

Reference 13.3 Manage Permissions . . . 405

Exercise 13.1 Create Items with Default Permissions . . . 410

Exercise 13.2 Test Permissions Changes . . . 416

Lesson 14

Use Hidden Items,

Shortcuts, and File Archives . . . 421

Reference 14.1 Examine Hidden Items . . . 421

Reference 14.2 Examine Packages . . . 425

Reference 14.3 Use File-System Shortcuts. . . 427

Reference 14.4 Use File Archives . . . 432

Exercise 14.1 Navigate Hidden Items . . . 437

Data Management Lesson 15

Manage System Resources . . . 443

Reference 15.1 macOS File Resources . . . 443

Reference 15.2 System Integrity Protection . . . 450

Reference 15.3 Manage Font Resources . . . 452

Exercise 15.1 Manage Font Resources . . . 453

Lesson 16

Use Metadata, Siri, and Spotlight . . . 463

Reference 16.1 File-System Metadata . . . 463

Reference 16.2 Siri and Spotlight . . . 470

Exercise 16.1 Examine File Metadata . . . 487

Lesson 17

Manage Time Machine . . . 493

Reference 17.1 About Time Machine . . . 493

Reference 17.2 Configure Time Machine . . . 496

Reference 17.3 Restore Files . . . 506

Exercise 17.1 Configure Time Machine . . . 511

Exercise 17.2 Restore Using Time Machine . . . 516

Apps and Processes Lesson 18

Install Apps . . . 523

Reference 18.1 The App Store . . . 523

Reference 18.2 App Security . . . 535 Review Copy Only. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2021 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Contents xi

Reference 18.3 Install Apps Using Software

Packages and Drag-and-Drop . . . 542

Reference 18.4 Remove Installed Software . . . 546

Exercise 18.1 Install an App from the App Store . . . 546

Exercise 18.2 Use an Installer Package . . . 552

Exercise 18.3 Drag and Drop to Install an App . . . 555

Exercise 18.4 Remove Apps . . . 562

Lesson 19

Manage Files . . . 565

Reference 19.1 Open Files . . . 565

Reference 19.2 Save Documents . . . 579

Reference 19.3 Manage Automatic Resume . . . 588

Reference 19.4 Store Documents in iCloud . . . 590

Reference 19.5 Optimize Local Storage . . . 604

Exercise 19.1 Use Alternate Apps . . . 608

Exercise 19.2 Practice Auto Save and Versions . . . 614

Exercise 19.3 Manage Document Locking . . . 617

Exercise 19.4 Store Documents in iCloud . . . 619

Lesson 20

Manage and Troubleshoot Apps . . . 625

Reference 20.1 Apps and Processes . . . 625

Reference 20.2 Manage App Extensions . . . 633

Reference 20.3 Monitor Apps and Processes . . . 645

Reference 20.4 Troubleshoot Apps . . . 651

Exercise 20.1 Force Apps to Quit . . . 667

Exercise 20.2 Troubleshoot Preferences . . . 672

Exercise 20.3 Examine Logs . . . 677

Network Configuration Lesson 21

Manage Basic Network Settings . . . 683

Reference 21.1 Network Terminology . . . 683

Reference 21.2 Network Activity . . . 686

Reference 21.3 Configure Basic Network Settings . . . 690

Exercise 21.1 Connect to a Wi-Fi Network . . . 699

Exercise 21.2 Monitor Network Connectivity . . . 704

Lesson 22

Manage Advanced Network Settings . . . 707

Reference 22.1 Manage Network Locations . . . 707

xii Contents

Reference 22.3 Manage Network Service Interfaces . . . 715

Reference 22.4 Configure VPN Settings . . . 719

Reference 22.5 Configure Advanced Network Settings . . . 724

Exercise 22.1 Configure Network Locations . . . 736

Exercise 22.2 Advanced Wi-Fi Configuration . . . 742

Lesson 23

Troubleshoot Network Issues . . . 747

Reference 23.1 Troubleshoot General Network Issues . . . 747

Reference 23.2 Use Terminal to Troubleshoot Network Issues . . . 753

Exercise 23.1 Troubleshoot Network Connectivity . . . 761

Network Services Lesson 24

Manage Network Services . . . 771

Reference 24.1 Network Services . . . 771

Reference 24.2 Configure Network Service Apps . . . 775

Reference 24.3 Connect to File-Sharing Services. . . 788

Reference 24.4 Troubleshoot Network Services . . . 799

Exercise 24.1 Use File-Sharing Services . . . 807

Lesson 25

Manage Host Sharing

and Personal Firewall . . . 813

Reference 25.1 Turn On Host-Sharing Services . . . 813

Reference 25.2 Control Remote Computers . . . 825

Reference 25.3 Share Files with AirDrop . . . 837

Reference 25.4 Manage the Personal Firewall . . . 840

Reference 25.5 Troubleshoot Shared Services . . . 845

Exercise 25.1 Use Host-Sharing Services . . . 847

Exercise 25.2 Configure a Personal Firewall . . . 854

System Management Lesson 26

Troubleshoot Peripherals . . . 863

Reference 26.1 Peripheral Technologies . . . 863

Reference 26.2 Manage Bluetooth Devices . . . 870

Reference 26.3 Troubleshoot Peripheral Issues . . . 877

Exercise 26.1 Examine Peripherals Using System Information . . . 880

Contents xiii

Lesson 27

Manage Printers and Scanners . . . 883

Reference 27.1 Printing in macOS . . . 883

Reference 27.2 Configure Printers and Scanners . . . 885

Reference 27.3 Manage Print Jobs . . . 900

Reference 27.4 Troubleshoot Print Issues . . . 906

Exercise 27.1 Configure Printing . . . 908

Exercise 27.2 Manage Printing . . . 913

Exercise 27.3 Troubleshoot Printing . . . 919

Lesson 28

Troubleshoot Startup and System Issues . . . 921

Reference 28.1 System Initialization and Secure Boot . . . 921

Reference 28.2 User Sessions . . . 931

Reference 28.3 Sleep Modes, Logout, and Shutdown . . . 933

Reference 28.4 Modify Startup . . . 942

Reference 28.5 Troubleshoot System Initialization . . . 950

Reference 28.6 Troubleshoot User Sessions . . . 954

Exercise 28.1 Use Safe Mode . . . 956

Audience

Whether you’re an experienced system administrator or you just want to dig deeper into macOS, you’ll learn to update, upgrade, reinstall, configure, maintain, diagnose, and troubleshoot macOS Big Sur.

You should be comfortable using a Mac before you read this guide. If you’re not sure about basic Mac use, see “Mac Support” at support.apple.com/explore/new-to-mac.

How to Use the Guide

Use the reference sections to get familiar with macOS Big Sur. Then, use the exercises to practice what you’ve learned. After you’ve completed the guide, you should be able to:

▶

▶ Explain how macOS Big Sur works

▶

▶ Explain the best practices for updating, upgrading, reinstalling, configuring,

and using macOS Big Sur

▶

▶ Explain macOS Big Sur troubleshooting and repair procedures ▶

▶ Use appropriate tools and techniques in macOS Big Sur to diagnose and

resolve issues

Accessing the Web Edition and Lesson Files

Unless otherwise specified, references to macOS in this guide refer to macOS Big Sur 11.1. When you buy this guide from Peachpit (in any format), you automati-cally get access to its Web Edition.

If you bought an ebook from peachpit.com, your Web Edition will appear under the Digital Purchases tab on your Account page. If you bought an ebook from a different vendor or you bought a print book, you must register your purchase on peachpit.com to access the online content:

1 Go to www.peachpit.com/apts.macosBigSur.

2 Sign in or create a new account.

3 Enter ISBN: 9780137345953.

xvi About This Guide

4 Click Submit.

5 Answer the question as proof of purchase.

6 The lesson files can be accessed from the Registered Products tab on your Account page. Click the Access Bonus Content link below the title of your product to proceed to the download page. Click the lesson file link(s) to download them to your computer. The Web Edition can be accessed from the Digital Purchases tab on your Account page. Click the Launch link to access the product.

Exercises

The exercises in this guide are designed for independent learners and require a dedicated Mac. If you use a Mac that is also used for daily productivity, the exercises will not work as expected and they might disrupt your Mac. To complete the exercises, ensure that you have the following:

▶

▶ An Intel-based Mac that meets the requirements to install macOS Big Sur ▶

▶ macOS Big Sur (see Exercise 2.3, “Erase a Mac and Install macOS Big Sur”) ▶

▶ A high-speed internet connection ▶

▶ Lesson files (see “Accessing the Web Edition and Lesson Files,” earlier) ▶

▶ An Apple ID dedicated to your independent learning (you don’t need to provide

credit card information to get free apps from the App Store) The following items are not required, but they can be helpful:

▶

▶ An iCloud account associated with the Apple ID you use for your independent learning ▶

▶ An erasable external storage disk with a capacity of at least 12 GB for Exercise 5.2,

“Create a macOS Install Disk”

▶

▶ At least two Wi-Fi networks (one should be visible) ▶

▶ A Mac with all-flash storage

Additional Materials

The Apple Support website (support.apple.com) includes the latest free online Apple Support articles.

Installation and

Configuration

Every new Mac comes with the Mac operating system. To get the latest features and security updates, you will eventually need the latest macOS. If you have a qualifying Mac, you can upgrade at no cost.

WARNING ▶ Some exercises in this lesson involve

sig-nificant changes to your Mac setup. Some of the steps are difficult or impossible to reverse. If you perform the exercises in this lesson, do so on a spare Mac or an external disk that doesn’t contain critical data.

Reference 2.1

macOS Installation Methods

Identifying the parts of a Mac operating system name will help you understand the difference between an upgrade and an update. A Mac operating system has a version name and a version number, such as macOS Big Sur 11.

When Apple releases an update to macOS Big Sur:

▶

▶ The version name stays the same (Big Sur). ▶

▶ The first part of the version number stays the same (11). ▶

▶ Apple adds additional numbers after 11. For example,

the first update for macOS 11.0 was 11.0.1. And the next update released was 11.1.

When Apple releases a major version upgrade of the Mac operating system, there is a new version name (for example, Big Sur instead of Catalina).

Lesson 2

Update, Upgrade, or

Reinstall macOS

GOALS

▶

▶ Describe the

differ-ences between a macOS update, upgrade, and reinstallation

▶

▶ Describe the macOS

installer ▶ ▶ Verify system information ▶ ▶ Update macOS ▶ ▶ Upgrade macOS ▶ ▶ Reinstall macOS ▶ ▶ Troubleshoot an upgrade or reinstallation

16 Update, Upgrade, or Reinstall macOS

Although all previous versions of macOS have a version number that starts with “10.” (for example, macOS 10.0 through macOS 10.15), macOS Big Sur uses “11.” to start its version numbers.

This list summarizes the differences between updating, upgrading, reinstalling, and installing a Mac operating system:

▶

▶ Update: Installs an incremental update of the Mac operating system but doesn’t

upgrade it to the next major version (if one exists).

▶

▶ Upgrade: Installs a next major standalone version of the Mac operating system. ▶

▶ Reinstall: Installs the same major version of macOS on a volume that already has

macOS. This overwrites existing system files but leaves apps, user home folders, and other files in place.

▶

▶ Install: Installs macOS on a volume that doesn’t have macOS—for instance, a volume

you erased.

NOTE ▶ The terms disk, volume, and storage have similar meanings. Where possible,

this guide uses terms that appear in apps on screen. Read Lesson 11, “Manage File Systems and Storage,” for more information.

Lesson 6, “Update macOS,” describes in more detail updating macOS and keeping macOS automatically updated.

Upgrading, reinstalling, or installing macOS Big Sur requires internet access. Erase Your Startup Disk

If you want to get a fresh start with macOS and you don’t need the existing content on your Mac, erase the startup disk before you install macOS. The macOS installer (an app named Install macOS Big Sur) doesn’t erase disks, but you can use Disk Utility to erase a disk before you run the macOS installer:

▶

▶ If you want to erase the system disk your Mac is currently running from, you

can erase it if you start up from macOS Recovery, as covered in Lesson 5, “Use macOS Recovery.”

▶

▶ If the destination is another disk, such as an external storage device, erase and install

from your Mac, as covered in Lesson 11.

Reference 2.2 Prepare to Upgrade or Reinstall macOS 17

Reference 2.2

Prepare to Upgrade or Reinstall macOS

Follow these steps to prepare to start a macOS upgrade:

1 Verify installation requirements.

2 Back up important content.

3 Plug notebook computers into power.

4 Download macOS Big Sur. Verify Installation Requirements

Verify that both your Mac and its operating system meet the requirements for an upgrade to macOS Big Sur. This includes verifying the hardware and the software.

To upgrade from OS X Mountain Lion 10.8, first upgrade to OS X El Capitan 10.11, then upgrade to macOS Big Sur.

Upgrading to macOS Big Sur has the following requirements:

▶

▶ OS X Mavericks 10.9 or later ▶

▶ 4 GB of memory

▶

▶ 35.5 GB of available storage to upgrade from macOS Sierra 10.12, or 44.5 GB of

available storage to upgrade from an earlier release

▶

▶ Compatible internet service provider (for some features) ▶

▶ Apple ID (for some features)

macOS Big Sur supports the following Mac models:

▶

▶ MacBook introduced in 2015 or later ▶

▶ MacBook Air introduced in 2013 or later ▶

▶ MacBook Pro introduced in late 2013 or later ▶

▶ Mac mini introduced in 2014 or later ▶

▶ iMac introduced in 2014 or later ▶

▶ iMac Pro

▶

18 Update, Upgrade, or Reinstall macOS

See Apple Support article HT211238, “macOS Big Sur is compatible with these computers” at https://support.apple.com/support.apple.com/HT211238 for more information about requirements for specific features. Some features of macOS Big Sur require specific Mac and iOS or iPadOS device models, such as the following features:

▶

▶ Continuity Camera—Use your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch to scan documents or

take a picture of something nearby and it appears instantly on your Mac. Continuity Camera is supported in many apps, including Mail, Messages, the Finder, and more. See Apple Support article HT209037, “Use Continuity Camera on your Mac,” for more information.

▶

▶ Handoff—With Handoff, you can start work on one device, then switch to another

nearby device and pick up where you left off. Use Handoff with any Mac, iPhone, iPad, iPod touch, or Apple Watch that meets the Continuity system requirements. See Apple Support article HT204689, “System requirements for Continuity on Mac, iPhone, iPad, iPod touch, and Apple Watch,” for more information.

▶

▶ Instant Hotspot—With Instant Hotspot, the Personal Hotspot on your iPhone

or iPad (Wi-Fi + Cellular) can provide internet access to a Mac, iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch without requiring you to enter the password on those devices. Use Instant Hotspot with any Mac, iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch that meets the Continuity system requirements. See Apple Support article HT209459, “Use Instant Hotspot to connect to your Personal Hotspot without entering a password,” for more information.

▶

▶ Universal Clipboard—With Universal Clipboard, you can copy content such as text,

images, photos, and videos on one Apple device, then paste the content on another Apple device. Use Universal Clipboard with any Mac, iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch that meets the Continuity system requirements. See Apple Support article HT209460, “Use Universal Clipboard to copy and paste between your Apple devices,” for more information.

See Apple Support article SP833, “macOS Big Sur – Technical Specifications” at support. apple.com/kb/SP833 for more information.

Verify System Information

You need to know your Mac computer’s specifications when you install new software, upgrade installed software, perform maintenance, or troubleshoot a problem. In this section you learn how to find essential system information with About This Mac and System Information.

Reference 2.2 Prepare to Upgrade or Reinstall macOS 19

You can open the Apple menu and choose About This Mac to gather most of the informa-tion necessary to confirm that your Mac supports macOS Big Sur. About This Mac displays information such as the macOS software version, Mac model name, chip (for a Mac with Apple silicon) or processor type and speed (for an Intel-based Mac), total system memory, startup disk, graphics card information (for an Intel-based Mac), and Mac serial number.

NOTE ▶ A Mac may not display a serial number if the necessary post-repair

proce-dures were not successfully completed after a logic board replacement.

The Mac in the following figure has 16 GB of RAM and meets the memory requirements to run macOS Big Sur.

A few items are vital to identifying your macOS version and Mac model:

▶

▶ The macOS version number represents the system software version currently installed. ▶

▶ The macOS build number is more specific than the macOS version number alone.

In the About this Mac window, click the macOS software version number to find the build number. Apple creates specific build versions of each macOS version as they refine it. A newly released model of Mac may require a specific build of macOS; the specific build may differ from the standard installation versions. For example, the first day the new MacBook Pro (13-inch, 2020, Two Thunderbolt 3 ports) was shipped, one model came with macOS 10.15.4 (19E2265), another model with dif-ferent options came with macOS 10.15.4 (19E2269), but other Mac computers that were up to date were running macOS 10.15.4 (19E287). For more information, see Apple Support article HT201686, “Use the Mac operating system that came with your Mac, or a compatible newer version.”

20 Update, Upgrade, or Reinstall macOS

▶

▶ The Mac computer model name is derived from the product marketing name for the

Mac, followed by a relative release date. For example, the previous screenshot was taken on a “MacBook Pro (15-inch, 2018).”

▶

▶ The Mac serial number is located on the Mac case. The serial number is a unique

number used to identify a Mac for maintenance and service. Click the Storage button to review how much disk space is available.

The Mac in this figure meets the available-storage requirements to upgrade to macOS Big Sur. The Support and Service buttons link directly to specific areas of the Apple Support web-site. The contents of the links are generated dynamically to show the most up-to-date sup-port information about macOS and your Mac. For example, the Specifications link opens a webpage with the full specifications for your Mac.

Reference 2.2 Prepare to Upgrade or Reinstall macOS 21

The information in the About This Mac window is a subset of what you can find with System Information. From the Overview window in the About This Mac window, click the System Report button to open System Information. Or you can press and hold the Option key and then choose Apple menu > System Information. Or you can use Spotlight; click the Spotlight icon (which looks like a magnifying glass) in the menu bar in the upper-right corner of your screen, enter System Information in the search field,

then press Return.

If you have a version of the Mac operating system that shipped with the name OS X (instead of macOS), it includes System Profiler instead of System Information.

When you need to create a file to document the current state of a Mac, use System Information. Go to the menu bar, then choose File > Save. This creates a System Information–specific file (with the .spx filename extension) that you can open from other Mac computers.

Verify App Compatibility

When you upgrade to macOS Big Sur, your third-party apps might need updates to function properly. You can use System Information to view installed apps. For older

22 Update, Upgrade, or Reinstall macOS

Mac computers with System Profiler instead of System Information, verify that View > Full Profile is selected to reveal the Applications section in the Contents list. Selecting Applications from the Contents list prompts macOS to scan common locations on the local volume for available apps.

You don’t have to worry about the apps that came with your Mac, such as Safari, Mail, and Photos. They are automatically upgraded when you install macOS Big Sur. You might have to visit third-party vendor websites to find out if your third-party apps require updates. Back Up Important Files and Folders

It’s always crucial to keep backups of your important files and folders. Having a current backup is even more critical when you make significant changes to a Mac, such as install-ing a major version upgrade to the Mac operatinstall-ing system. If a new installation or upgrade is done improperly, it could result in complete data loss.

You can’t uninstall or revert an update or upgrade. If it turns out that an app you need is not compatible with macOS Big Sur, the only way to install an earlier version of macOS is to erase and restore from backup.

You can use Time Machine to create a backup before you start your installation. Using Time Machine is covered in Lesson 17, “Manage Time Machine.”

Document Network Settings

The macOS installer helps ensure that you don’t lose previous settings when you upgrade to macOS Big Sur. But some settings are so vital to your Mac that you should document them in case something goes wrong.

In particular, if you have any special network configuration, such as a static IPv4 address, or a specific Domain Name Service (DNS) server to use, document your network settings before you upgrade. Open System Preferences and click the Network icon to observe your current network settings. Avoid missing settings by navigating through the network inter-face and all the configurations.

You can quickly document your settings by using the Screenshot utility. Just press Shift-Command-5. Press the Space bar to change the pointer to a camera icon; then you can move your pointer to highlight different windows. Click to capture the highlighted win-dow, or use the Screenshot menu to change what’s captured, to capture video, to change where you save the file, to set a timer, or to modify several other options. After you finish your screenshot or video capture, its preview appears in the corner of the screen. Drag

Reference 2.2 Prepare to Upgrade or Reinstall macOS 23

the preview into a document, click the preview and mark it up, or just leave it and the Screenshot utility will automatically save it to your desktop with a filename of “Screen Shot” followed by the date and time of the capture. Be sure to print or copy your screen-shots to another storage device before you install macOS Big Sur.

NOTE ▶ When you use Screenshot to capture a window, you can exclude the

win-dow’s shadow. Just press and hold the Option key when you click. To copy a screen-shot to the Clipboard, press and hold the Control key while you take the screenscreen-shot. You can then paste the screenshot somewhere else. Or you can use Universal Clipboard to paste it on another Apple device. See Apple Support article HT201361, “Take a screenshot on your Mac,” for more information.

Plug Mac Notebooks into Power

Plug your Mac into an AC power outlet during the upgrade to ensure that the upgrade completes successfully.

Download macOS Big Sur

If you’re using OS X El Capitan v10.11.5 or later, macOS Big Sur downloads in the back-ground, making it easier to upgrade your Mac. When the download finishes, you receive a notification indicating that macOS Big Sur is ready to be installed. Click Install in the notification to get started.

24 Update, Upgrade, or Reinstall macOS

If you’re using macOS Mojave 10.14 or later:

1 Open System Preferences.

2 Open Software Update preferences.

3 Click Upgrade Now.

Or open the macOS Big Sur page in the App Store: “macOS Big Sur” at apps.apple.com/ app/macos-big-sur/id1526878132. Then click the Get button.

NOTE ▶ In the previous figure, App Store displays the number 2 next to Updates.

This is because there are two apps that have updates available, but you can install these updates only after you upgrade to macOS Big Sur.

Reference 2.3

Upgrade or Install macOS

The App Store downloads Install macOS Big Sur and places it in your /Applications folder. After the download is complete, Install macOS Big Sur automatically opens.

Follow these steps to upgrade to macOS Big Sur:

1 Begin installation.

2 Allow installation to complete. Begin Installation

Be sure you are connected to the internet when you upgrade or install macOS. The macOS installer downloads any available firmware updates specific to your Mac. These firmware updates don’t apply to external devices, such as those connected with USB, Thunderbolt, or target disk mode.

You can use these supported tools and methods to upgrade or install macOS:

▶

▶ macOS installer. ▶

▶ Bootable installer, then the macOS installer. Read Exercise 5.2, “Create a macOS

Install Disk.”

▶

▶ Start up from macOS Recovery and install macOS. Read Lesson 5 to learn more. ▶

▶ Use the startosinstall command, inside the Install macOS Big Sur app, which is outside

the scope of this guide. See Apple Support article HT208020, “How to install macOS at your organization,” for more information.

▶

▶ Use the “Install OS update” command using your organization’s mobile device

man-agement (MDM) solution, which is outside the scope of this guide.

Use the Install macOS Big Sur app to install macOS on your startup disk. For details on using macOS Recovery to upgrade, reinstall, or install macOS Big Sur, read Lesson 5.

26 Update, Upgrade, or Reinstall macOS

Select the Installation Destination

During macOS Big Sur installation, the only choice you make is the installation destina-tion—you select the disk where macOS is installed. This can be an internal or external volume, as long as it’s properly formatted. The default selection is the current startup disk. The Show All Disks button appears if it is possible for you to select an alternate destination.

If necessary, provide administrator credentials to install a helper tool.

You may not be able to select certain disks or partitions when using the installer (read Reference 11.1, “File Systems,” for more information about partitions). This happens when the installer determines that your Mac can’t start from those disks or partitions. Possible reasons include the following:

▶

▶ The disk is in target disk mode. Read Reference 11.5, “Troubleshoot File Systems,” for

more information about target disk mode.

▶

▶ The disk doesn’t have the proper partition scheme for your Mac. Mac computers use

the GPT (GUID Partition Table) scheme. Use Disk Utility to repartition the disk.

Reference 2.4 Troubleshoot Installation Issues 27

▶

▶ The partition isn’t formatted properly. macOS Big Sur requires a partition

format-ted as Apple File System (APFS). Use Disk Utility to erase an improperly formatformat-ted partition.

▶

▶ The macOS installer doesn’t support installing to a volume that’s part of a RAID

(Redundant Array of Independent Disks) set.

▶

▶ The macOS installer doesn’t support installing to a disk containing Time Machine

backups.

▶

▶ The storage volume isn’t from Apple and isn’t compatible with macOS Big Sur.

You might need to click Restart to continue the macOS Big Sur installation. Allow Installation to Complete

During normal installation, the Mac restarts at least once and possibly multiple times. If a power loss or storage device disconnection occurs, restart the installation.

The macOS installer is designed to never delete nonsystem data from the selected destina-tion. The macOS installer ensures that user data and compatible third-party apps remain functional after an installation. The macOS installer upgrades your current Mac operating system or installs macOS to a volume (except a volume connected by target disk mode) that’s attached to your Mac.

If the Install macOS Big Sur app detects incompatible files and settings during an upgrade, it moves those files to a folder named Relocated Items in the /Users/Shared folder of your startup volume. See “If you see a Relocated Items folder on your Mac after upgrading macOS” in the macOS User Guide support.apple.com/guide/mac-help/mchl8ae423a3 for more information.

Apps that are not compatible with macOS Big Sur are left in place, but macOS displays a prohibitory symbol as part of the app icon. If you try to open incompatible software, macOS displays information about why the app cannot be opened.

Reference 2.4

Troubleshoot Installation Issues

The macOS installer can back out of an installation and restore the previous system if an installation goes wrong. Verify that your Mac meets the requirements for macOS Big Sur and complete the installation preparation steps as outlined in this lesson to avoid installa-tion problems.

28 Update, Upgrade, or Reinstall macOS

macOS Installer Troubleshooting

Beyond failing to prepare for an installation, the most common installation failures come from internet access and destination volume problems. For example:

▶

▶ The installer has filtered or no access to the internet. ▶

▶ The installer might be unable to verify the selected volume or partition. This indicates

serious storage device problems. Refer to the troubleshooting steps in Lesson 11 to resolve this issue.

For more information, see Apple Support article HT204904, “How to reinstall macOS.” Installer Log

You can use the log file to troubleshoot macOS. The Installer log contains progress and error entries for nearly every installation step, including steps not shown in the standard interface.

During the initial installation phases, choose Installer Log from the Window menu to access the log. The Installer log helps you pinpoint problems or verify installation. After the preliminary installation phases, the installer enters the main installation phase and locks the Mac screen. You can only watch the installation progress bar. If the installa-tion fails, the system restarts to the previous version of macOS.

Exercise 2.1 Prepare a Mac for Upgrade 29

After the Mac resumes normal operation, you can access the full Installer log with Console after you log in.

When you use macOS, error dialogs appear only if an issue is something you can resolve or that requires immediate attention. Otherwise, running processes and apps leave detailed information in log reports throughout macOS.

Console collects log messages and reports that are generated from your Mac and con-nected devices. Use Console to collect diagnostic information so that you can trouble-shoot problems. You can open Console in at least two ways:

▶

▶ Search with Spotlight. ▶

▶ Navigate to /Applications/Utilities/ and double-click Console.

After Console opens, select Log Reports in the left column, then select install.log.

Even during a successful installation, there are warnings and errors. Many of the reported issues are benign, and you should concern yourself with them only if you are trying to iso-late a problem that prevents a successful upgrade to macOS Big Sur.

Exercise 2.1

Prepare a Mac for Upgrade

NOTE ▶ This exercise is for independent study only. You don’t perform this exercise

in a classroom environment. Perform this exercise only if you are upgrading your Mac from an earlier version of macOS.

30 Update, Upgrade, or Reinstall macOS

▶▶▶

▶

▶ Your Mac must be running OS X Mavericks 10.9 or later. ▶

▶ Your Mac must have 4 GB of memory.

▶

▶ If your Mac is running macOS Sierra 10.12 or later, it must have 35.5 GB of

available storage. If your Mac is running OS X El Capitan 10.11 or earlier, it must have 44.5 GB of available storage.

▶

▶ For more information on compatible Mac computers, see Apple Support article

HT211238, “macOS Big Sur is compatible with these computers.”

In this exercise, you verify that your Mac supports macOS Big Sur. You also check for old software and record important settings.

NOTE ▶ This exercise can’t be used to prepare an independent-study Mac for the rest

of the course. Independent learners must complete Exercise 2.3, “Erase a Mac and Install macOS Big Sur,” to continue to Exercise 3.1, “Configure a Mac for Exercises.”

Check Hardware and App Compatibility

1 Log in to your existing administrator account.

2 In the Finder, navigate to the /Applications/Utilities folder. You can also use the Finder keyboard shortcut Shift-Command-U.

3 Open System Information.

Exercise 2.1 Prepare a Mac for Upgrade 31

4 If necessary, select the Hardware category in the sidebar.

5 Verify that there is at least 4 GB of memory.

6 Record the Model Identifier and Serial Number entries: Model Identifier:

Serial Number:

7 Select the Storage category in the Hardware section of the sidebar. If there is no Storage entry, select the entry for the bus your Mac startup disk is attached to. For most models, this is the Serial-ATA bus.

8 Find your startup volume in the list on the right, then verify that it has at least 35.5 GB of available storage.

NOTE ▶ If you are upgrading from OS X El Capitan 10.11 or earlier, you need at least

32 Update, Upgrade, or Reinstall macOS

9 In the sidebar, under Software, select Applications, then wait for macOS to gather information on installed apps.

10 Click the heading for the Last Modified column on the right. If the arrow at the top of the column is pointing down, click again so that it points up.

Exercise 2.1 Prepare a Mac for Upgrade 33

The oldest apps are listed at the top. In general, older apps are more likely to be incompatible with newer versions of macOS. Research older apps to find out if they are compatible with macOS Big Sur or if updates are available. Often, a developer website has information about compatibility and updates. The most likely incompat-ible app could be an app that is not 64-bit.

11 Quit System Information.

12 Open Safari, then navigate to the Apple Tech Specs website (checkcoverage.apple.com).

13 Enter your Mac computer’s serial number (recorded in step 6) in the field, enter the code, then click Continue.

Your Mac computer’s model name, along with information about your warranty cov-erage and links to set up a repair, appears. Verify that the model name is on the list of supported models in Reference 2.2, “Prepare to Upgrade or Reinstall macOS.”

14 Do one of the following:

▶

▶ If your Mac is running macOS High Sierra 10.13 or earlier, from the Apple menu

choose App Store. If necessary, click the Updates icon in the toolbar and wait while your software is checked for updates.

▶

▶ If you are running macOS Mojave 10.14 or later, open Software Update

prefer-ences and verify that no operating system updates are available.

15 If the No Updates Available message is displayed, proceed to the “Document Network Settings” section of this exercise.

16 Depending on your macOS version, if updates are available click the Update buttons for those you want to install. You may find a More option. Clicking More shows a more detailed list of system updates. Click the Update All button to install updates. Follow prompts and instructions to complete the updates.

17 After the updates have finished, repeat starting at step 15 to verify that all updates installed successfully and that no more updates are available.

Document Network Settings

34 Update, Upgrade, or Reinstall macOS

2 In System Preferences, click Network.

3 Select each of the network services (listed on the left of the preference pane), and record settings assigned to them. Click the Advanced button for each service to dis-play the full settings. An easy way to do this is to take screenshots with the shortcut Shift-Command-5 to give you a record of the information to work from.

4 If your Mac has more than one location defined, repeat this process for each location.

5 Quit System Preferences. Back Up Your Data

You should always have a current backup copy of the content on your Mac. Third-party backup solutions are available, and macOS includes a backup utility, which is described in Lesson 17, “Manage Time Machine.” Whichever solution you choose, after you complete a backup try restoring files to ensure that it works.

Exercise 2.2

Upgrade to macOS Big Sur

NOTE ▶ This exercise is for independent study only. You don’t perform this exercise

in a classroom environment. Perform this exercise only if you want to upgrade your Mac from an earlier version of macOS. This exercise can’t be used to prepare an inde-pendent study Mac for the rest of the course. Indeinde-pendent learners must complete Exercise 2.3, “Erase a Mac and Install macOS Big Sur,” to continue to Exercise 3.1, “Configure a Mac for Exercises.”

▶▶▶

▶

▶ You must have performed Exercise 2.1, “Prepare a Mac for Upgrade,” before

you begin this exercise.

Exercise 2.2 Upgrade to macOS Big Sur 35

In this exercise, you download macOS Big Sur from the App Store and install it, as an upgrade, on your Mac.

If you are upgrading from macOS High Sierra 10.13 or earlier, use the steps in the “Use the App Store to Download the Installer” section. If you are upgrading from macOS Mojave 10.14, use the steps in the “Use Software Update to Download the Installer” section.

Use the App Store to Download the Installer

1 If necessary, log in to your existing administrator account on your Mac.

2 From the Apple menu, choose App Store.

3 In the search field of the App Store window, type Big Sur, then press Return.

4 Find macOS Big Sur in the search results, then click the view button under its name (it is labeled either “Download” or “Get”).

5 Wait for the Install macOS Big Sur app to download.

When the download is complete, the app opens automatically.

Skip the next section, “Use Software Update to Download the Installer,” and continue to the section “Upgrade Your Mac to macOS Big Sur.”

NOTE ▶ As part of the installation process, the installer app is automatically deleted.

If you want to upgrade several Mac computers or create a macOS Big Sur install disk, quit the installer and make a copy of it before you proceed. Find the process for creat-ing an install disk in Exercise 5.2, “Create a macOS Install Disk.”

36 Update, Upgrade, or Reinstall macOS

Use Software Update to Download the Installer

1 If necessary, log in to your existing administrator account on your Mac.

2 From the Apple menu, choose System Preferences, then open Software Update preferences.

macOS checks for available updates.

3 Software Update shows macOS Big Sur as an eligible update.

Other updates may be shown as well. For the purposes of this exercise, you will upgrade to macOS Big Sur.

4 Click Upgrade Now, then wait for macOS to finish downloading macOS Big Sur. When the download is complete, the app opens automatically.

Exercise 2.2 Upgrade to macOS Big Sur 37

Upgrade Your Mac to macOS Big Sur

1 If necessary, open the Install macOS Big Sur app.

2 At the first screen, click Continue.

3 Read the license agreement, and if its terms are acceptable to you, click Agree.

38 Update, Upgrade, or Reinstall macOS

5 Select the installation destination. The default selection is the current startup volume. If you intend to upgrade a different volume, click the Show All Disks button to select a different destination.

NOTE ▶ The Show All Disks button will appear only if more than one volume is

available for installation of macOS Big Sur.

6 Click Install to start the installation. If you’re warned about not being connected to a power source, connect your power adapter before you continue.

7 Enter the password of your administrator account to authorize the installation. To learn installation details, follow the instructions in Exercise 2.4, “Verify That macOS Is Installed Correctly,” after the installation starts.

The installation restarts several times and completes automatically.

Exercise 2.3

Erase a Mac and Install macOS Big Sur

NOTE ▶ This exercise is for independent study only. You don’t perform this

exer-cise in a classroom environment. Complete this exerexer-cise only if you must erase the contents of your Mac before you install macOS Big Sur, as covered in Reference 2.1, “macOS Installation Methods.” Perform this exercise to prepare your Mac to continue with Exercise 3.1, “Configure a Mac for Exercises.”

▶▶▶

▶

▶ You need macOS Recovery with macOS Big Sur or a macOS Big Sur install disk

(see Lesson 5, “Use macOS Recovery,” for details).

WARNING ▶ This exercise erases all of your Mac content. If you want to keep the

content, back it up to an external storage device before you start.

Start Up from macOS Recovery or an External Installer

1 Before you proceed with this exercise, back up your data to an external storage device.

2 If your Mac is running, shut it down.

3 If you are using macOS Recovery to replace your current installation of macOS Big Sur:

a Press the power button on your Mac to turn it on.

b Immediately press and hold Command-R until the Apple icon appears in the middle of the screen.

c After the Apple icon appears, release the keys and skip ahead to the next section, “Erase Your Storage Device.”

4 If you are using an external macOS Big Sur install volume, connect the storage device to your Mac.

5 Press the power button on your Mac to turn it on, then immediately press and hold the Option key until a row of icons appears on the screen.

40 Update, Upgrade, or Reinstall macOS

6 Click the install disk icon (usually labeled “Install macOS Big Sur”).

7 Click the arrow that appears under the icon.

Your Mac starts up into the installer/recovery environment. Lesson 5 has more infor-mation about using these startup modes.

Erase Your Storage Device

1 If a language selection screen appears, select your preferred language, then click the right arrow to continue.

2 Open Disk Utility.

▶

▶ If the macOS Utilities window appears, select Disk Utility, then click Continue.

▶

▶ If an installer screen appears, from the menu bar choose Utilities > Disk Utility.

Disk Utility opens. Lesson 11, “Manage File Systems and Storage,” has more informa-tion about using Disk Utility.

3 From the sidebar, select the storage device or volume that you will erase to install macOS Big Sur.

4 Click the Erase button near the top of the Disk Utility window.

5 Enter a new name for your storage device. The rest of this guide assumes that it is named Macintosh HD.

6 From the Format menu, choose APFS if it is not already selected.

Exercise 2.3 Erase a Mac and Install macOS Big Sur 41

Many volumes may be formatted as Mac OS Extended (Journaled), which is still an option in some cases. If your volume is formatted as Mac OS Extended, the macOS Installer converts your volume to APFS automatically during installation.

7 If the dialog contains a Scheme menu, choose GUID Partition Map.

8 Click Erase.

9 When the process finishes, click Done.

10 From the menu bar, choose Disk Utility > Quit Disk Utility. Install macOS Big Sur

1 If the macOS Utilities window appears, select Install macOS or Reinstall macOS, and click Continue.

42 Update, Upgrade, or Reinstall macOS

2 In the Install macOS Big Sur window, click Continue.

3 If you are asked to connect to the internet, use the Wi-Fi istatus menu at the right end of the menu bar to choose a Wi-Fi network, or connect using Ethernet.

4 If you are notified that your Mac computer’s eligibility will be verified with Apple, click Continue.

5 Read the license agreement, and if its terms are acceptable to you, click Agree.

6 In the confirmation dialog that appears, click Agree.

7 Select your volume, then click Continue.

Exercise 2.4 Verify That macOS Is Installed Correctly 43

To learn the details of the installation, follow the instructions in Exercise 2.4, “Verify That macOS Is Installed Correctly,” after the installation begins.

The installation restarts several times and completes automatically.

After restart, Setup Assistant opens, as covered in Lesson 3, “Set Up and Configure macOS.” Follow the instructions in Exercise 3.1, “Configure a Mac for Exercises,” to set up your Mac for the rest of the exercises.

Exercise 2.4

Verify That macOS Is Installed Correctly

NOTE ▶ This exercise is for independent study only. You don’t perform this exercise

in a classroom environment.

▶▶▶

▶

▶ You must have started installing macOS Big Sur using the instructions in

Exercise 2.2, “Upgrade to macOS Big Sur,” or Exercise 2.3, “Erase a Mac and Install macOS Big Sur.”

In this exercise, you use the Installer log to view the installation process. View the Installer Log

During installation, you can bring up the Installer log by following these steps:

1 If the installer is running in full-screen mode, the menu bar is hidden. Move your mouse to the top of the screen and leave it there for a few seconds to reveal the menu bar.

44 Update, Upgrade, or Reinstall macOS

3 Choose Show All Logs from the Detail Level menu to view the entire contents of the Installer log.

4 Use the Spotlight search field in the toolbar to view entries in the Installer log.

5 To save the Installer log, click the Save button in the toolbar.

The installer restarts the Mac partway through installation. When the Mac restarts for the second phase, the log window doesn’t automatically reopen. It isn’t available dur-ing this part of the installation.

Index

* (asterisk) wildcard, using, 110 \ (backslash), using before space

characters, 107

% CPU, examining statistics, 647 .. (double periods), using with

parent folder, 107, 124 % GPU, examining statistics, 647 . (period)

preceding items with, 108 using with hidden items, 421 ? (question mark) wildcard,

using, 110

>> (redirect) operator, using, 109–114

/ (slash), using in paths, 439 [] (square brackets) wildcard,

using, 110

~ (tilde), using with user home folder, 107

A

About This Mac window, 21, 93–95, 370–371 absolute paths, 124 accent, configuring, 61–62 Access Control pane, 301 Accessibility features

configuring, 66–70 keyboard, 69 screen, 47–48

Security & Privacy settings, 271 Voice Control, 8–10 account name settings, editing for

user accounts, 193 account passwords.

See also user accounts

resetting, 326–329 resetting in macOS

Recovery, 323–325 ACEs (access control entries)

file-system permissions, 397 removing, 408

ACLs (access control lists), file-system permissions, 397 Actions extensions,

configuring, 636

Activation Lock, protecting Mac with, 287–289

activities, viewing and searching, 660 Activity Monitor

force quitting apps, 669–672 using with processes,

646–651 adaptive devices, using, 69 administrator accounts,

183–186, 189 AES (Advanced Encryption

Standard), 382

AFP (Apple Filing Protocol), 789, 794–795

AirDrop, 837–840.

See also file-sharing services

AirPrint, 883.

See also printers and

scanners

alias settings, editing for user accounts, 193

aliases

creating, 430

creating with Finder, 428 repairing, 431

Allowed Boot Media configuring, 144–145 and Secure Boot, 142 settings, 133

Analytics & Improvements, Security & Privacy settings, 272

analytics data, viewing reports about, 659

APFS (Apple File System), 339, 350–352

adding volumes, 350–352 and Boot Camp, 352 compatibility, 352 and file sharing, 352 Fusion Drive, 352 overview, 339, 342–350 SSV (signed system volume),

343–344

volume formats, 341–342 volumes, 347, 350–352 APM (Apple Partition Map), file

systems, 341

app and hardware compatibility, checking, 30–33

app compatibility, verifying, 21–22 app extensions, managing,

633–640

app resources, troubleshooting, 666–667

App Store

Apple ID, 532–533 browsing, 523–526 bundles with new Macs,

960 Index

downloading Installer from, 35 examining, 550–551 Family Sharing, 533 getting Apple ID, 530–531 installing apps, 533 keyboard shortcuts, 526 managing Apple ID, 532 preferences for automatic

updates, 172 privacy information, 7 purchased apps, 533–534 searching, 526–529 Update behavior, 169–170 updating apps, 534 appearance, configuring, 61–62 Apple Advertising, Security &

Privacy settings, 271–272 Apple Business Manager, 46 Apple Configurator 2, using to

restore Macs, 133–134 Apple Diagnostics, 944–947 Apple ID

getting for App Store, 530–531

managing for App Store, 532–533 resetting password, 52, 314–317 signing in with, 49–51 two-factor authentication, 50, 263–264 unlocking FileVault volume, 385 Apple School Manager, 46 Apple silicon

Activate Mac window, 286 configuring Security

Policy, 140 and macOS Recovery,

130, 133

selecting alternate system, 942–943

and Startup Security Utility, 137–138

and T2 chip, 922–925 Apple Support articles

AirDrop, 837 APFS volumes, 922 App Store, 534 Apple Diagnostics, 947 Apple IDs, 51, 263 automated device enrollment, 46 FileVault recovery key, 84 Hey Siri, 471

hiding user accounts, 184 iCloud Drive service, 597 iCloud Keychain, 262, 323 iCloud system

requirements, 263 iWork documents, 580 “Mac computers with Apple

silicon,” 4 macOS Big Sur

compatibility, 18 macOS version, 13 MDM (mobile device management) settings, 46 migrating content, 238–239 NVRAM or PRAM, 750, 950 packages, 426 password management, 318 Siri, 471 system extensions, 290 Thunderbolt 3, 869 Time Machine, 494 Voice Control, 273

Windows 10 and Boot Camp Assistant, 143

wireless devices, 870 zsh shell, 101 Apple Support website, 20 Apple T2 Security chip.

See also security and FileVault, 86 and macOS Recovery, 133 and Startup Security Utility,

137, 139

Apple Tech Specs website, 33 Apple Watch, unlocking Mac

with, 266

AppleDouble file format, file-system metadata, 468–469 Applications, accessing, 89,

306, 444 apps, 550–551

“Allow apps downloaded from,” 540–541

allowing to access data, 305–310

approving, 307–310 bundles with new Macs,

531–532 bypassing installation

settings, 541–542 code signing, 536

copying to /Applications, 558 defaults for file types,

611–613 diagnostic reports, 654–656 diskimageshelper, 301–302 downloading, 608–609 driver implementation, 879 file quarantine, 537–539 force quitting, 652–654, 667–672

Gatekeeper security settings, 558–561

and hardware compatibility, 30–33

Install macOS Big Sur, 154–155 installation packages,

544–545

installing, 305–306, 542–545 installing from App Store,

546–551 installing with

drag-and-drop, 543–544, 555–562

installing with installer package, 552–555 “Kind,” 627–628 malware detection, 539 managing file locking with,

587–588 monitoring, 645–646 notarization, 536 obtaining, 555–558 for opening files, 609–610 process security, 535 and processes, 625–633 protecting data of, 122 registering, 568 reinstalling from

App Store, 564 removing, 562–564

restricting installation of, 186 Review Copy Only. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2021 by Pearson Education, Inc.