Transformer Dry Type Handbook1

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Relentlessly Responsive

DRY TYPE TRANSFORMER

INSULATION HANDBOOK

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10

20

30

40

50 I. Introduction to the Gund Company

Preface . . . .

4 Our Locations. . . .

5 Primary Customer Segments . . . .

6 Transformer Insulation Components Overview. . . .

7-8

II. Transformer Coil Insulation Components

Coil Insulation Overview . . .

Winding Bobbins . . .

11 Insulating Core Tubes . . .

12 Conductor Insulation. . .

13 Layer Insulation . . .

14 Layer Insulation Tape. . .

15 Intra-Coil Phase Barriers . . .

16 Inter-Coil Phase Barriers . . .

17 Winding Combs. . .

18 Coil Shims . . .

19 Air Duct (Axial) Spacer Sticks . . .

III.Coil Support & Superstructure Components

Coil Supports . . .

22 Insulating Nuts & Bolts . . . .

23-27

Phase Barriers. . .

28 Insulating Angles & Channels. . .

29 Stand-off Insulators . . .

IV.Tap Changer Components

Tap Changer Components. . .

32 V. Material Data Sheets

Laminate Sheet, Rod, & Tubing

Glass Epoxy Laminate Sheet & Tubes (NEMA Grades G-10/FR4 & G-11) . . .

34-35

Glass Polyester Molded Insulation Materials

Glass Polyester Molded Sheets (NEMA Grades GPO-1, GPO-2, GPO-3) . . .

36-39

Glass Polyester Molded Sheet, NEMA Grade N180 . . .

Glass Polyester Molded Sheet, DuraNohl™ N220. . .

41 Glass Polyester Laminate Sheet, 220°C Grade SG-200 . . .

42 Glass Polyester Laminate Sheet, 220°C Grade HST-II . . .

43 Glass Polyester Pultruded Angles & Channels . . .

44-45

Glass Polyester Molded Stand-off Insulators . . . .

46-49

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Nomex™ Insulating Materials

Nomex

TM

_{Aramid Paper. . .}

_51-53

Nomex

TM

_{Paper Products . . .}

₅₄

Other Flexible Transformer Insulation Materials

Quin-T Family of Products . . .

55-60

PolyPro FR™, Flame Retardant Polypropylene . . .

61 Other Transformer Insulation Materials

Glass Epoxy Filament Wound Tubing. . .

62 VI. Appendix

Dry Type Transformer Kitting Checklist. . .

64-68

Winding Comb Order Sheet . . .

69 Application Engineering . . .

70 Contacting The Gund Company . . .

71

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Section I

Introduction to The Gund Company

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Preface

The Gund Company has been in the electrical insulation manufacturing, fabrication,

and distribution business for over fifty years. We have introduced the Dry Type Transformer

Insulation Handbook to better serve our customers in the manufacturing and repair of dry type

transformer equipment.

Section I of this handbook offers some background information on The Gund Company

and the segments of the electrical industry that we serve. Sections II, III, and IV of this book

contain transformer insulation application information. Section V contains the technical data

sheets for transformer insulation materials and Section VI, the final section, discusses Application

Engineering and contact information for The Gund Company.

This handbook is intended for manufacturing engineers, repair specialists, field service

technicians, purchasing agents, shop foremen, and everyone who may be involved in the

specification, selection, and use of electrical insulating materials for transformer equipment.

The reader should be advised that this handbook does not represent a complete account of

The Gund Company’s products and services nor a complete record of all insulation materials

utilized in the many and varied transformer designs. Instead, it is meant to be a collection of

technical information pertaining to the most commonly encountered insulation materials and

their application in transformers. If a desired product or component cannot be found, please

contact us and we can discuss potential options.

Please keep in mind that all information and data contained in this handbook is believed to

be reliable, but all recommendations or suggestions are made without guarantee. Furthermore,

suggestions for use of material supplied shall not be construed as a recommendation or

inducement to violate any law or infringe on any patent.

We hope that the product and application information along with the sample component

drawings help involved individuals to make informed decisions. The Gund Company welcomes

any comments, suggestions, or applications questions. We sincerely appreciate the opportunity

to assist you in meeting your electrical insulation requirements.

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Our Locations

Cedar Lake, Indiana (Chicago)

• 30,000 Sq. Foot Fabrication Facility

Milwaukee, Wisconson

• 50,000 Sq. Foot Fabrication Facility

• 20,000 Sq. Foot Molding Facility

Fergus, Ontario (Toronto)

• 55,000 Sq. Foot Fabrication Facility

Milwaukee, WI

Fergus, ON (Toronto)

San Bernardino, California

• 20,000 Sq. Foot Fabrication Facility

Cedar Lake, IN (Chicago)

San Bernardino, CA

St. Louis, MO

Mexico City, Mexico

St. Louis, Missouri

• Corporate Headquarters

Mexico City, Mexico

_{• 62,500 Sq. Foot Fabrication Facility}

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Primary Customer Segments

Transformer

Insulation

Winding kits including coil

spacer sticks, coil wedges, step

blocks, terminal strips, phase

barriers, cable clamps, and

bus supports. Layer insulation

options and PSA layer tapes.

By focusing on understanding our

customer’s specific application

requirements, TGC has delivered

solutions to customers around the

world. TGC exports to more than

32 countries including Japan,

Korea, China, Austria, United

Kingdom, and Saudi Ara

bia.

Power Supply

A natural extension of

both the switchgear and

transformer insulation

business. From Dry Type

Transformer Components

to Chassis Liners and every

insulator in between,

TGC can provide kitting

solutions.

Switchgear

Insulation

TGC is an integrated

manufacturer of glass

polyester laminates (GPO-3)

with complete fabrication

capability for phase barriers,

terminal supports, bus bar

supports, and cable clamps.

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Transformer Insulation Components Overview

The Gund Company manufactures insulating components for many types of electrical

transformers including:

• Large Power Transformers

• Oil Filled Distribution Transformers

• Dry Type Distribution Transformers

• Dry Type Power Supply Transformers

• Electronic Transformers

Though transformers perform a similar role in the power distribution system regardless

of design, the various transformer insulation design parameters can be quite different. For

example, an oil filled transformer used for outdoor power distribution applications requires

insulating components compatible with the dielectric fluid used in the transformer. On the

other hand, a dry type transformer used for power distribution inside a building requires a

higher temperature insulation system typically rated for 180°C to 220°C. While the design or

function of an insulating component may be similar in both oil filled and dry type transformers,

the material selection criteria can be completely different.

The Gund Company has put together the Dry Type Transformer Insulation Handbook

to help serve as a reference tool for our customers involved in the manufacturing and repair

of transformer equipment. We have attempted to gather information on the most common

insulation component applications as well as the most common insulating material alternatives.

If we have not included a particular material or application of interest to you, please contact us

for a specific review of your requirements. The Gund Company has also produced an Oil Filled

Transformer Insulation Handbook which may be requested by contacting The Gund Company.

Over the years, The Gund Company has served as a partner for many of our customers

interested in lowering the cost structure of their design. By partnering with our customers,

we can review current insulation system designs in order to help identify areas for potential

cost reductions. Many of our customers participate in our “Cost Reduction Initiative Program”

wherein we request design information, assembly drawings, and related information so that we

can make a proposal that may lower the cost of production.

Whatever your transformer insulation requirement may be, The Gund Company has the

material knowledge and technical capability to assist you in developing potential engineering

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Common Insulation Components by Type of Transformer

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Type of Transformer

Dry Type Transformer

Electronic, Power Supply or

Distribution Applications

Oil Filled Transformer

Medium & Large Power

Applications

Additional informatin found in TGC’s Oil Filled Transformer Insulation Handbook

Oil Filled Transformer

Distribution Applications

Additional informatin found in TGC’s Oil Filled Transformer Insulation Handbook

Insulating Component

Conductor Insulation Layer Insulation Layer Insulation Tape Winding Comb Coil Wedges

Air Duct (Axial) Spacer Sticks Phase Barrier

Coil Clamps Bus Bar Supports Winding Bobbins Insulating Nuts & Bolts Insulating Angles & Channels Stand-off Insulators

Conductor Insulation Layer Insulation Layer Insulation Tape Crossover Pad Insulation Core Insulation

Core Spacers

Core Fastener Insulation Axial and Radial Spacers Punched Spacers Clamping Plates & Rings Lead Termination Insulation Lead & Cable Clamps Coil Supports – Step Blocks Insulating Nuts & Bolts Tap Changer Insulating Boards Lead & Cable Tubing

Tie Plate Bolt Insulation Layer Insulation Layer Insulation Tape Crossover Pad Insulation Phase Barriers

Insulating Angles & Channels Fuse & Terminal Boards Insulating Tubing

Common Materials

Slit Nomex Aramid Paper Coils Nomex™ Aramid Paper, Quin-T Glass Cloth Tape, TESA 4617

Glass Polyester Laminate, SG-200, N220 Glass Polyester Laminate, GPO-3 Glass Polyester Dogbone Rod Glass Polyester Laminate, GPO-3 Glass Polyester Laminate, GPO-3 Glass Polyester Laminate, GPO-3 Glass Epoxy Laminate, G10 / G11 Glass Epoxy Laminate

Glass Polyester Pultrusions Molded Glass Polyester Nomex™ & Creped Kraft Paper Diamond Epoxy Coated Kraft Glass Reinforced Polyester Tape Rag Paper Insulation – COPACO Glass Polyester Laminate, GPO-1 Glass Polyester Laminate, GPO-1 Glass Epoxy Laminate, G-10 Fabricated Pressboard Material Fabricated Pressboard Material

Fabricated Pressboard Material, Laminated Wood Paper Phenolic Laminate, XXX

Paper Phenolic Laminate, XXX

Fabricated Pressboard Material, Laminated Wood Glass Epoxy Laminate, G-10

Low Power Factor Paper Phenolic Paper Phenolic Laminate, XXX Glass Epoxy & Steel Assembly Diamond Coated Kraft Paper Glass Reinforced Polyester Tape Rag Paper Insulation – COPACO Glass Polyester Laminate, GPO-1 Glass Polyester Pultrusion, GPO-3

Glass Polyester Laminate, GPO-1, NEMA XXX Paper Phenolic Tubing, XXX

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Section II

Transformer Coil Insulation Components

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Coil Insulation Overview

Stand-off Insulators

Insulated Yoke Bolt

Adjustable Insulated Pressure Plate

Core

Cooling Duct Insulating Spacers

Insulating Pressure Collar

Low Voltage Winding

High Voltage Winding

Insulating Tubes

Insulated Core Bolt

Insulating Barrier Between Coils

Insulating Pressure Collar

Adjustable Insulating Pressure Plate

Transformer coils require a variety of insulation materials depending on the specific

design characteristics of the transformer, such as dry type or oil filled, temperature

rating, and application. In general, coil insulation would include the different

insulations used between the core and the windings, between the windings

themselves, and around the coil itself. The following pages will cover these insulation

applications including:

Core Insulation

Layer Insulation

Conductor Insulation

Winding Combs

Spacer Sticks

Pressure Collars

Air Duct (Axial) Spacers

Lead Insulation

Layer / Coil Tape

Pressure Plates

Pressure Rings

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Winding Bobbins

Description

Many dry type transformers for electronic and power

supply applications utilize winding bobbins in their design.

Of course, almost all high volume electronic transformer

winding bobbins are molded from thermoset or

thermoplastic resins. The Gund Company supplies

custom fabricated winding bobbins using thermoset

composites which offer excellent mechanical strength

and outstanding dielectric properties at elevated

temperatures. Custom winding bobbins can be made in

quantities from a few to several thousand.

Common shapes for custom winding bobbins include square, round, oblong, and rectangular.

Most winding bobbins consist of an insulating tube bonded to a series of flanges made from

sheet material. A bobbin may have multiple flanges to allow for the separation of phases

according to the transformer design.

Materials

• Nomex™ Aramid Paper & Pressboard Material

• Glass Epoxy Laminate, NEMA Grade G-10/FR4

• Glass Epoxy Laminate, NEMA Grade G-11

• Glass Polyester Laminate, NEMA GPO-3

• Glass Polyester Laminate, Grade N220

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Insulating Core Tubes

Description

Most transformer coils are wound around a mandrel. The mandrel

often has an initial wrap of insulation material which can be as

simple as Nomex™ Aramid Paper taped around the mandrel or which

can be a filament wound tube.

Historically, filament wound tubes were used as a common practice

for core tubes, but many companies evolved to using Nomex™

Aramid Paper for various reasons. As the cost of Nomex™ has

increased over time, filament wound tubes are proving themselves

to be very cost effective for insulating core tubes.

A filament wound core tube provides excellent mechanical strength with even a 0.030” wall

relative to Nomex™ Aramid Paper with a 0.060” wall. Filament wound tubes do slide right on

the mandrel and can lower labor costs relative to the awkward process of taping 0.030” layers

on Nomex™ around a mandrel. Also, filament wound tubes are extremely abrasion resistant

and can withstand the driving of the core shims to tighten the core / coil assembly. Of course,

filament wound core tubes do need to be ordered with an advance lead-time of one to two

weeks and must be ordered to size whereas a Nomex™ core tube can be made and taped right

on the existing mandrel.

Materials

• Nomex™ Aramid Paper

• Quin-T Family of Papers

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Conductor Insulation

Description

Most dry type transformers use a paper based insulation wrap over the conductor as a

secondary insulation in addition to the conductor’s primary varnish insulation. Sometimes,

the Aramid paper insulation is wrapped around the bare conductor (with no varnish) as

the primary insulation. The insulating paper material offers additional insulation protection

between the turns of the transformer coil while protecting the conductor from abrasion,

scratches, and cuts during the manufacturing process.

The Gund Company custom slits insulating papers into coils for conductor insulation

applications. Typical conductor insulation ranges in thickness from .001” to .003” and ranges

in width from .375” to .750”. The Gund Company supplies coils on 3” ID or 10” ID coils with a

maximum O.D. of 18”.

For conductor leads that exit the winding, The Gund Company supplies insulating sleeving

and pressure sensitive tapes depending on the manufacturer’s design and insulation system

requirements.

Materials

• Nomex™ Aramid Paper

• Quin-T Family of Insulating Materials

• Kapton Polyamide Film Tape

• Varflex Insulating Sleeving (for leads)

• Intertape Polymer Tape (for leads)

Conductor of a barrel wound transformer wrapped with Nomex™ Aramid Fibre Tape

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Layer Insulation

Description

Layer Insulation refers to the relatively thin (.005” - .020” typical) layers of flexible insulation

material used between the turns of conductor, most typically in bobbin wound coils. Layer

insulation typically requires the use of pressure sensitive tape in order to help hold the layer

insulation in place. These pressure sensitive tapes perform a largely mechanical role, but must

be compatible with the transformer’s insulation system.

Top-Down view of a barrel wound transformer pointing out the Nomex™ Aramid Paper layer insulation

For dry type transformers, the most commonly used layer insulation material is Nomex™

Aramid Paper. While Quin-T family of insulating papers has found application for dry

type transformer layer insulation, many companies have not approved Quin-T lower cost

alternatives. Some dry type transformer designs also utilize a B-Stage glass cloth product. For

additional information on various B-Stage glass cloth construction alternatives, please contact

The Gund Company.

Insulating tape, used in conjunction with dry type transformer layer insulation typically, is

a glass cloth based tape with a rubber or silicone adhesive to reach the 220°C temperature

rating.

Materials

• Nomex™ Aramid Paper

• Quin-T Family of Insulating Products

• B-Stage Epoxy Impregnated Glass Cloth

• Glass Cloth Based Rubber Adhesive PSA Tape

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Layer Insulation Tape

Description

Most dry type transformers use a pressure sensitive tape for holding down the layers of

insulation as the coil is being wound. In electronic transformers, pressure sensitive tape is

typically the layer insulation itself.

Though not a complete representation of all electrical pressure sensitive tape in the

marketplace, the following tapes are commonly used for layer insulation tape applications.

Dry Type Transformer Layer Insulation Tapes:

Designation

Thickness

Backing Material Reinforcement

Adhesive

Intertape 4618

.007”

Glass Cloth

Silicone

Intertape 4617

.007”

Glass Cloth

Silicone

Intertape 4428

.0022”

Polyimide Film

n/a

Silicone

Intertape 4429

.0035”

Polyimide Film

n/a

Silicone

Please contact The Gund Company for a complete listing of pressure sensitive adhesive tapes

for electronic transformer applications. Data sheets are available upon request for any tape

product.

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Intra-Coil Phase Barriers

Description

Depending on the design, intra-coil phase barriers may be used between the primary and

secondary winding.

For applications between the primary and secondary winding, a flexible layer of

high-temperature glass polyester laminate such as Grade FHT or Grade N200F would be used in

thicknesses ranging from 0.030” to 0.093”. Nomex™ Aramid Paper is also sometimes used by

layering up 0.030” material.

Materials

• Nomex™ Aramid Paper

• High-Temperature, Flexible Glass Polyester Laminate, Grade N200F

• High-Temperature, Flexible Glass Polyester Laminate, Grade FHT

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Top-down view of a transformer with the primary windings (1) insulated with N200F or FHT and the secondary windings (2) insulated with Nomex™

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Inter-Coil Phase Barriers

Description

Depending on the design, inter-coil phase barriers may be used between the coils (phases) of

the transformer.

For applications between the coils of the transformer, Grade FHT or Grade N200F can be

wound into the outer layers of the coil on the side closest to the adjacent coil.

Some applications for higher voltage transformers place the phase barriers outside the coil

winding between each coil. These phase barriers are typically made from 0.125” or 0.187”

NEMA GPO-3.

Materials

• Nomex™ Aramid Paper

• High-Temperature, Flexible Glass Polyester Laminate, Grade N200F

• High-Temperature, Flexible Glass Polyester Laminate, Grade FHT

• Glass Polyester Laminate, NEMA Grade GPO-3

Phase barriers made of GPO-3 between the coils of a disk wound transformer

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Winding Combs

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Description

Winding Combs are used in disc wound dry type

transformers. The winding comb mechanically

supports the turns of the coil while insulating each

turn from the others. Although traditional designs

use 220°C rated material, some manufacturers have

successfully implemented 180°C rated materials in

some designs. NEMA GPO-3, a 130°C rated material, is

commonly used for winding combs as well.

The Gund Company custom fabricates dry type

winding combs with an automated CNC machining

center. Each transformer’s combs are made

independently allowing for an infinite range of

designs. This allows for a custom transformer winding configuration to meet the customer’s

requirements. A normal transformer may require 24 to 36 combs depending on the design.

Customers simply send a drawing, select a material, and receive a quotation. A template

Winding Comb Order Form can be found in the appendix to facilitate a request for quotation.

Typical lead-time for custom comb orders is two to four days.

Standard features for The Gund Company’s winding combs include:

• Beveled, sharp edges to protect conductor

• Custom fabrication in small lot sizes

• Fastest lead-times in industry

Please refer to the Appendix for a template Winding Comb Order Form for reference.

Materials

• Glass Polyester Laminate, NEMA Grade GPO-3 (130°C)

• Glass Polyester Laminate, NEMA Grade N155 (155°C)

• Glass Polyester Laminate, NEMA Grade G-11 (155°C)

• Glass Polyester Laminate, Grade TWC-200 (180°C)

• Glass Polyester Laminate, Grade SG-200 (210°C)

• Glass Polyester Laminate, NEMA Grade N220 (220°C)

• Glass Epoxy Laminate, NEMA Grade G-10/FR4 (130°C)

• Glass Epoxy Laminate, Grade Isoval R (180°C)

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Coil Shims

Description

Coil shims are most commonly used in barrel wound dry type transformers. The primary

purpose of coil shims is to tighten the coil windings in order to prevent potential vibration in

the unit.

For dry type transformers, most company’s use a glass based laminate such as GPO-3 for

excellent mechanical strength.

The Gund Company’s unique fabrication process for producing beveled or straight-edged coil

shims allows us to offer the lowest cost shims in the industry. Custom shims can be shipped

within two to four days.

Materials

• Glass Polyester Laminate, NEMA Grade GPO-1

• Glass Polyester Laminate, NEMA Grade GPO-3

• Glass Polyester Laminate, Grade N220, Grade SG-200, or Grade HST-II

Transformer coil wedges made with GPO-3 (Top) and GPO-1 (Bottom)

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Air Duct (Axial) Spacer Sticks

Description

Air duct spacer sticks are used to provide clearances for the flow of air for the cooling

of transformer coils. Their function is largely mechanical. In large and medium power

transformers, spacer sticks are custom made to a particular profile and may be used in

conjunction with punched spacers to help position the conductor wire around the coil.

In dry type transformers, spacer sticks are typically 220°C glass polyester pultruded rods often

called “dogbones,” appropriately named because of a commonly used version in that particular

shape.

Rectangles

Rounds

Dogbones

Squares



   

 

Materials

• Pultruded Glass Polyester Rod Grade N155 or N220

• Pultruded Glass Polyester Rod Grade MTS, HIR, or SG-200

• Pultruded Glass Polyester Rod Grade

SuperSil™-“Dogbone” air duct spacer sticks between layers of Nomex™ on a barrel wound transformer

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Section III

Coil Support & Superstructure Components

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Coil Supports

Description

Coil supports can be used throughout the transformer design to help add mechanical

strength and stability to a coil unit. In most cases, coil supports are used to reduce potential

vibration while securing the coil firmly to the steel structural support of the transformer.

Coil supports can be made to support the coil from the structural steel components from

above and below the coil depending on design.

In dry type transformers, coil supports are typically made out of Glass Polyester Laminate

(NEMA GPO-1, NEMA High Temperature GPO-1 Grades, or NEMA GPO-3). For applications

requiring greater mechanical strength, Glass Epoxy Laminate, NEMA Grade G-10/FR4 or NEMA

Grade G-11 may be a better alternative.

Materials

• Glass Polyester Laminate, NEMA Grades GPO-1, GPO-3

• Glass Polyester Laminate, Grades N220, SG-200, HST-II (NEMA GPO-1 High Temp Grades)

• Glass Epoxy Laminate, NEMA Grade G-10/FR4 or G-11

Coil supports on a dry type transformer made from GPO-3

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Insulating Nuts & Bolts

Description

Insulating Fasteners including bolts, washers, and nuts are available from The Gund Company

in a variety of materials, sizes, and configurations. Insulating fasteners offer high mechanical

strength and excellent dimensional stability at elevated temperatures.

In many applications, insulating fasteners solve design issues by simplifying efforts to isolate

or ground conducting components of an assembly. For instance, in some applications,

insulating nuts and bolts can replace a fastener assembly consisting of the metallic nut and

bolt as well as the required insulating bushing and insulating washer.

Common applications include: transformer tap changers, transformer coil supports, lead

clamps, bus bar clamps, barrier supports, and many more designs requiring a non-conductive

fastener with excellent mechanical strength and stability at elevated temperatures.

Material

Options

Description

Temperature

Rating

Applications

Glass Polyester

Low pressure molded glass

polyester composite with a

pultruded core and molded

threads. Better mechanical strength

and temperature resistance than

pressed wood. (Common trade

names include Perma-Bolt and

Permaglass)

130°C

Switchgear applications,

dry type transformer

applications, motor lead

clamp applications

Glass Epoxy

High Pressure glass epoxy laminate

with machined threads. (Common

trade names include Durostone)

180°C

Power generator lead

clamp applications,

electrical furnace

applications critical high

strength / temperature

applications

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Insulating Nuts & Bolts

Availability

Insulating fasteners are available in English or Metric unit sizes. Insulating bolts are

available with a full threaded bolt and a bolt with flat sides. The flat side bolts allow

for easier threading, but provide less thread strength. Standard nuts are square, but

hexagonal nuts can be manufactured at an additional cost upon request.

Configuration

Description

Full Thread Bolt

Threaded rods are available with a full thread

around the complete diameter of the rod. This

option offers the best thread strength

Flat Sides Bolt

Threaded rods are also available with flat sides

to allow for easier threading of the nuts. This

option can be produced more cost effectively, but

provide less thread strength.

T

W

D

Square Nuts

Threaded nuts are available in standard square

design with a multitude of standard English and

Metric sizes of threaded holes.

W

T

D

Threaded hexagonal nuts are available upon

request. Due to the additional cost required to

make these nuts, most customers opt for the

standard square nuts. Of course, hexagonal nuts

are available with the same range of standard

English and Metric threaded hole sizes

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Insulating Nuts & Bolts

Availability

Insulating fasteners are available in English or Metric unit sizes. Insulating bolts are available

with a full threaded bolt and a bolt with flat sides. The flat size bolts allow for easier threading,

but provide less thread strength. Standard nuts are square, but hexagonal nuts can be

manufactured at an additional cost upon request.

Full Thread Bolt Flat Sides Bolt

English Size Threaded Rods

Standard Thread Size

Pressed Wood

Glass Polyester

Glass Epoxy

¼” – 20

Full

Full or Flat

3/8” – 16

Full

Full or Flat

½” - 13

Full

Full or Flat

5/8” - 11

Full

Full or Flat

¾” - 10

Full

Full or Flat

7/8” - 9

Full

Full or Flat

1” - 8

Full

Full or Flat

1-1/4” – 11-1/2

Full

Full or Flat

1-1/2” – 11-1/2

Full

Full or Flat

Metric Size Threaded Rods

Standard Thread Size

Pressed Wood

Glass Polyester

Glass Epoxy

M6

Full

Full or Flat

M8

Full

Full or Flat

M10

Full

Full or Flat

M12

Full

Full or Flat

M14

Full

Full or Flat

M16

Full

Full or Flat

M18

Full

Full or Flat

M20

Full

Full or Flat

M24

Full

Full or Flat

M27

Full

Full or Flat

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Insulating Nuts & Bolts

Availability

Insulating fasteners are available in English or Metric unit sizes. Insulating bolts are available

with a full threaded bolt and a bolt with flat sides. The flat side bolts allow for easier threading,

but provide less thread strength. Standard nuts are square, but hexagonal nuts can be

manufactured at an additional cost upon request.

English Size Threaded Nuts

Standard Thread

Size

Standard Thickness

Range

Standard Width

Typical Description

¼” – 20

¼” – ½”

½”

¼” thk x ¼”-20 ID x ½” Square

3/8” – 16

3/8” – ¾”

5/8”

3/8” thk x 3/8”-16 ID x 5/8” Square

½” - 13

½” – 1”

7/8”

½” thk x ½” – 13 ID x 7/8” Square

5/8” - 11

5/8” – 1-1/4”

1”

5/8” thk x 5/8”-11 ID x 1” Square

¾” - 10

¾” – 1-1/2”

1-1/4”

¾” thk x ¾” – 10 ID x 1-1/4” Square

7/8” - 9

7/8” – 1-3/4”

1-1/2”

7/8” thk x 7/8” – 9 x 1-1/2” Square

1” - 8

1” – 2”

1-5/8”

1” thk x 1” – 8 ID x 1-5/8” Square

1-1/4” – 11-1/2

1-1/4” – 2-1/2”

2”

1-1/4” thk x 1-1/4” – 11-1/2 x 2” Square

1-1/2” – 11-1/2

1-1/2” – 3”

2.5”

1-1/2” thk x 1-1/2” – 11-1/2 x 2.5” Square

Metric Size Threaded Nuts

Standard Thread

Size

Standard Thickness

Range

Standard Width

Typical Description

M6

6mm - 12mm

10mm

6mm thk x M7 ID x 10mm Square

M8

8mm - 16mm

13mm

8mm thk x M8 ID x 13mm Square

M10

10mm - 20mm

17mm

10mm thk x M10 ID x 17mm Square

M12

12mm - 24mm

19mm

12mm thk x M12 x 19mm Square

M14

14mm - 28mm

22mm

14mm thk x M14 x 22mm Square

M16

16mm - 32mm

24mm

16mm thk x M16 x 24mm Square

M18

18mm - 36mm

27mm

18mm thk x M18 x 27mm Square

M20

20mm - 40mm

30mm

20mm thk x M20 x 30mm Square

M24

24mm - 48mm

36mm

24mm thk x M24 x 36mm Square

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Insulating Nuts & Bolts

Description

The following chart indicates the typical properties for each of the insulating nut and bolt

materials. All values indicated are typical minimum test values, but represent no guarantee. It

is our recommendation to test all material in application prior to implementation.

Property

Parameters

Glass Polyester

Glass Epoxy

Specific Gravity

Pounds/Cubic Inch

0.065

0.068 Temperature Index

°C

130

155 Water Absorption

% in 24 Hours

0.20

0.20 Tensile Strength

psi

15,000

41,000

Flexural Strength

psi

25,000

50,000

Compressive Strength

psi

30,000

40,000

Dielectric Strength

Volts per Mil. (VPM)

45

50

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Phase Barriers

Description

Phase barriers are used between the coils of a transformer to help prevent any phase

to phase faults. The use of phase barriers helps to increase the creepage distance from

phase to phase allowing for closer placement of coils inside the transformer unit.

Dry type transformers use phase barriers manufactured from Glass Polyester Laminate,

NEMA Grade GPO-3. Typically, phase barriers are produced in thicknesses of 1/8”, 3/16”,

and 1/4”. Phase barriers are custom fabricated as required according to the transformer

design.

Dry type transformers with attached switchgear also use phase barriers on the

switching side of the unit. Phase barriers for switch side applications are most

commonly manufactured from Glass Polyester Laminate, NEMA Grade GPO-3.

Materials

Glass Polyester Laminate, NEMA Grade GPO-1

• Glass Polyester Laminate, NEMA Grade GPO-3

•

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Insulating Angles & Channels

Description

Insulating angles and channels are used in a wide variety of applications including:

Mechanically supporting bus bar

• Insulating between steel structural members and current conducting components

• Providing mechanical support for lead connections

• Providing non-conductive structural support

• Insulating angles and channels are available in a wide range of standard sizes. Typical wall

thickness for angles and channels varies from 1/8” up to 1/2”. Along with a line of standard

angles and channels, The Gund Company can customize angles and channels to adjust leg

heights on channels and leg lengths on angles.

Channels and angles can be custom fabricated to include drilled holes, slots, and cutouts

according to the exact drawing requirements for a particular application.

Materials

Pultruded Glass Polyester, NEMA GPO-3

•

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Stand-off Insulators

Description

Stand-off insulators are used to increase the creepage distance between two potentially

conductive components inside the transformer. Some stand-off insulator designs incorporate

flanges to increase the arc distance. Stand-offs may perform the following functions:

Mechanically supporting bus bar

• Insulating between steel structural members and current conducting components

• Providing non-conductive structural support

• The Gund Company supplies a wide range of stand-off insulators including the examples

shown below. See the complete material data sheet information in the data sheet section of

this handbook

Materials

Compression Molded Glass Polyester, NEMA Grade GP0-3

•

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Tap Changer Components

Description

The Gund Company can make a complete range of non-metallic, insulating components for

various tap changer designs including:

Terminal Boards

Used for mounting contacts allowing for an insulating

medium to prevent current from passing between

contacts.

Typical materials include:

Glass Polyester Laminate, NEMA Grade GPO-1

Glass Polyester Laminate, NEMA Grade GPO-3

Glass Polyester Laminate, Grade SG-200

Glass Polyester Laminate, Grade HST-II

Glass Polyester Laminate, Grade N220

Low-Power Factor Paper Phenolic, NEMA Grade LPF206.15

Insulated Shafts for Drive

Mechanism

Used for mounting contacts allowing for an insulating

medium to prevent current from passing between

contacts.

Typical materials include:

Glass Polyester Laminate, NEMA Grade GPO-1

Glass Polyester Laminate, NEMA Grade GPO-3

Glass Polyester Laminate, Grade SG-200

Glass Polyester Laminate, Grade HST-II

Glass Polyester Laminate, Grade N220

Non-metallic Gears

To prevent current from passing along the drive

mechanism, non-metallic gears can be used.

Typical materials include:

Canvas Phenolic Laminate, NEMA Grade C

Glass Epoxy Laminate, NEMA Grade G-10

Insulating Tubing

Insulating tubing and bushings are used to insulate

metallic, conductive fasteners such as connecting rods

and bolts. Insulating tubing can also be used to protect

routing paths for leads and cables.

Typical materials include:

Glass Epoxy Laminate, NEMA G-10/FR 4

Glass Epoxy Laminate, NEMA G-11

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ELECTRICAL INSULATION MATERIALS

INSULATING COMPONENTS FOR POWER SYSTEMS EQUIPMENT

The Gund Company, Inc

St. Louis, Missouri – USA

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MATERIAL DATA SHEET

Item: NEMA Grade G-10/FR4 Glass Epoxy Laminate

Description: NEMA Grade G-10/FR4 material is a continuous filament woven fiberglass sheet bonded with epoxy resin. The material has the ability to maintain excellent mechanical, electrical, and physical properties at elevated temperatures to 130°C

Standards: NEMA LI-1

IEC 60893 MIL-I-24768

Grade FR4 EP GC 202 27 GEE - F

Availability: Laminate Sheets: Thickness: Sheet Sizes: English Units .006” to 5.0” 36” x 48”, 39” x 48” 36” x 72”, 48” x 48” 48” x 96”, 48” x 108” SI Units 0.15 mm to 127 mm 91.4 cm x 122 cm, 99 cm x 122 cm 91.4 cm x 182.2 cm, 122 cm x 122 cm 122 cm x 243.8 cm, 122 cm x 274.3 cm

Convolute Tubing: Available in an infinite number of inner diameter/outer diameter combinations as per customer requirements.

Fabricated Parts: The Gund Company custom fabricates insulation materials to the exact specifications and drawings of our customers

Key Characteristics Test Method Units - English (SI) Typical Values

Specific Gravity -- lb./in. (g/cc) 0.067 (1.85)

Rockwell Hardness (.50”) -- M Scale 98

Moisture Absorption (.062”) ASTM D-570 % 0.10

Tensile Strength (.125”) LW

CW ASTM D-638 psi (MPa) 40,000 (275)32,000 (220) Compressive Strength, Flatwise (.50”) ASTM D-695 psi (MPa) 66,000 (455) Flexural Strength (.062”) LW

CW ASTM D-790 psi (MPa) 65,000 (448)52,000 (358) Flexural Modulus (.062”) LW

CW ASTM D-790 ksi (MPa) 2,900 (19,995)2,600 (17,926) Shear Strength, Perpendicular (.062”) ASTM D-732 psi (MPa) 21,500 (148) IZOD Impact Strength LW

CW ASTM D-256 ft.-lbs./in.Notched 7.97.3

Bonding Strength (.50”) ASTM D-229 lb. (kg) 2,300 (1,043)

Breakdown Voltage (.062”) Condition A

D-48/50 ASTM D-149 kV 6665 Dielectric Strength (.062”) Condition A

D-48/50 ASTM D-149 V/mil 800750

Comparative Tracking Index (.125”) ASTM D-3638 -- 300

Arc Resistance (.125”) ASTM D-495 Seconds 130

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MATERIAL DATA SHEET

Item: NEMA Grade G-11, Glass Epoxy Laminate Grade MC511AF

Description: NEMA Grade G-11 MC511AF is a high pressure laminate manufactured from a glass cloth substrate impregnated with a high temperature epoxy resin system. This grade meets or exceeds all specifications for NEMA G-11 material.

IEC 60893 MIL-I-24768

Grade G-11 EP GC 203 3 GEB

Availability: Laminate Sheets: Thickness: Sheet Sizes: English Units 0.010” - 6.0” 48” x 96”, 48” x 118” SI Units 2.54 mm - 15.24 cm 122 cm x 244 cm, 122 cm x 300 cm

Standard Color -- -- Yellow-Brown

Specific Gravity -- lb./in. (g/cc) 0.069 (1.91)

Rockwell Hardness (.125”) -- M Scale 110

Moisture Absorption (.125”) ASTM D-570 % 0.085

Tensile Strength, Lengthwise (.125”) ASTM D-638 psi (MPa) 41,000 (282.5) Compressive Strength (.125”) ASTM D-695 psi (MPa) 50,000 (344.5) Flexural Strength, Lengthwise (.125”) ASTM D-790 psi (MPa) 57,000 (392.7) Shear Strength, Perpendicular (.062”) ASTM D-732 psi (MPa) 21,000 (144.7) IZOD Impact Strength Lengthwise (.125”)

ASTM D-256 ft.-lbs./in.Notched 10.0

Arc Resistance (.125”) ASTM D-495 Seconds 185

Bonding Strength (.50”) ASTM D-229 lb. (kg) 2,200 (1,000)

Temperature Index, Electrical

Mechanical -- °C 170180

Permittivity (.125”) ASTM D-24/23 -- 4.5

Flammability Rating UL94 Class HB

Breakdown Voltage (.125”) ASTM D-149 kV 65

Dielectric Strength, Perp. - Short Time (.125”) -- V/mil 550

Volume Resistivity (.125”) -- Mega Ohms/cm 5.0 x 1010

Surface Resistivity (.125”) -- Mega Ohms 1.5 x 1010

Tg -- °C 180

All of the information, suggestions, and recommendations pertaining to the properties and uses of the products herein are based upon tests and data believed to be accurate; however, the final determination regarding the suitability of any material described herein for the use contemplated, the manner of such use, and whether the use infringes any patents is the sole responsibility of the user. There is no warranty, expressed or implied, including, without

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MATERIAL DATA SHEET

Item: NEMA Grade GPO-1, Grade APO-1, Glass Polyester Laminate Sheet (130°C)

Description: NEMA Grade GPO-1 grades of low-pressure glass polyester laminate are made from fiberglass mat reinforced polyester composite. NEMA Grade GPO-1 is a Class B (130°C) material.

IEC 60893 GPO-1UPGM 201

Availability: Laminate Sheets: Thickness: Sheet Sizes: English Units 0.031” to 2.0” 36” x 72”, 48” x 96” SI Units 0.8 mm to 50.8 mm 92 cm x 183 cm, 122 cm x 244 cm

Key Characteristics Test Method Units - English (SI) NEMA Standard Typical Values

Standard Color -- -- Brown

Density -- lbs./in (g/cc) -- 0.066 (1.83)

Water Absorption (.125”) ASTM D-570 % 0.7 0.25

Tensile Strength ASTM D-638 psi (MPa) 8,000 (55) 9,500 (66)

Compressive Strength, Flatwise ASTM D-695 psi (MPa) 30,000 (206) 35,000 (241) Flexural Strength, Lengthwise ASTM D-790 psi (MPa) 18,000 (124) 20,000 (138) Bond Strength (.50”) ASTM D-229 lbs. (kg) 850 (385) 1,200 (544)

Shear Strength ASTM D-732 psi (MPa) -- 16,000 (110)

UL File Number -- -- -- E323105

Izod Impact Strength, Edgewise ASTM D-256 ft.-lbs./in. 8.0 8.5

Arc Resistance ASTM D-495 Seconds 100 130

Dielectric Strength, Perp., In Oil (.0625”) ASTM D-149 V/mil (kV/mm) 300 (11.8) 450 (17.6) Breakdown Voltage, Parallel Pin, In Oil ASTM D-149 kV 40 > 40

Thermal Class -- -- -- Class B - 130°C

Flammability UL 94 Class HB HB

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MATERIAL DATA SHEET

Item: NEMA Grade GPO-2, NOHL Grade APO-2, Glass Polyester Laminate Sheet

Description: NOHL Grade APO-2 is a flame resistant NEMA Grade GPO-2 glass polyester laminate. This UL recognized product (QMTS2.E75481) provides V-0 flame resistance.

Standard Color -- -- -- Red

Dielectric Strength, Perp., In Oil (.0625”) ASTM D-149 V/mil (kV/mm) 300 (11.8) 540 (21.3) Breakdown Voltage, Parallel Pin, In Oil ASTM D-149 kV 40 50

Flammability UL 94 Class V-0 V-0

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MATERIAL DATA SHEET

Item: NEMA Grade GPO-3, NOHL Grade APO-3, Glass Polyester Laminate Sheet

Description: NOHL Grade APO-3 is a track and flame resistant NEMA Grade GPO-3. This UL recognized product (QMTS2.E75481) provides V-0 flame resistance in thinner thicknesses.

Availability: Laminate Sheets: Thickness: Sheet Sizes: English Units 0.031” to 0.094” 36” x 72” SI Units 0.78 mm to 2.4 mm 92 cm x 183 cm

Standard Color -- -- Red

Incline Plane Track Resistance ASTM D-2303 Minutes 300 > 400 Izod Impact Strength, Edgewise ASTM D-256 ft.-lbs./in. 8.0 9.0

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MATERIAL DATA SHEET

Item: NEMA Grade GPO-3, NOHL Grade GPO-3, Glass Polyester Laminate Sheet

Description: NOHL Grade GPO-3 is a track and flame resistant NEMA Grade GPO-3. This UL recognized product (QMFZ2.E101063) offers excellent thermal endurance at an affordable price.

IEC 60893 IEC 60893 GPO-3UPGM 203

Availability: Laminate Sheets: Thickness: Sheet Sizes: English Units 0.118” to 2.0” 36” x 72”, 48” x 96” SI Units 3 mm to 50.8 mm 92 cm x 183 cm, 122 cm x 244 cm

Standard Color -- -- Red

Incline Plane Track Resistance ASTM D-2303 Minutes 300 1000

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MATERIAL DATA SHEET

Item: NEMA Grade GPO-1, Grade N180 Glass Polyester Laminate

Description: Grade N180 is a Class H (180°C) glass mat reinforced polyester material designed for applications where high comporessive and flexural strength are combined with high temperature resistance. Grade N180 has been designed for applications including electric motor slot topsticks, D.C. motor pole collars, hydro generator pole collars, rotating equipment slot filler, rotor pole blocking, lead and cable clamps, and related applications.

Availability: Laminate Sheets: Thickness: Sheet Sizes: English Units 0.031” to 2.0” 37” x 73” SI Units 0.8 mm to 50.8 mm 94 cm x 185 cm

Standard Color -- -- Black

Density -- lbs./in (g/cc) 0.069 (1.91)

Water Absorption (.125”) ASTM D-570 % 0.25

Tensile Strength ASTM D-638 psi (MPa) 16,000 (110)

Compressive Strength, Flatwise ASTM D-695 psi (MPa) 50,000 (345) Flexural Strength, Lengthwise

Crosswise ASTM D-790 psi (MPa) 29,000 (200)32,000 (221) Bond Strength (.50”) ASTM D-229 lbs. (kg)

Shear Strength ASTM D-732 psi (MPa) 18,000 (124)

Izod Impact Strength, Edgewise ASTM D-256 ft.-lbs./in. 12

Arc Resistance ASTM D-495 Seconds 180

Dielectric Strength, Perp., In Oil (.0625”) ASTM D-149 V/mil (kV/mm) 450 (17.7) Breakdown Voltage, Parallel Pin, In Oil ASTM D-149 kV 30

Thermal Class -- -- Class H - 180°C

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MATERIAL DATA SHEET

Item:

_{DuraNohl™ N220}

Description: _{DuraNohl™ N220 is a specialty grade random glass mat, polyester resin, insulating material for high}

temperature NEMA GPO-1 applications. This material has a relative temperature index of 220°C electrical and 210°C mechanical. It has excellent retention of physical and electrical properties at elevated temperatures.

Standard Color -- -- Natural Beige

Density -- lbs./in (g/cc) 0.061 (1.7)

Compressive Strength, Flatwise ASTM D-695 psi (MPa) 37,000 (255) Flexural Strength, Lengthwise ASTM D-790 psi (MPa) 24,000 (166) Bond Strength (.50”) ASTM D-229 lbs. (kg) 1,080 (490)

Izod Impact Strength, Edgewise ASTM D-256 ft.-lbs./in. 11.0

Dielectric Strength, Perp., In Oil (.0625”) ASTM D-149 V/mil (kV/mm) 550 (21.7) Breakdown Voltage, Parallel Pin, In Oil ASTM D-149 kV 50

Relative Temperature Index UL 746E °C 220 Electrical_{210 Mechanical}

UL File Number -- -- E323105

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MATERIAL DATA SHEET

Item: SG-200 High Temperature Glass Polyester

Description: SG-200 is a specialty grade random glass mat, polyester resin insulation material for high temperature applications. The material is rated at 210°C for electrical and mechanical applications. It has excellent retention of physical and electrical properties at elevated temperatures.

Availability: Molded Sheets: Thickness: Sheet Sizes: English Units 0.032” to 2.0” 36” x 72”, 48” x 96” SI Units 0.8 mm to 50.8 mm 94 cm x 185 cm, 122 cm x 244 cm

Standard Color -- -- Tan

Specific Gravity ASTM D-792 lbs./in (g/cc) 0.061 (1.70)

Compressive Strength, Flatwise ASTM D-695 psi (MPa) 36,000 (248) Flexural Strength, Lengthwise ASTM D-790 psi (MPa) 29,000 (200)

Maximum Operating Temperature -- °F (°C) 410 (210)

Dissipation Factor, MHz

60 Hz ASTM D-150 -- 0.0130.37

Dielectric Strength, Short Time, In Oil ASTM D-149 V/mil (kV/mm) 625 (24.4) Dielectric Strength, Short Time, In Air ASTM D-149 V/mil (kV/mm) 500 (19.5 Insulation Resistance ASTM D-257 Ohm x 1012 _145.0

Permittivity, MHz

60 Hz ASTM D-150 -- 3.74.6

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MATERIAL DATA SHEET

Item: HST-II High Temperature Glass Polyester

Description: HST-II is a specialty grade glass mat, polyester resin insulation material that carries UL thermal recognition of 220°C electrical and 210°C mechanical. HST-II also qualifies as an IEEE 220°C Class R material.

Availability: Molded Sheets: Thickness: Sheet Sizes: English Units 0.032” to 2.0” 36” x 72”, 48” x 96” SI Units 0.8 mm to 50.8 mm 94 cm x 185 cm, 122 cm x 244 cm

Standard Color -- -- Light Brown

Specific Gravity ASTM D-792 lbs./in (g/cc) 0.058 (1.61)

Compressive Strength, Flatwise ASTM D-695 psi (MPa) 33,000 (228) Flexural Strength, Lengthwise ASTM D-790 psi (MPa) 25,000 (172) Flexural Modulus of Elasticity ASTM D-790 -- 1.7 x 106

Bond Strength (.50”) ASTM D-229 psi (MPa) 1,400 (10)

Flammability UL 94 -- HB

Flame Resistance Ignition Time ASTM D-229-11 Seconds 77 Flame Resistance Burning Time ASTM D-229-11 Seconds 256 Izod Impact Strength, Edgewise ASTM D-256 ft.-lbs./in. 12.0

Barcol Hardness -- -- 52

Temperature Class -- °C 220

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MATERIAL DATA SHEET

Item: NEMA Grade GPO-3, Glass Polyester Laminate Angles & Channels

Description: NEMA Grade GPO-3 Angles and Channels are molded composite shapes that offer the designer choices of structural insulating members whose characteristics combine good electrical properties, high strength to weight ratio, and flame and track resistance.

Availability: Fabricated Parts: The Gund Company custom fabricates insulation materials to the exact specifications and drawings of our customers

Channels

Part No. Width Leg Thickness

2875 2” 9/16” 1/8” 2617 2” 13/16” 1/8” 1144 2” 1” 1/4” 3242009 2” 7/8” 1/4” 3232010 2” 1” 3/16” 2212 2-5/16” 3/4” 1/8’ 1177 2-9/16” 1-7/32” 1/8” 1166 3” 7/8” 1/4” 2888 3” 1-1/2” 1/4” 1939 3-9/16” 2-9/16” 3/16” 1791 3-19/32” 1-1/8” 1/8” 1155 4” 1-1/8” 1/4” 2242 4” 1-3/8” 3/16” 1940 4-9/16” 2-9/16” 9/32” 1788 4-3/4” 1-5/8” 3/16” 2825 5-1/2” 1-1/4” 5/32” 2288 6-3/8” 2” 9/32” 1844 8-1/2” 2-11/16” 3/16” 1936 9-21/32” 1-5/8” 1/8” 2250 11-9/32” 1-5/8” 3/8” 2120 11-1/2” 1-7/16” 5/32”

All of the information, suggestions, and recommendations pertaining to the properties and uses of the products herein are based upon tests and data

Leg Width Channels Width Leg Leg B Leg A Width Height Thickness Hat Shapped

Channels Angles Terminal Strips

Equal Leg Angles

Part No. Legs (A & B) Thickness

2878 1” 1/8” 2880 1-1/2” 1/8” 2881 1-1/2” 3/16” 2882 1-1/2” 1/4” 2884 2” 1/4” 2885 3” 1/4”

Unequal Leg Angles

Part No. Leg A Leg B Thickness

2877 2-3/4” 2” 1/4”

3133716 3-3/4” 1-5/8” 3/16”

Terminal Strips

Part No. Width Height Thickness

2710 7/16” 1-1/2” 1/4”

Hat Shapped Channels

Part No. Width Leg Thickness

1161 4-19/32” 7/8” 1/8”

2091 5” 1-3/8” 1/8”

Transformer Dry Type Handbook1

Relentlessly Responsive

DRY TYPE TRANSFORMER

INSULATION HANDBOOK

10

20

30

40

50

Table of Contents

I. Introduction to the Gund Company

Preface . . . .

4

Our Locations. . . .

5

Primary Customer Segments . . . .

6

Transformer Insulation Components Overview. . . .

7-8

II. Transformer Coil Insulation Components

Coil Insulation Overview . . .

Winding Bobbins . . .

11

Insulating Core Tubes . . .

12

Conductor Insulation. . .

13

Layer Insulation . . .

14

Layer Insulation Tape. . .

15

Intra-Coil Phase Barriers . . .

16

Inter-Coil Phase Barriers . . .

17

Winding Combs. . .

18

Coil Shims . . .

19

Air Duct (Axial) Spacer Sticks . . .

III.Coil Support & Superstructure Components

Coil Supports . . .

22

Insulating Nuts & Bolts . . . .

23-27

Phase Barriers. . .

28

Insulating Angles & Channels. . .

29

Stand-off Insulators . . .

IV.Tap Changer Components

Tap Changer Components. . .

32

V. Material Data Sheets

Laminate Sheet, Rod, & Tubing

Glass Epoxy Laminate Sheet & Tubes (NEMA Grades G-10/FR4 & G-11) . . .

34-35

Glass Polyester Molded Insulation Materials

Glass Polyester Molded Sheets (NEMA Grades GPO-1, GPO-2, GPO-3) . . .

36-39

Glass Polyester Molded Sheet, NEMA Grade N180 . . .

Glass Polyester Molded Sheet, DuraNohl™ N220. . .

41

Glass Polyester Laminate Sheet, 220°C Grade SG-200 . . .

42

Glass Polyester Laminate Sheet, 220°C Grade HST-II . . .

43

Glass Polyester Pultruded Angles & Channels . . .

44-45

Glass Polyester Molded Stand-off Insulators . . . .

46-49

Table of Contents

Nomex™ Insulating Materials

Nomex

Aramid Paper. . .

51-53

Nomex

Paper Products . . .

54

Other Flexible Transformer Insulation Materials

_{Aramid Paper. . .}

_51-53

_{Paper Products . . .}

₅₄