Nursing:
HISTORY OF NURSING
➢
Rapidly evolving.
History of Nursing in the Islamic Era
➢ Alaseyat (تايسلآا) or Alawasy: The Arab women in
early Islamic history volunteered to care for Muslims in times of war and peace (Empthizers).
➢ Aisha Bint Abi Bakr (ةشئاع نينمؤملا مأ), wife of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), “Mother of the
Believers”, nursed patients on the battlefield. Also, nursed the prophet (PBUH).
➢ Rufaidah bint Sa'ad (دعس تنب ةديفر) is recognized as the founder of the nursing profession in the Islamic
world.
➢ Learned medical care while assisting her father who was a
physician.
Halimi bint Abi Dhuayb Alsadiya (ةيدعسلا ةميلح) is
known to be the nurse who breastfed the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
History of Nursing in the Islamic Era
(continued)
Important features of nursing history in the Arab Muslim world:
• Nursing is an accepted profession.
• Women could volunteer to join the military service to nurse wounded soldiers, and prophet Muhammad rewarded them.
• Nurses were assigned according to their
competence and experience to lead and care. • Practicing nurses were women who had a good
Out of the Arab World:
Great Women in the Nursing Profession
Nursing Leaders
Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)
➢ Considered the founder of modern nursing
➢ Improving standards for the care of war causalities in the Crimean (مرقلا برح) (Lady with the Lamp).
➢ Improving public health policies, and she is the first nurse to exert political pressure on government.
➢ Contribution to nursing education
➢ “Notes on Nursing: What it is, and What it is not” ➢ Nightingale Training School for Nurses
مرقلا برح
•نيب تماق برح
ايسور
ةينامثعلا ةلودلاو
يف
4
ربوتكأ
1853
،
ىتح ترمتساو
1856
م
•تلخد
رصم
و
سنوت
ايناطيربو
اسنرفو
بناج ىلإ برحلا
ودلا
ةل
ةينامثعلا
يف
1854
م
•يف مرقلا برح تهتنا
30
سرام
1856
م
عيقوتب
ةيقافتا
سيراب
سورلا ةميزهو
.
Nursing Leaders
Clara Barton (1812-1912)
➢ School teacher who volunteered as a nurse in American Civil War
➢ Noted for her role in establishing American Red Cross
Nursing Leaders
Linda Richards (1841-1930)
➢ America’s first trained nurse
➢ Graduated from New England Hospital for Women and Children in 1873.
➢ Introduced nurse’s notes and doctor’s orders.
➢ Initiated the practice of nurses wearing uniforms ➢ Has pioneer work in psychiatric and industrial
Nursing Leaders
Lillian Wald (1867-1940)
➢ Considered the founder of public health nursing. ➢ In her home, she provided nursing services,
social services, and organized educational and cultural activities.
Definitions of Nursing
Florence Nightingale defined nursing as “the act of
utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery”
Virginia Henderson defined nursing as “ the unique
function of the nurse is to assist the
individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the
necessary strength, will, or knowledge, and to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible”
➢ The American Nurses Association defined nursing as ❑“Nursing is the protection, promotion, and
optimization of health & abilities,
❑prevention of illness & injury,
❑alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis
& treatment of human response,
❑and advocacy in the care of individuals,
families, communities, & populations.”
➢ Nursing as caring, ➢ an art & a science, ➢ client-centered,
➢ holistic, ➢ adaptive,
➢ a helping profession, and
➢ concerned with health promotion, maintenance, and restoration.
❑
Patient: a person
who is waiting for or
undergoing medical
treatment & care.
❑
Has the meaning of
suffer & bear.
❑
Passive meaning.
❑
Client: a person who
engages the advice or
services of another
who is qualified to
provide this service.
❑
Has the meaning of
collaboration.
❑
The preferred term.
❑3 types: individual,
family, & community.
1. Promotion of health & wellness
• WHO defined health as “a state of complete
physical, mental, & social well-being and NOT
merely the absence of disease or infirmity” .
• Health promotion: is any activity undertaken
for the purpose of achieving a higher level of
health & well-being (for both sick & Well).
2. Prevention of illness
• E.g. immunizations, ???
Scope of Nursing Practice
3. Restoration of health
• Extends from early detection of the disease
→ recovery period
○ Direct care
○ Diagnostic & assessment procedure
○ Consulting with other healthcare professionals
○ Teaching client
Scope of Nursing Practice
4. Care for the dying (Palliative Care)
• Comforting and caring for people of all ages
who are dying, and helping support persons
cope with death.
• In homes, hospitals and extended care
facilities such as hospices.
Settings for Nursing (
Fig 1-3)
• Hospitals
(acute care).
• Clients home
• Community agencies
• Ambulatory clinics
• Long term facilities
• Others
• Caregiver (
holism, delegation)
• Communicator
(
quality, types, trust)
• Teacher (
clients & assistants)
• Client advocate
• Counselor (
social & psychological problems)
• Change agent
(
behaviors, systems)
• Leader & Manager
• Case manager
• Research consumer
Expanded Career Roles (
Box 1-1)
More autonomous
• Clinical nurse specialist • Nurse administrator • Nurse educator • Nurse anesthetist • Nurse midwife • Nurse researcher • Nurse practitioner
Criteria of a Profession
Criteria of a Profession
•
Profession
an occupation that requires extensive education or a calling that requires special knowledge, skills, and preparation.
•
Professionalism
: professional character, spirit,or methods. A set of attributes, a way of life that implies responsibility and commitment.
•
Professionalization
: the process of becomingCriteria of a Profession
1. Prolonged, specialized education/training (
in colleges & Universities/ 2 nursing levels)2. Body of knowledge
3. Orientation toward service (
NOT Profit)
4. Ongoing research (
priorities, Evolving, needs funding)
5. Code of ethics (
doing the right regardless of the cost, ICN Code of Ethics)6. Autonomy (
self regulation & standards setting, needs legal authority, mandates accountability)Criteria of a Profession
➢
Governance: the establishment &
maintenance of social, political, & economic
arrangements by which practitioners control
their practice, self-discipline, work
Factors Influencing
Current Nursing Practice
• Cultural & religious values
o Culture: a set of learned behaviors, beliefs,
attitudes, & ideals that are characteristics of a particular society or population.
o Religion—Qur’an & Sunna • Economics
o Greater financial support & health insurance. o ↑ Costs of health care during past 2 decades. o Shifting from inpatient to outpatient care
Factors Influencing
Current Nursing Practice
• Consumer demands o The force of public
o The consumer awareness (e.g. health is a right of all people).
• Family structure
o Family is the strongest social unit of Arabic society o Extended family & tribal entity
o The role of older family members
o Migration from rural to urban areas → extended family to nuclear family
Factors Influencing
Current Nursing Practice
• Gender issues
o Male & female issues related patient care • Science & technology
o Nurses should be knowledgeable about advances in science & technology (e.g. AIDS)
o Nursing specialization • Legislation
o Changes in legislation relating to health also affect nursing (e.g. informed consent).
Factors Influencing
Current Nursing Practice
• Information & telecommunications
o Internet & Nurses as information brokers
o Telecommunications is the transmission of information from one site to another, using
equipment to transmit information in the form of signs, signals, words, or pictures by cable, radio, or other system.
o Telehealth & Telenursing uses telecommunication technology.
Factors Influencing
Current Nursing Practice
• Demography
o Demography is the study of population, including statistics about distribution by age and place of residence, mortality, and morbidity (incidence of disease).
o Older and younger people.
• The current nursing shortage o Educational programs
o Recruit young people o Work condition
o Funding nursing education • Nursing Organizations
Jordanian Nurses and Midwives Association American Nurses Association (ANA)
International Council of Nurses (ICN)
National American Arab Nurses Association (NAANA) Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society
NURSING EDUCATION
❑
Curricula contain biologic, social, physical
sciences, Arts & humanities, Critical
thinking, health promotion.
Types of Nursing Education
• Licensed Practical Nursing Programs
o
18 months, classroom and clinical
o
Replaced by associate degree in Arab
world
• Registered Nursing Programs
o
Associate degree → 2 years, community
colleges
Role of the LPN/LVN Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T6xO3-Oj1l8
Types of Nursing Education
• Graduate Nursing Education:
• For advanced role in practice, education, administration, and research.
• Requirements → licensed RN, BSc, a minimum 3 out of 4 GPA, & letters of recommendation.
o Master’s degree programs → 2 years, MSN or MS o Doctoral Programs → first in Arab world in Egypt
1976 (In Jordan, 2005) • In-service education • Provided by employer
Evidence-Based Practice
evidence-based practice (EBP):
is the use of systematic decision-making processes or provision of services which have been shown, through available
scientific evidence, to consistently improve measurable client outcomes.
Other sources that are NOT
based on
evidence:
• Tradition • Authority • Experience • trial & error
Nursing Research
a systematic investigation including research
development, testing, and evaluation,
designed to develop or contribute to
generalizable knowledge.
incorporates data collection, either quantitative
or qualitative, and data analysis to answer a
question.
Types of Nursing Research
Quantitative
•Specific plan
•Statistical analysis
•Deals with numbers
such as means and
standard deviations
•Ex. What is the mean
of cholesterol level in
Jordan?
Qualitative
• Explores the
subjective human
experiences
• Does not deal with
numbers
• Ex. What are the
beliefs about
elevated cholesterol
level in Jordan?
Types of Nursing Research
Quantitative
• Deductive (يجاتنتسا)
• Progresses through
systematic, logical
steps
• Specific plan
• Controlled conditions
Qualitative
• Inductive (يئارقتسا)
• Naturalistic inquiry
• Explores the
subjective human
experiences
• Identifies themes &
patterns
HEALTH CARE DELIVERY
SYSTEMS
HealthCare Delivery Systems
Healthcare delivery system is the
totality of services offered by all health
disciplines
Types of HealthCare Services
1. Primary prevention:
a. Health promotion
- focuses on proper nutrition, weight control, exercise, & stress reduction.
- Emphasizes the role of clients in maintaining their own health and the highest level of wellness they can achieve.
b. Illness prevention
- E.g., immunizations, identifying risk factors for illnesses, & helping people take measures to prevent these illnesses from occurring.
Types of Health Care Services
2. Secondary prevention
- Diagnosis & Treatment of illnesses,
- Early detection such as dental checkups for
children, and bone density for menopausal women to evaluate osteoporosis.
Types of Health Care Services
3. Tertiary prevention
- The goal is to help people move to their previous level of health, or to the highest level they are capable of given their current health status.
- Emphasizes the importance of physical, social, mental, economic, & vocational functioning
- It includes Rehabilitation, Health restoration, & Palliative care.
HealthCare Agencies
• Public Health- Government agencies • Physicians’ Offices
oPrimary care
oRoutine health screening oDiagnosis and treatment
• Occupational Health Clinics
oRun by companies for employees oHealth promotion activities
Health Care Agencies
• Hospitals
oMost common place for nurses.
oTypes according ownership or control such as governmental, non-governmental (private), or military.
oTypes according to services provided such general, or specialty services (pediatric a, psychiatric,….).
oHospital services depends on size and location • Acute inpatient services
• Outpatient and ambulatory care
• Emergency department, Operations, Cath,… • Hospice care, Radiation,…
Health Care Agencies
• Sub-acute Care Facilities
oInpatient care designed to admit clients after, or instead of acute hospitalization or to administer one or more
technically complex treatment.
• Extended Care (Long-Term Care) Facilities
(formerly called nursing homes)
oIndependent living quarters for seniors, Assisted living
facilities, skilled nursing facilities, extended care facilities.
oProvide levels of personal care for those who are
chronically ill or are unable to care for themselves.
oAlso rehabilitation care • Rehabilitation Centers
oRestore or recover health oDrug and alcohol.
Health Care Agencies
• Home Health Care Institutes o Education to clients and families
o Care to acute, chronic, or terminally ill • Rural Care
o Services for clients in rural areas o Require general nurses
• Hospice Services
HealthCare Professionals
•Nurse (RN & LPN)
•Physician
•Alternative
(complementary) care
provider
•Case manager
•Dentist
•Dietitian or nutritionist
•Occupational
therapist
•Paramedical
technologist
•Pharmacist
•Physical therapist
•Respiratory therapist
•Social worker
Health Care Professionals
•
Nurse
○ RN assesses the client’s health, identifies health problems, and develops & coordinates care.
○ LPN provides direct client care under the direction of an RN, physician or other licensed practitioners.
○ Advanced practice nurses (APNs) e.g. nurse
midwives, certified RN anesthetists, clinical nurse specialist…
•
Physician
○ Responsible for medical diagnosis and determining therapy for a disease or injury.
Health Care Professionals
•
Alternative (complementary) care
provider
○E.g. Chiropractors (ماظع موقم), herbalists,
acupuncturists, massage therapists, reflexologists, and holistic health healers….
•
Case manager
○The case manager’s role is to ensure that clients receive fiscally sound, appropriate care in the best setting.
○Could be a nurse, or any health care member
Health Care Professionals
•
Dietitian or nutritionist
○Dietitian: has special knowledge about diets required to maintain health and treat disease. (therapeutic
diets )
○Nutritionist: has special knowledge about nutrition and food, recommending healthy diets and advice at the prevention level, nutritional advice for a
pregnant women.
•
Occupational therapist
○Assists clients with an impaired function to gain skills to perform activities of daily living.
•
Paramedical technologists
Health Care Professionals
•
Pharmacist
○Prepares and dispenses pharmaceuticals in hospitals and community settings (E.g. clinical pharmacist,
pharmacy assistant).
•
Physical therapist
○Assists clients with musculoskeletal problems by using heat, water, exercise, massage, and electric current.
Health Care Professionals
•
Respiratory therapist
○They are knowledgeable about oxygen therapy devices, mechanical ventilators, and accessory respiratory devices.
•
Social worker
○Counsel clients and support persons regarding social problems, such as finances and marital problems.
