Water Supply Engineering

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Supply

Engineering

Contents

Introduction

to

S.I.

Units

Interconversion

of MKS and

S.I.

Units

Cnagrens

1.

Introduction

1.1

Importance and Necessity for planned Water Supplies

1.2

Financing of Water Supply Schemes and

Their

Development

in India

1.3

Pricing of Municipal Water Supplies

L.4

Planning and Execution of Modern Water Supply Schemes

2.

Water Demands

2.1

Various Types of Water Demands

2.2

Total Requirement of Water for a Town or a

City

2.3

The Per Capita Demand (q)

2.4

Factors affecting

Pert)apita

Demand

2.5

Factors affecting Losses and Wastes

2.6

Variations

in

Demand

2.7

Effects of Variations

in

Demand on the

Design Capacities of

Different

Components of a Water Supply Scheme

2.8

Design Periods

2.9

Population Data and Population growth

2.L0

Population Forecasting Methods

3.

Sources of Water,

Hydrological

Concepts,

.

and Study

ofSurface

Sources

3.1

Generallntroduction

3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11

Hydrological

Concepts

Hydrological Cycle Precipitation Types of Precipitation

Rainfall

and

Its Distribution

Measurement of

Rainfall

Measurement of Snow

Average Annual

Rainfall, Minimum

Annual Rainfall, and Index of Wetness

Water Budget of

India

Characteristics of Rain Storm

Run off and Estimation of Run

off

(xuii)

(rr)

I

I

2 D 6 8 8 15 16 16 20 20 23 27 ,.R 30

ot

ot

58 58

-59

60 61 67 67 68 69 70

(r)

(xi)

CHAPTERS

Surface

Sources of

Water

3.12

Ponds and Lakes as Surface Sources ofSupplies

3.13

Streams and Rivers as Surface Sources

of

Water SuPPlies

3.14

Storage Reservoirs as Surface Sources ofSupplies

3.15

Quality and Quantity of Surface Waters and

their usefulness for Public Water Suppiies Sub Surface or Underground Sources Factors Governing the Selection

ofa

Particular Source of Water

4.

Development of Ground Water

4.1

Occurrence of Ground Water

4.2

Geological Factors Governing the Occurrence of Ground Water

4.3

Zones of Under-ground Water

4.4

Movement of Ground Water and its Velocity

4.5

Coefficient of PermeabilitY

4.6

Drainage of Ground Water

4.7

Ground

WaterYieid

4.8

Aquifers and their TYPes

4.g

Certain Other Important Terms Related to Ground Water

Various Forms of

Underground

Sources

4.10 Infiltration

Galleries

4.11 Infiltration

Wells

4.12

Springs

Wells

4.13

Open Wells or DugWells

4.14

Tubewe]Is

4.15

Yield of Wells and Tubewells by Thiem's

Equilibrium Formulas

4.16

Dupuit's Equilibrium Formuias for Estimating

Yield of Wells and Tubewells

4.1?

Partial Penetration of an Aquifer by a Well

4.18

Spherical Flow

in

a Well

4.19

Interference among Wells

4.20

Surface ofSeepage and Free Surface Ctrrve

4.21

Weil loss and Specific Capacity of Wells

4.22

Efficiency of a Well PAGES /bl 108 109 110

rt?

1L2

Ltz

114 116 L20 122 122 L24 127 L28 131 133 135 r47 182 187 190 194 195 198 20L 202

CHaprnns

4.23 4.24 4.25

(xii)

Non-Equilibrium _{Formula for Confined Aquifers}

(Unsteady Radial Flows) Design of Strainer Tubewells

Quality and _{Quantity of Groundwater and}

its _{Usefulness for Public Water Supplies}

4.26

Comparative study of surface and

.

subsurface Supplies

5,

fntakes For Collecting

_{Surface Water}

5.1

Definition _{and General Introd.uction}

5.2

Factors governing the Location ofan Intake Types

of Intakes

5.3

Simple Submerged Intakes

5.4

Intake Towers

5.5

Medium Sized River Intake Structures

5.6

Canal Intakes

5.7

Intakes for Sluiceways of Dams

6.

_{Conduits for Transporting lVater}

6.1

Definition and General Lltroduction

6.2

Various Tlpes of Conduits

6.3

Hydraulics of Flow and Design of pressure Pipes as Gravity Mains

6.4

Flow

in

Pipe Systems

6.5

Forces Acting on pressure Conduits

6.6

Certain Important Definitions

6.7

Various Types (Materials) of pressure pipes

6.8

Layout of Water Supply pipes

6.9

Pipe Appurtenances

6.10

Testing of _{the Water Mains (pipe lines)}

7.

PumpsforLiftingWater

7.L

Generallntroduction

7.2

_\rpes

of Pumps

i.A

Factors Affecting the Selection of a

particular

Type ofPump

7.4

Horse Power and Efficiency of pumps

7.5

Economical Diameter of the pumping Mains

7.6

Pumping Stations

8.

_Q-uality

Control

of

Municipal

and

Industrial

lYater Supplies

8.1

Generallntroduction

8.2

Characteristics of Water

8.3

Water Borne Diseases and

their

Control

Pacrs

208 272 224 225 231 231 23L 233 235, 237 247 25L 255 255 256 260 275 284 309 310 325 326 334 338 338 340 358 359 360 365 377 377 378 4L5 .a

(

_xiii

₎

Cnaprnns

8.4

Quality Standards for Municipal or

Domestic Supplies

8.5

Quality Standards for

Industrial

Supplies

9.

Purification

of Water Supplies

9.1

Generallntroduction

9.2

Methods of Purifrcation of Water

Screening

9.3

Course and Fine Screens

Plain Sedimentation

(Type

I

settling)

9.4

Theory of Sedimentation

9.5

SedimentationTanks

9.6

Tube Settlers

Sedimentation Aided

with

Coagulation

9.7

Analysis of Flocculent Settling (Type 2 Settling)

9.8

Chemicals used for Coagulation

9.9

The Constituents of a Coagulation Sedimentation

Piant

9.10

Combined Coagulation cum Sedimentation Tanks

9.11

Laboratory Testing for Determining Optimum

Coagulant _Quantities

9.12

Production ofSludge in the Coagulation Sedimentation Process

Filtration

9.13

Theory of

Filtration

9.14

Filter Materihls

9.15

Types of Filters and Their Classification

9.16

Slow Sand Filters

9.17

Rapid Gravity Filters

9.18

Design of

Filteing

Media for Rapid Gravity Filters

9.19

Hydraulics of Sand Gravity Filters

9.20

Slow Sand Filters Versus Rapid Gravity Filters

9.21

Pressure Filters

9.22

Other Types of Filters

Disinfection or

Sterilisation

9.23

Minor Methods of Disinfection

9.24

Chlorination

Water

Softening

9.25

Methods of Removing Temporary Hardness

9.26

Methods of Removing Permanent Hardness

Miscellaneous Treatments

9.27

Removal ofColours, Odours and Tastes

from Waters

Pecns

418 435 440 440 44C 441 441. 442 443 450 +t6 478 479 482 490 501 .503 504 508 509 510 511 511 517 537 541. 550 DD.J 556 558 . DDY 563 583 584 D6D 610 611

(xiu)

CHAPTERS

9.28

Removal of Salt and Dissolved Solids from Water ;

i.e. Desalination PAGES 6L7 633 634 644 651 652 665 672 681 681 681 682 683 688 692 693 694 695 695 699 700 719 723 724 726 726 733 745 749 753 760 760 760 762 762

o9q

9.30 9.31 9.32 9.33 9.34 9.35

Removal of Iron and Manganese from Water

Addition to and Removal of Fluorides from Water Arsenic Contamination and its Removal from

Water

'

"

Removal of Radioactivity from Water

Domestic methods of Treating Water Supplies Packaged Natural Mineral Waters

BIS Siandards for Packaged

DrinkingWater

oiir".

tft""

Packaged Natural Mineral Waters

10.

DistributionSYstem

10.1

General Introduction

10.2

Requirements of a Good Distribution System

10.3

Anangement of Distribution Pipes and Other

Accessories

10.4

Layouts of Distributioh Networks

10.5

Methods of Distribution

10.6

Pressures in the Distribution System

10.7

SYstems of SuPPIY

Distribution

Reservoirs

10.8

Functrons of Distribution Reservoirs

10.9

Types of Distribution Reservoirs

10.10 Stand PiPes

10. 11 Storage Capacity of Distribution Reservoirs 10.12 Location and Height of the Distribution

Reservoirs

Wastage of Water

in

the

Distribution

System 10.13 Detection of Leakage in the Distribution Pipes

Design of

Distribution Networks

10' 14 Fixing the Sizes of Pipes of a Simple

Distribution

SYstem

10.15 Analysis of Complex Pipe Netvror!:s

-

Appurtenances

in

the

Distribution

System

10.16 Fire HYdrants 10.1? Water Meters

11.

Water supply

Plumbing

Systems

in

Buildings

and Houses

ii.

i

Plumbing Svstem in Water Supplies

11.2

The House Water Connection

11.3

StoP Cocks

\xu

)

Cneptnns

PAGES

11.5

Pipe

Fittings

763

11.6.

Storage of Water in

Buildings

765

LLl

Water Piping Systems

in

Buildings

77L

11.8

Design Considerations for Water Piping Systems

in Buildings

IIot

Water Appliances and

Installations

11.9

Hot Water Requirement 11.10 Domestic Hot Water Appliances 11.11 Solar Water Heaters

11.12 Centralised Hot Water Systems

L2,

Water Supplies of Small

Communities

in Rural Area

L2.l

Introduction

L2.2

Sources of Water for Small Communities

in Rural Areas

12.3

Selection of the Suitable Source of Water

12.4

Quantitative Requirement of Water in a

Rural Water SuPPIY Scheme

12.5

Assessing the Required Water Treatment for

a Given Source

L2.6

Treatment Methods for High Fluorine Water

12.7

Treatment Methods for Removing

lron

12.8

Chlorinating Small Community Supplies

13.

Planning

and

Preparing

Water Supply

Projects

q61

13.1

Geieral

Introduciion

861

13.2

Data to be

Collected

861

13.3

Analysis of Data and Project

Formulation

863

,13.4

Project

Drawings

864

13.5

Project

Estimates

864

13.6

Project

RePorts

865

Process Design

of

a ComPlete

Water

Treatment Plant Project

as a Whole

14.

Water

Treatment in Swimming

Pools

L4.L

Layout, Shape and Structural Design of

Swimming Pools

14.2

Essential Requirements of Swimming Pool

Waters and of its Surroundings

I4.3

Systems of Supply in Swimming Pools and Recycling of Pool Water

t4.4

Swimming Pool Water Treatment System for

Recycling of Pool Water

14.5

Pollution Zones

in

a Swimming Pool

778 79L '749 793 801 806 816 816 816 831 832 833 836 845 858 868 900 900 900 903 906 909

(xui)

CHAPTERS

14.6

Controlling the Water Quality of

a Swimming Pool

L4.7

Chlorination of Swimming Pools

15.

Laboratory Experiments in

Water

Supply

.-

Engineering

\

_isr"-

_Co pind'ttre

Turbidity

of a Given Sample

of

Water bY

r:

(1) Jackson's Turbidimeter

(2) BaYli's

Turbidimeter;

and (3) Photometers and Nephelometers

15.2.

To Find the Odour of the Given Sample of Water

15.3.

To Find the Colour of a Given Samplb of Water

15.4.

To Determine the pH Value of a Given Sarnple

of Water

15.5.

To Determine the Carbonate' Bicarbonate and Hydroxide

Alkalinity in

a Given Sample of Water

15.6.

To Find out tlfu Concentration of Chlorides

in

the Given SamPle of Water

15.7.

To Find out the Hardness of the Given Sample

of Water bY Standard EDTA Method

15.8.

To Determine the Residual Chlorine

in

a Given SamPle of Water bY

(1) _{Orthotolidine} Test

(2) Starch Iodide Test

(3) _{DPD Test}

15.9.

To Determine the Chlorine Demand of a Given

SamPle of Water

15.10. To Determine the Available Chlorine Percentage

in

a Given Sample of Bleaching Powder

15.1-1. To Determine the Amount of Dissolved

Oxygen (D'O') in the Given Sample of Water

bY Winkler Method

15.12. To Find out the Suspended Solids (SS) ;

Dissol'ved Solicls (DS;) and Total Solids (TS)

in

a Given SamPle of Water

15.L3. To Determirie the Quantity of Alum Required

to Coagulate a Given Sample of Raw Water

16.

Chapterwise Multichoiee^Objective Questions

ifro,i

Cttopter 7

to 11-300

Questions)

in.*ur.

.od

tti.ttt

to Solve Starred Objective Questions

Pacns

911 915 920 92L 923 923 924 925 926 929 937 940 945 946 949 951 952 953 959 960 964 994

(

xuii

)

CnerrsRs

L7.

Conventional Questions of the Engineering

20.

18.

19.

Services Competitive Exams

(Questions Solved from the year 1979 to 2007)

Objective Questions of the Engineering

Services Exams

(Questions from the year 1993 to 2007

with

Answers and

Hints

for Solving Starred Questions)

Conventional Questions of

Civil

Services

Exams (Water Supply

Portion)

(Questions Solved from the year 1979 to 2007)

Objeetive Questions

of

AMIE Exams

(New

Scheme

effective

from

1993) (Questions from the year 1993 to 2003)

Answers and

Hints

for Solving Starred Questions

Appendix Table

A-1. Existing Water Rates

for

Domestic Water Supplies over Various States of

India

Appendix Table

A-2. Existing Water Rates for

Commercial and

Industrial

Water Supplies over

Various States of India

Appendix Table

_^{,3.

Drinking

Water Pricing around the World

in

U.S. Dollars ($) per

kL

Appendix Table

A-4. Density of Water at

Different

Temperatures

Appendix Table

A-5. Boiling Point of Water

at

Different

Pressures

Appendix Table

A-6. Useful Conversions between

Different

Units

Bibliography

Index

Pecns 998 1032

lo74

r113

1136

r140

LI.44

lt.44

tt45

t 146

It50

r165-1180