Current Trends in IXPs, Hosting,
and Cloud Computing
INTERNET EXCHANGE POINTS FORUM
The Internet
The term the Internet originates from and is
commonly defined as:
The network of interconnected networks, or
internetwork, running on the IP
Internet traffic exchange
•
There are millions of networks, including home networks.
Most connect to ISPs
•
Autonomous Systems (AS) do not need ISPs (or are
ISPs themselves)
–
50 370 ASNs route independently
–
Canton school Zug, tax organisations, European
Commission, BBC, Brinks de Colombia, Bancolombia
–
Not just telecommunications companies
Transit
• Every network needs at least one transit provider to reach all other networks.
– per peak megabit/s/month irrespective of direction of traffic (900/50in/out =50/900 in/out)
– Paid by both sides, though not same price
• Transit provider necessary, because you can’t reach all networks/geographies
• Transit prices: USD 0.50/mbit/s/month in London USD150/mbit/s/month in Nairobi
Peering
• When two networks are in the same region, it makes sense to connect directly
– Bypass transit provider, save money
• Both networks save equal amount of traffic, but unequal amount of money
• Internet Exchange Point makes it easier to connect with more networks.
• 96 countries, 142,210 peering relationships, 99,51% handshake
• Peering and Transit generally beneficial model to all parties. Sometimes disputes
– New Zealand, Norway, France, Netflix
• Some networks buy transit only off-shore
– Forced peering not a solution (Australia)
– Solution: Require transit to be bought on-shore
Data centres and cloud computing
• Data centres are one of the end-points where backhaul networks terminate
• Can be in-house, third party or Internet industry
• Carrier neutral data centres are good locations for IXPs
A view of the world – Local (blue) vs.
foreign (red) hosted content
• CDN delivers traffic globally for customers
– Saves customers equipment, travel, negotiations, jetlag
• CDNs rated based on speed
– Conviva and Cedexis software chooses best CDN for customer
– Highly competitive
• ISP refusing peering can negatively affect CDN
• CDNs push development of regional IX
• FL-IX (Florida, by Netflix), France-IX (Akamai)
• Big content providers build own CDN
– They can build highly specialized CDNs, save 20% costs according to Netflix
•
Around 440* IXPs worldwide
•
Source of nearly all Internet bandwidth
•
Countries lacking IXPs must import
bandwidth from other countries
–
More costly
–
Latency
•
Rather low cost of implementation
Internet Exchange Points (IXPs)
•
Brazil: Around 27
IXPs, established
by using funds
from domain name
registration
•
Europe: more and
more regional
ones (e.g.
Nuremberg,
Bilbao, Lyon)
IXPs – Tendency: More and more
regional IXPs
• Indications from OECD reviews on Colombia
– Hosting market not well developed
– Large part of the content is hosted outside Colombia
Hosting of content in the country:
Current situation
1543 255 95 87 53 48 41 38 41 30 32 29 24 22 19 1411 11 114United States Colombia Germany United Kingdom Canada Netherlands Singapore France Europe Indonesia Spain China Argentina Turkey Ireland India Poland Australia Others
Exampes of public sector sites hosted in another country url Hosting country gobiernoenlinea.gov.co Argentina migracioncolombia.gov.co Argentina cucuta-nortedesantander.gov.co Argentina agronet.gov.co Argentina contratos.gov.co Argentina metrodemedellin.gov.co Argentina contraloriavillavicencio.gov.co Canada esemeta.gov.co Canada radionacionaldecolombia.gov.co Europe eseacevedo.gov.co United States mintransporte.gov.co United States cancilleria.gov.co United States vivedigital.gov.co United States colciencias.gov.co United States idartes.gov.co United States sitp.gov.co United States laguajira.gov.co United States derechodeautor.gov.co United States concejodecali.gov.co United States fomag.gov.co United States mintic.gov.co United States serviciocivil.gov.co United States radionica.gov.co United States supervigilancia.gov.co United States idrd.gov.co United States transmilenio.gov.co United States fna.gov.co United States loteriasantander.gov.co United States caprecom.gov.co United States seduca.gov.co United States loteriadeboyaca.gov.co Virgin Islands, British
Hosting of content in the country:
The role of the public sector
• Public entities often lead users in OECD
countries
• Pingdom data (Alexia top million):
– Public websites both hosted in Colombia and abroad
– Important websites hosted outside the country
•
Currently only one significant IXP run by CCIT
•
Key figures in comparison
IXP situation in Colombia (I)
Country City
Popula-tion
(country)
Internet Exchange Name
Participants Traffic Establishe
d
Colombia Bogotá 48,014,026 NAP
Colombia
19 31G Jun 2000
Austria Vienna 8.579.747 Vienna
Internet Exchange 118 231G Apr 1996 Ukraine Kiev 44,291,413 (2014) Ukrainian Internet Exchange 125 323G Jul 2000
•
2 IXPs (1 significant) for the
entire country
•
Relatively low amount of traffic
•
Small number of members
•
No content providers; almost all
members are ISPs
•
High membership fee
•
There seem to be access barriers
to traffic exchange and especially
peering at this IXP
IXP situation in Colombia (II)
Promote
additional IXPs and ensure low barriers of entry
Reports on Internet Traffic Exchange
• International Cables, Gateways, Backhaul and International Exchange Points (OECD Digital Economy Papers No. 232)
• Connected Televisions (OECD Digital Economy Papers No. 231)
• Internet Traffic Exchange (OECD Digital Economy Papers No. 207)
OECD Reviews on Colombia
• OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: Colombia 2014
• OECD Review of Telecommunication Policy and Regulation in Colombia
