TPR Science WB 2011

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(1)Page count: Spine width:. 944 1.888. Hyperlearning MCAT® Science Workbook. Hyperlearning MCAT® Science Workbook. Hyperlearning. MCAT. ®. Science Workbook. 800-2Review | PrincetonReview.com MCAT® is a registered trademark of the Association of American Medical Colleges, which does not sponsor or endorse this product.. The Princeton Review is not affiliated with Princeton University. © 2010 The Princeton Review, Inc. All rights reserved.. PRP # 11–274. 2011. MCAT Science Workbook Cover 2011.indd 1. 10/8/10 9:03 AM.

(2) Hyperlearning. MCAT. ®. Science Workbook 2011 Edition.

(3) Contributors and Acknowledgments Original Hyperlearning course materials edited for production by Judene Wright, M.S., M.A.Ed., National Content Director for the TPR MCAT Program, who would like to thank all of the Hyperlearning science developers, including James Patick Abulencia, Ph.D.; Jes Adams, M.S.; John Bahling, M.D.; Bethany Blackwell, M.S.; Kristen Brunson, Ph.D.; Joshua Dilworth, M.D., Ph.D.; William Ewing, M.S.; Jon Fowler, M.A.; Matthew Patterson, M.D.; Chris Pentzell, M.S.; Karen Salazar, Ph.D.; and Carolyn Shiau, M.D. Special thanks to all former contributors, including Peter J. Alaimo, Ph.D.; Garrett T. Biehle, Ph.D.; Kendra Bowman, Clay Cauthen, M.D.; Glenn E. Croston, Ph.D.; Douglas S. Daniels, Ph.D.; Frank Gibson, Ph.D.; Scott C. Johnson, Najeeb Khan, Matthew D. Kohler, Ph.D.; Stefan Loren, Ph.D.; Allen Nicol, Ph.D.; Daniel J. Pallin, M.D.; Kirk Tanner, and Christopher M. Volpe, Ph.D. The Princeton Review would also like to thank all of the following: Terese Alban, Kyle Alexander, Trevor Andrews, Hillary Anger, Salman Baig, Donna Barba, Nancy Beth Barr, Tom Barry, Elizabeth Barrekette, Jinhee Bae, John Bergdahl, Steve Borstelman, Jessica Brockington, Kristin Brown, Ian Carleton, Alex Carney, Joe Cavallaro, Cecelia Chao, Mina Chong, Kasia Clark, Peggy Cloutier, Lyndall Culbertson, Patrick Darby, Shannon Daugherty, Joseph Deltoro, Ray Dykeman, Leland Elliot, Fritz Engebrethsen, Alicia Ernst, Jen Ewart, Mary Favier, Alan Feinberg, Julie Fisher, Doug French, Michael Gamerl, Jay Glick, Nell Goddin, Mitchell Golden, Joe Goy, Kalee Gregory, Even Gross, Deborah Guest, Russell Haddock, Michael Haile, Julian Ham, Clayton Harding, Ken Howard, Adam Hurwitz, Sara Hymowitz, Norm Issa, Justin Jackson, Brett Jaffe, Sora Jun, Peter Jung, Andrew Kagan, Sara Kane, Jason Kasin, David Kaufman, Jeff Kelley, Bill Kerr, Meher Khambata, Robert Y. Kim, Julie Lapp, Laura Lee, Warren Leung, Lila Kal, Martha Link, John Litter, Karen Lurie, Illeny Maaza, Lisa Mack, Mark Malanowsky, Tom Meltzer, Andre Manitiu, Steve Menzies, Colin Morley, Elahe Mostaghel, Joe Mrus, Bryan Natinsky, Ray Nazzario, Jeff Newman, Jeff Nichols, Mike Nunley, Orestes O’Brien, Richard Onishi, John Orsay, John Pak, Karl Pankratz, Dinica Quesada, Andrea Paykin, Laurice Pearson, Gillian Perrone, Seijen Ra, Josh Rabinovich, Ken Riley, Grace Roegner, Jenny Robbins, Lisa Ruyter, Sharjeel H. Sabir, Eric Schroeder, Christopher D. Scott, Marc Seiden, Nilanjan Sen, Jason Shave, Kelly Shrago, Jonathan Silver, Leonard Silver, Carol Slominski, Kristine Smart, Carrie Smith, Susan Stroud, Michael Stuart, John Sun, Aaron Sylvan, Rob Tallia, Johnny Tang, Linda Tarleton, Chris Thomas, Jeff Thompson, Sam Tomasello, Gary Ulaner, Kirsten Ulve, Ed Urbansky, Todd Weiser, Taylor Weiss, Eric Wertzer, Rick Westreich, Joanna Whiteley, Susan Wilcox, Barry Witner, Rose Wong, David Wright, Gail Zarick, Jordan Zaretsky, and Rob Zopf. Special thanks to Paul Foglino, Kim Magloire, Paul Maniscalco, and John Mariani. Original TPR course materials created by Theodore Silver, M.D. Copyright © 2010, 2009, 2008, 2001, 2000, 1999, 1998, 1997 by The Princeton Review, Inc. All rights reserved. 2011 Edition This manual is for the exclusive use of Princeton Review course students, and is not legal for resale. PrincetonReview.com.

(4) Contents Periodic Table of the Elements ...................................................... . v. PHYSICS Freestanding Questions ................................................................ . 1. Passages . .................................................................................. 53. Solutions . .................................................................................. 133 GENERAL CHEMISTRY Freestanding Questions ................................................................ 261 Passages . .................................................................................. 272. Solutions . .................................................................................. 401 BIOLOGY Freestanding Questions ................................................................ 499 Passages . .................................................................................. 518. Solutions . .................................................................................. 649 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Freestanding Questions ................................................................ 777 Passages . .................................................................................. 808 Solutions . .................................................................................. 873.

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(6) of the Elements PeriodicPeriodic Table ofTable the Elements 2 He 4.0. 1 H 1.0 3 Li 6.9. 4 Be 9.0. 11 Na 23.0 19 K 39.1 37 Rb 85.5. 12 Mg 24.3 20 Ca 40.1 38 Sr 87.6. 55 Cs 132.9. 56 57 Ba *La 137.3 138.9. 87 Fr (223). 88 89 Ra †Ac 226.0 227.0. 21 Sc 45.0 39 Y 88.9. 5 B 10.8 13 Al 27.0. 6 C 12.0 14 Si 28.1. 7 N 14.0 15 P 31.0. 8 O 16.0 16 S 32.1. 9 F 19.0 17 Cl 35.5. 10 Ne 20.2 18 Ar 39.9. 26 Fe 55.8 44 Ru 101.1. 27 Co 58.9 45 Rh 102.9. 28 Ni 58.7 46 Pd 106.4. 29 Cu 63.5 47 Ag 107.9. 30 Zn 65.4 48 Cd 112.4. 31 Ga 69.7 49 In 114.8. 32 Ge 72.6 50 Sn 118.7. 33 As 74.9 51 Sb 121.8. 34 Se 79.0 52 Te 127.6. 35 Br 79.9 53 I 126.9. 36 Kr 83.8 54 Xe 131.3. 74 75 W Re 183.9 186.2. 76 Os 190.2. 77 78 Ir Pt 192.2 195.1. 79 Au 197.0. 80 Hg 200.6. 81 Tl 204.4. 82 Pb 207.2. 83 Bi 209.0. 84 Po (209). 85 At (210). 86 Rn (222). 106 Sg (266). 108 Hs (277). 109 Mt (268). 111 Uuu (272). 112 Uub (285). 22 Ti 47.9 40 Zr 91.2. 23 V 50.9 41 Nb 92.9. 24 Cr 52.0 42 Mo 95.9. 72 Hf 178.5 104 Rf (261). 73 Ta 180.9 105 Db (262). 25 Mn 54.9 43 Tc (98). 107 Bh (264). 110 DS (281). 114 Uuq (289). 116 Uuh (289). *Lanthanide Series:. 58 59 Ce Pr 140.1 140.9. 60 Nd 144.2. 61 Pm (145). 62 Sm 150.4. 63 Eu 152.0. 64 Gd 157.3. 65 Tb 158.9. 66 Dy 162.5. 67 Ho 164.9. 68 Er 167.3. 69 Tm 168.9. 70 Yb 173.0. 71 Lu 175.0. †Actinide Series:. 90 91 Th Pa 232.0 (231). 92 U 238.0. 93 Np (237). 94 Pu (244). 95 Am (243). 96 Cm (247). 97 Bk (247). 98 Cr (251). 99 Es (252). 100 Fm (257). 101 Md (258). 102 No (259). 103 Lr (260). © The Princeton Review, Inc.. |. v.

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(8) MCAT Physics. Practice Questions and Passages.

(9) MCAT Science Workbook. Freestanding Questions 1 through 425 are NOT based on a descriptive passage. 1. Express a mass of 10 kg in grams. A. B. C. D.. 10–4 g 10–2 g 102 g 104 g. 2. Through free space, light travels at a speed of 3 × 108 m/s. Express this speed in kilometers per microsecond. A. B. C. D.. 0.3 km/µs 300 km/µs 3 × 103 km/µs 3 × 105 km/µs. 3. The linear density of a certain homogeneous metal bar is found to be 105 mg/cm. Express this density in kg/m. A. B. C. D.. 10–3 kg/m 10–2 kg/m 101 kg/m 103 kg/m. 4. The density of aluminum is approximately 2700 kg per m3. What is this density in g/cm3? A. B. C. D.. 0.27 g/cm 2.7 g/cm3 27 g/cm3 2.7 × 104 g/cm3. 0.011 0.66 60 88. 6. A typical speck of dust has a mass of 700 ng. How many specks of dust would it take to make 1 kg? A. B. C. D.. 2. |. A. B. C. D.. kg·m2 /s2 kg2·m2/s2 kg·m/s kg2·m/s2. 8. A particle’s speed at time t is given by v = kt2, where k is some constant. What are the dimensions of k? (L = length, T = time) A. B. C. D.. LT LT–1 LT–2 LT–3. 9. Which one of the following formulas could give the speed v (in m/s) with which sound travels through a medium whose bulk modulus is B (units: kg·m–1·s–2) and whose mass density is ρ (units: kg/m3)? A.. Bρ. B.. B/ρ. C.. Bρ 2. D.. B / ρ2. 3. 5. A speed of 1 mi/h is equivalent to x ft/min. What is x? (Use 1 mi = 5280 ft.) A. B. C. D.. 7. The work done in pushing an object of mass m (in kg) from rest to speed v (in m/s) is given by W = mv2/2. Find the SI unit for work.. 1.4 × 106 7.0 × 107 1.4 × 109 7.0 × 1010. © The Princeton Review, Inc.. 10. Which one of the following formulas could give the pressure P [in kg/(m·s2)] at depth h (in m) below the surface of the ocean, where ρ (the density of seawater) has units of kg/m3, and g has units of m/s2? A. B. C. D.. P = ρg/h P = ρh/g P = ρgh P = gh/ρ.

(10) Physics. P. 14. A particle travels to the left along a horizontal axis with constantly increasing speed. Which one of the following best describes the direction of the particle’s acceleration?. Q. A. B.. R. C. 11. Which of the following best represents the direction of the vector sum P + Q + R?. D.. → ← ↑ ↓. 15. Calculate your displacement after walking 3 mi north, then 6 mi west, then 5 mi north.. A. B.. A. B. C. D.. C. D.. 6 mi 8 mi 10 mi 14 mi. 16. In the preceding question, if it took 1 h (= 1 hour) to walk the 3-mi section and 1.5 h to walk each of the last two sections, what was the magnitude of your average velocity?. T. N. A.. 2 mi/h. B. 2 12 mi/h 12. The vectors T and N above are perpendicular to each other. T has magnitude 7, and N has magnitude 2. Which of the following best describes the sum of N and T? A. magnitude 3, direction B. magnitude 3, direction C. magnitude 3, direction. C. 3 49 mi/h D. 3 12 mi/h 17. A car accelerates uniformly from 0 to 60 mi/h in 6 seconds. What is the acceleration? A. B. C. D.. 10 mi·h–1 10 mi·s–2 10 mi·h–1·s–1 10 mi·h–2. D. magnitude 9, direction 13. A particle travels to the right along a horizontal axis with constantly decreasing speed. Which one of the following best describes the direction of the particle’s acceleration? A. B. C. D.. → ← ↑ ↓. 18. What fraction of a mile does the car (described in the preceding question) travel during those 6 seconds? A. B. C. D.. 1/720 1/200 1/120 1/20. © The Princeton Review, Inc.. |. 3.

(11) MCAT Science Workbook. 19. An object travels along the x axis at a constant speed of 3 m/s in the –x direction. If the object is at x = 4 m at t = 0, where is it at time t = 4 s? A. B. C. D.. x = –16 m x = –12 m x = –8 m x = –4 m. 20. A racehorse makes one lap around a 500-meter track in a time of 25 seconds. What was the racehorse’s average speed? A. B. C. D.. 0 m/s 5 m/s 10 m/s 20 m/s. 21. A racehorse makes one lap around a 500-meter track in a time of 25 seconds. What was the racehorse’s average velocity? A. B. C. D.. 0 m/s 5 m/s 10 m/s 20 m/s. 22. Which of the following expressions could be interpreted as velocity? A. B. C. D.. 5m 5 m to the north 5 m/s 5 m/s to the north. 23. An object which is accelerating must be: A. B. C. D.. changing its direction. traveling in a straight line. increasing its speed. changing its velocity.. 24. It is well known that the flash and the sound of thunder produced by a lightning bolt are not observed simultaneously. This is due to the fact that light waves travel so much faster than sound waves. Light travels so quickly that one can assume that lightning bolts occur at the same time one sees them. Given that sound propagates through air at a speed of 340 m/s, how far away is a lightning bolt if the delay between hearing and seeing it is 5 sec? A. B. C. D.. 68 m 1700 m 4250 m 6120 m. 25. A body is undergoing uniformly accelerated motion over a period of time. Which of the following is true? A. The final velocity of the object is greater than its average velocity. B. The final velocity of the object is equal to its average velocity. C. The final velocity of the object is less than its average velocity. D. The relationship between the final velocity of the object and its average velocity cannot be determined from the information given. 26. A 2-kg rock is thrown vertically upward at a speed of 3.2 m/s from the surface of the moon. If it returns to its starting point in 4 seconds, what is the acceleration due to gravity on the moon? A. B. C. D.. 0.8 m/s2 1.6 m/s2 3.2 m/s2 6.4 m/s2. 27. In a series of experimental trials, a projectile is launched with a fixed speed, but with various angles of elevation. As the angle of elevation is increased from 0 to 90°, the vertical component of the initial velocity: A. increases, while the horizontal component remains constant. B. decreases, while the horizontal component remains constant. C. increases, while the horizontal component decreases. D. decreases, while the horizontal component increases.. 4. |. © The Princeton Review, Inc..

(12) Physics. 28. The horizontal component of the initial velocity of a projectile is directly proportional to the: A. B. C. D.. angle of elevation. sine of the angle of elevation. cosine of the angle of elevation. tangent of the angle of elevation.. 29. A projectile is launched horizontally from a raised platform. If air resistance is ignored, then as the projectile falls to the earth, the magnitude of the vertical component of the velocity of the projectile: A. increases, while the horizontal component remains constant. B. decreases, while the horizontal component remains constant. C. increases, while the horizontal component decreases. D. decreases, while the horizontal component increases. 30. Two projectiles are launched from the same point. Projectile A has the greater horizontal velocity, while Projectile B has the greater vertical velocity. Which projectile will travel the greater horizontal distance? A. Projectile A, because distance traveled is determined by horizontal velocity. B. Projectile B, because it will be in the air for more time. C. Both projectiles will travel the same distance. D. Cannot be predicted from the information given 31. Where in its path does a projectile in free fall near the surface of the earth experience the greatest acceleration? A. B. C. D.. While it is ascending While it is descending At its greatest height Acceleration is the same at all points in the path.. 32. An object is presently traveling at a velocity of 6 m/s. Calculate its velocity 5 seconds later, if it experienced a uniform acceleration of 2 m/s2 during this time interval. A. B. C. D.. 12 m/s 16 m/s 20 m/s 24 m/s. 33. A particle with an initial velocity of 4 m/s moves along the x-axis under constant acceleration. Three seconds later, its velocity is 14 m/s. How far did it travel during those three seconds? A. B. C. D.. 21 m 24 m 27 m 30 m. 34. An object starting from rest is accelerated uniformly (in a straight line) until its final velocity is v; it travels a distance x. If the object were accelerated at the same rate from rest until its final velocity were 4v, then the distance traveled would have been: A. B. C. D.. 2x. 4x. 8x. 16x.. 35. An object decelerated uniformly from an initial velocity of v0 m/s to a final velocity of (1/2)v0 m/s. If the distance traveled was 1/8 m, what was its acceleration (in m/s2)? A. B. C. D.. –6v02 –4v02 –3v02 –2v02. 36. A car, originally traveling at 10 m/s, accelerates uniformly for 4 seconds at a rate of 2 m/s2. How far does it travel during this period? A. B. C. D.. 48 m 56 m 72 m 80 m. 37. In the preceding question, what was the car’s average velocity during the acceleration period? A. B. C. D.. 12 m/s 14 m/s 18 m/s 28 m/s. © The Princeton Review, Inc.. |. 5.

(13) MCAT Science Workbook. A. B. C. D.. P. 8 sec 16 sec 32 sec 64 sec. x = –3 m x = –6 m x = –9 m x = –12 m. A. B. C. D.. x (in m). 2. 3. A. B. C. D.. 4 5 t (in s). v (in m). P. 6. |. © The Princeton Review, Inc.. v (in m). 1. 41. The velocity v (in m/s) of an object moving along the x axis is plotted as a function of time t (in seconds) below. Let the magnitude of the acceleration from O to P be denoted aOP, and let the magnitude of the acceleration from P to Q be aPQ. What is the ratio of aPQ to aOP?. O. 2. 3. 4 5 t (in s). 2 1 1. 2m 7m 8m 9m. 1:4 1:2 2:1 4:1. Q. 4m 5m 6m 8m. 2. 1. A. B. C. D.. 1. 43. The velocity v (in m/s) of an object moving along the x axis is plotted as a function of time t (in seconds) below. What is the object’s average speed between t = 1 and t = 5?. 40. The position x (in meters) of an object traveling along a straight axis is plotted as a function of time t (in seconds) below. How far did the object travel from t = 0 to t = 5?. A. B. C. D.. 2. 1. 39. A particle moving along the x axis passes through the point x = 0 (in the –x direction) at a particular instant. If it experiences a constant acceleration of –2 m/s2, where could the object be three seconds later? A. B. C. D.. 42. The velocity v (in m/s) of an object moving along the x axis is plotted as a function of time t (in seconds) below. How far does the object travel from t = 0 to t = 5?. v (in m). 38. Car #1 starts to accelerate from rest just as Car #2 passes it. If Car #2 maintains a constant velocity of 20 m/s, and Car #1 accelerates uniformly at 5/8 m/s2, how long will it take for Car #1 to overtake Car #2?. 2 1. Q 1. 2. 3. 4 5 t (in s). 0.50 m/s 0.75 m/s 1.00 m/s 1.25 m/s. 2. 3. 4 5 t (in s).

(14) Physics. 44. The velocity v (in m/s) of an object moving along the x axis is plotted as a function of time t (in seconds) below. Which of the following statements is (are) true?. v (in m). I. At t = 5, the object had returned to its original position. II. The object’s average speed between t = 0 and t = 1 was greater than its average speed between t = 1 and t = 5. III. The object changed its direction of travel at t = 1. 2 1 1. A. B. C. D.. 2. 3. 4 5 t (in s). I and II only I and III only II and III only None of the above. 45. A rock is dropped from a 128-ft cliff. How long does it take to reach the ground? (Ignore air resistance and take g = 32 ft/sec2.) A. B. C. D.. 2.0 sec 2.8 sec 4.0 sec 5.6 sec. 46. A rock is dropped from a 128-ft cliff; find the speed of the rock as it hits the ground. (Ignore air resistance and take g = 32 ft/s2.) A. B. C. D.. 64 ft/s 80 ft/s 90 ft/s 128 ft/s. 47. An arrow is shot straight up, and it eventually falls straight back down. Ignoring air resistance, which one of the following statements concerning the acceleration a of the arrow is correct? A. B. C. D.. a always points down. a always points up. a always points in the direction of the velocity. a always opposes the velocity.. 48. An arrow is projected straight up with an initial velocity of v0 m/s. If g denotes the magnitude of the gravitational acceleration (in m/s2) and air resistance is ignored, how high does the arrow go (in m)? A. B. C. D.. v0/2g v02/2g v0/g 2v02/g. 49. An object is dropped from the top of a meteor crater on the surface of the Moon. How many times farther does it fall during its second second of flight than during its first? (Note: In the choices below, g stands for the magnitude of the free-fall acceleration near the surface of the Moon.) A. B. C. D.. 2 3 2g 3g. 50. If an object (released from rest) takes 3 seconds to fall to the Earth, from what height was it dropped? (Ignore air resistance and take g = 10 m/s2.) A. B. C. D.. 15 m 45 m 90 m 180 m. 51. If an object were thrown straight upward with an initial speed of 8 m/s, and it took 3 seconds to strike the ground, from what height was it thrown? (Ignore air resistance and take g = 10 m/s2.) A. B. C. D.. 21 m 24 m 45 m 69 m. 52. If an object is dropped from rest off a cliff and strikes the ground with an impact velocity of 14 m/s, from what height was it dropped? (Ignore air resistance and take g = 9.8 m/s2.) A. B. C. D.. 10 m 20 m 40 m 80 m. © The Princeton Review, Inc.. |. 7.

(15) MCAT Science Workbook. 53. An object is dropped from a height of 980 m. Let T be the time required to fall the entire distance and let t be the time required to fall the first half of the distance. Calculate the ratio T/t. (Ignore air resistance.) A. 1/2 B.. 2. C. 2. 58. A ball is projected horizontally with initial speed 5 m/s from an initial height of 45 m. When the ball lands, how far has it traveled horizontally from its original position? (Ignore air resistance.) A. B. C. D.. 15 m 20 m 25 m 30 m. D. 4 54. One second after being thrown straight down, an object is traveling at a speed of 20 m/s. How fast will it be traveling two seconds later? (Ignore air resistance.) A. B. C. D.. 30 m/s 40 m/s 50 m/s 60 m/s. 55. An object is released from rest at height h above the surface of the Earth, where h is much smaller than the radius of the Earth. It takes t seconds to fall to the ground. At what height should this object be released from rest in order to take 2t seconds to fall to the ground? (Ignore air resistance; g = magnitude of gravitational acceleration.) A. B. C. D.. 2h 2gh 4h 4gh. 56. An object is thrown horizontally with an initial speed of 10 m/s. How far will it drop in 4 seconds? (Ignore air resistance and take g = 10 m/s2.) A. B. C. D.. 20 m 40 m 60 m 80 m. 57. From a height of 100 m, a ball is thrown horizontally with an initial speed of 15 m/s. How far does it travel horizontally in the first 2 seconds? (Ignore air resistance.) A. B. C. D.. 8. |. 20 m 30 m 40 m 50 m. © The Princeton Review, Inc.. 59. An object is projected upward at a 30° angle with the horizontal with an initial speed of 20 m/s. How long will it take to reach the top of its trajectory? (Ignore air resistance.) A. B. C. D.. 0.5 sec 1.0 sec 1.5 sec 2.0 sec. 60. An object is projected upward at a 60° angle with the horizontal with an initial speed of 30 m/s. How far will it travel horizontally in its first three seconds of flight? (Ignore air resistance.) A. B. C. D.. 45.0 m 63.0 m 77.9 m 90.0 m. 61. Two bricks are released simultaneously from the same height above the surface of the Earth. Brick #1 is simply dropped, while Brick #2 is given a purely horizontal initial velocity of magnitude 10 m/s. If they both strike the ground in 3 seconds, how far from Brick #1 will Brick #2 land? (Ignore air resistance.) A. B. C. D.. 15 m 30 m 45 m 60 m. 62. An object is projected upward at a 30° angle with the horizontal with an initial speed of 60 m/s. How long will it take to reach the top of its trajectory? (Ignore air resistance.) A. B. C. D.. 1.5 sec 3.0 sec 4.5 sec 6.0 sec.

(16) Physics. 63. Under the action of a certain constant net force, an object of mass 2 kg travels in a straight line with a constant acceleration of 4 m/s2. If this same net force is applied to an object with four times the mass, the acceleration will be: A. B. C. D.. 0.25 m/s2. 0.5 m/s2. 1.0 m/s2. 2.0 m/s2.. 64. A force of 1 dyne will cause an object of mass 1 gram to accelerate at 1 cm/s2; therefore, 1 dyne is equal to x newtons. What is x? A. B. C. D.. 10–5 10–1 10 105. 65. A hockey puck slides on a surface of frictionless ice. If the mass of the puck is 250 grams, and it moves in a straight line with a constant velocity of 4 m/s, find the net force acting on the puck. A. B. C. D.. 0N 1N 62.5 N 1000 N. 66. Two oppositely directed horizontal forces, F1 and F2, act on a block (of mass 3 kg) which can slide on a frictionless table. F1 has magnitude 8 N, and F2 has magnitude 20 N. If the block starts from rest, find its speed after 4 seconds. A. B. C. D.. 4 m/s 8 m/s 12 m/s 16 m/s. 67. An object is accelerated from rest to a final speed v in t seconds by a constant net force F. If we wish to accelerate this object to the same final speed in 2t seconds, then: A. the acceleration will be halved, but the force should stay the same. B. the acceleration will be halved, and the magnitude of the force should also be halved. C. the acceleration will remain the same, but the force should be halved. D. the acceleration will double, but the force should be halved. 68. An object is being acted upon by two (and only two) external forces, F1 and F2. If the object has a nonzero acceleration, which one of the following must be true? A. B. C. D.. The object cannot move at constant speed. The forces F1 and F2 have the same line of action. The magnitude of F1 can’t equal the magnitude of F2. The sum F1 + F2 is not zero.. 69. An object is moving on a flat surface and is being acted upon by a net nonzero force F parallel to the surface. The direction of the object’s motion must be: A. B. C. D.. the same as the direction of F. at a 45° angle to the direction of F. perpendicular to the direction of F. None of the above is necessarily true.. 70. A book whose mass is 2 kg rests on a table. Find the magnitude of the force that the table exerts on the book. (Use g = 9.8 m/s2.) A. B. C. D.. 39.2 N 19.6 N 9.8 N 0N. 71. What force must be provided to accelerate a 64-lb object upward at a rate of 2 ft/s2? (Use g = 32 ft/s2.) A. B. C. D.. 60 lb 64 lb 68 lb 72 lb. © The Princeton Review, Inc.. |. 9.

(17) MCAT Science Workbook. 72. Find the force that must be provided to lift a 49-N object with an acceleration of 9.8 m/s2 (g = 9.8 m/s2). A. B. C. D.. 9.8 N 49 N 98 N 147 N. 75. A can of paint with a mass of 10 kg hangs from a rope. If the can is to be pulled up to a rooftop with a constant velocity of 0.5 m/s, what must the tension in the rope be? A. B. C. D.. 73. Two bodies of different masses are subjected to identical forces. Compared to the body with smaller mass, the body with greater mass will experience: A. less acceleration, because the product of mass and acceleration will be smaller. B. greater acceleration, because the product of mass and acceleration will be greater. C. less acceleration, because the ratio of force to mass will be smaller. D. greater acceleration, because the ratio of force to mass will be larger. 74. A garment hangs from a clothes line as shown below. The tension in the clothes line is 10 N on the right side of the garment and 10 N on the left side of the garment. Find the mass of the garment.. 30° T1. 30° T2. 0N 50 N 100 N 200 N. 76. Which of the following best describes the direction in which the force of kinetic friction acts relative to the interface between the interacting bodies? A. Perpendicular to the interface and away from the more massive body B. Perpendicular to the interface and toward the more massive body C. Parallel to the interface and opposite the direction of the relative velocity D. Parallel to the interface and in the same direction as the relative velocity 77. Which of the following best describes the motion of a body along a surface where friction must be taken into account? A. More force is required to start the object in motion than to keep it in motion at constant velocity. B. Once the object is set in motion, no force is required to keep it in motion at constant velocity. C. Less force is required to start the object in motion than to keep it in motion at constant velocity. D. The same force is required to start the object in motion as to keep it in motion at constant velocity. 78. A 100-N trash can is pulled across the sidewalk at constant speed by a force of 25 N as shown below. How large is the force of friction impeding the motion of the trash can?. A. B. C. D.. 0.5 kg 1 kg 2 kg 10 kg. 25 N Ff. A. B. C. D.. 10. |. © The Princeton Review, Inc.. 0N 25 N 75 N 125 N.

(18) Physics. 79. How will the gravitational force between two objects change if the distance between them is doubled? A. B. C. D.. It will decrease by a factor of 4. It will decrease by a factor of 2 It will increase by a factor of 2. It will increase by a factor of 4.. 80. Let the mass of the Moon be M and let its radius be R. If a small object of mass m is released a few meters above the Moon’s surface, with what acceleration will it fall? (G = universal gravitational constant) A.. G. m R2. B. G. Mm R2. C. G. M R2. D. G. M2 R2. 81. Calculate the tension in a cable used to pull a 1000-kg object straight upward at an acceleration of 0.7 m/s2. (Use g = 9.8 m/s2.) A. B. C. D.. 700 N 9100 N 9800 N 10,500 N. 82. An object has a mass of 36 kg and weighs 360 N at the surface of the Earth. If this object is transported to an altitude equal to twice the Earth’s radius, then at this new elevated position the object will have: A. B. C. D.. mass 4 kg and weight 40 N. mass 36 kg and weight 40 N. mass 9 kg and weight 90 N. mass 36 kg and weight 90 N.. 83. An 0.2-kg apple rests on the surface of the Earth. Approximate the gravitational force exerted by the apple on the Earth. (Note: The universal gravitational constant, G, is 6.7 × 10–11 N-m2/kg2, the mass of the Earth is 6.0 × 1024 kg, and the radius of the Earth is 6.4 × 106 m.) A. B. C. D.. 84. During a rainstorm, you notice that the raindrops are not always the same size: some are small, others are larger. Raindrops fall with a constant velocity (called their terminal velocity). Given that the upward force of air resistance is proportional to the speed of the falling drop, which raindrops—the smaller ones or the larger ones—fall with the greater speed? A. The smaller drops, since the force of air resistance on them is smaller. B. The smaller drops, since their smaller mass gives them greater acceleration. C. The larger drops, since they acquire greater speed before air resistance eventually balances out the force of gravity. D. Neither; even taking air resistance into account, they fall at the same speed. 85. A crate of mass 100 kg is being pushed in a straight line across a horizontal floor at a constant speed of 4.0 m/s. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the crate and the floor is 0.3. Find the net force on the crate. A. B. C. D.. 0N 300 N 400 N 1200 N. 86. A 2-kg block is sliding along a horizontal surface, pulled by a rope that is parallel to the surface. If the tension in the rope is 12 N, and the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.4, find the acceleration of the block. A. B. C. D.. 2 m/s2 4 m/s2 6 m/s2 8 m/s2. 87. A crate of mass 100 kg rests on a horizontal floor. The coefficient of static friction is 0.4. If a force of 250 N, parallel to the floor, is applied to this mass, calculate the magnitude of the force of static friction on the crate. A. B. C. D.. 0N 150 N 250 N 400 N. 4 × 10–23 N 2 × 10–15 N 4 × 10–7 N 2N. © The Princeton Review, Inc.. |. 11.

(19) MCAT Science Workbook. 88. A 50 N horizontal force is applied to a 5 kg crate, and it slides along a horizontal floor with an acceleration of 8 m/s2. What is the magnitude of the force of kinetic friction acting on the crate? A. B. C. D.. 0N 5N 10 N Cannot be determined since m is not given. 89. A person applies a horizontal force F on a block of mass m resting against a vertical wall. If the block slides vertically down the wall at a constant speed, what must be true about the coefficient of kinetic friction, µ, between the block and the wall? (g = magnitude of gravitational acceleration) A. B. C. D.. µ = mg/F µ = F/(mg) µ= 1 µ= g. 90. A block of mass m begins to slide down a vertical wall. If the wall is frictionless, what minimum horizontal force F must be applied to the block to keep it from sliding any further? (g = magnitude of gravitational acceleration) A. B. C. D.. F = mg F = 2mg F = 3mg No horizontal force, however strong, can keep the block from sliding down the wall.. 91. A crate of mass 100 kg rests on a horizontal floor. The coefficient of static friction between the floor and the crate is 0.4. Let f denote the maximum static friction force that the floor can exert on the crate. What happens to f if a child of mass 20 kg sits on top of the crate? A. B. C. D.. f increases by 8 N. f increases by 20 N. f increases by 80 N. f will not change.. 92. A block weighing 40 N is held in contact with the ceiling of a room by a upward force of 50 N. What is the magnitude of the normal force exerted by the ceiling on the block? A. B. C. D.. 93. A 25-kg block is pushed in a straight line across a horizontal surface. If a constant force of 49 N must be applied to the block in order to maintain a constant velocity of 2 m/s, what is the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the surface? A. B. C. D.. |. © The Princeton Review, Inc.. 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5. 94. What horizontal force must be applied to an object with a weight of 98 N in order to give it a horizontal acceleration of 10 m/s2? (Neglect the forces of friction.) A. B. C. D.. 9.8 N 100.0 N 490.0 N 980.0 N. 95. An object with a mass of 50 kg moves across a level surface with a constant speed of 15 m/s. If the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.7, which of the following must be true about the forces acting on the object? A. The force exerted on the object by kinetic friction is negligible. B. There must be some other horizontal force acting on the object. C. No forces are doing work on the object. D. There are no vertical forces acting on the object. 96. Consider an inclined plane that makes an angle θ with the horizontal. What is the relationship between the length of the ramp, L, and the vertical height of the ramp, h? A. B. C. D.. 12. 0N 10 N 50 N 90 N. L = h sin θ L = h tan θ h = L sin θ h = L tan θ.

(20) Physics. 97. A 40-kg crate is being pulled along a frictionless surface by a force of magnitude 140 N that makes an angle of 30° with the horizontal. What is the acceleration of the crate? A. B. C. D.. A. B. C. D.. 1.75 m/s2 2 m/s2 2.5 m/s2 3 m/s2. 98. A box is resting on an inclined plane as shown below. What is the magnitude of F?. F. 10 N 30°. A. B. C. D.. 4.3 N 5.0 N 8.7 N 11.5 N. kg 50. 60° 5.0 m/s2 8.7 m/s2 10.0 m/s2 11.3 m/s2. 100. The acceleration experienced by a block moving down a frictionless plane inclined at a 30° angle: A. B. C. D.. less than the weight of the block. equal to the weight of the block. greater than the weight of the block. unrelated to the weight of the block.. 102. A block is moving down the slope of an inclined plane at constant velocity. The normal force exerted by the plane on the block: A. B. C. D.. increases with increasing velocity. decreases with increasing velocity. is independent of velocity. depends on the coefficient of kinetic friction between the plane and block.. 103. A block is sitting motionless on the surface of an inclined plane as the angle of elevation is gradually increased. The normal force exerted by the plane on the block:. 99. A 50-kg crate slides down a ramp as shown below. Assuming that the ramp is frictionless, find the acceleration of the crate.. A. B. C. D.. 101. A block is moving down the slope of a frictionless inclined plane. The force parallel to the surface of the plane experienced by the block is:. decreases as the block moves down the plane. is constant. increases as the block moves down the plane. depends on the height of the plane.. A. B. C. D.. increases with increasing angle of elevation. decreases with increasing angle of elevation. is independent of angle of elevation. depends on the coefficient of static friction between the plane and block.. 104. A block is sliding down the surface of an inclined plane while the angle of elevation is gradually decreased. Which of the following is true about the results of this process? A. The force due to friction decreases, and the weight of the block remains constant. B. The force due to friction decreases, and the weight of the block decreases. C. The force due to friction increases, and the weight of the block decreases. D. The force due to friction increases, and the weight of the block remains constant. 105. A block is being pulled by a rope up the surface of an inclined plane at constant velocity. Which of the following is true of the tension in the rope T, the force due to friction Ff, and the component of the block’s weight parallel to the plane wp? A. B. C. D.. wp = T + Ff T = wp + Ff Ff = T + wp T + Ff + wp = 0 © The Princeton Review, Inc.. |. 13.

(21) MCAT Science Workbook. 106. A block slides down a frictionless inclined plane that makes an angle θ (where 0° < θ < 90°) with the horizontal. If g is the acceleration due to gravity, then the acceleration of the block down the plane: A. B. C. D.. is always less than g. is always equal to g. is always greater than g. can be less than g, equal to g, or greater than g depending on the value of θ.. 107. A block slides down a frictionless inclined plane that makes an angle of 30° with the horizontal. Find its acceleration. A. B. C. D.. a is constant, independent of θ. a is proportional to θ. a increases as θ increases, but not proportionally. a is at its maximum value when θ = 45°.. 109. A 5-kg block is released from rest at the top of a 10-meterlong frictionless incline whose incline angle is 30°; it takes t1 seconds for this block to reach the bottom. The experiment is repeated with a 10-kg block, and the time needed to reach the bottom is t2 seconds. How do t1 and t2 compare? A. B. C. D.. t1 < t2 t1 = t2 t1 > t2 Cannot be determined from the information given. 110. Which one of the following statements is true concerning the magnitude of the normal force, N, acting on a block sliding down a frictionless ramp whose incline angle (with the horizontal) is θ ? A. B. C. D.. 14. |. A. B. C. D.. µ= 0 µ = sin θ / cos θ µ = cos θ / sin θ µ= 1. 112. The inclined plane shown below is 20 m long and rises 5 m. What minimum force F parallel to the plane is required to slide a 400-N crate up the plane if friction is neglected?. 2.5 m/s2 4.9 m/s2 8.5 m/s2 9.8 m/s2. 108. Which one of the following statements is true concerning the magnitude of the acceleration, a, of a block sliding down a frictionless ramp whose incline angle (with the horizontal) is θ? A. B. C. D.. 111. An object slides down an inclined plane with constant speed. If the ramp’s incline angle is θ, what must be the coefficient of kinetic friction, µ, between the object and the ramp?. N is constant, independent of θ. N is proportional to θ. N is inversely proportional to θ. N decreases as θ increases, but not proportionally.. © The Princeton Review, Inc.. 20 m. 400 N. 5m. A. B. C. D.. 100 N 400 N 800 N 8000 N. 113. A pulley is suspended from a cable that is attached to the beam of a building 10 m above the ground. A rope is slung over the pulley, and one end is attached to a bucket of cement weighing 1000 N. The free end of the rope is pulled, and the cement is raised above the ground. The free end is then tied to a fixed point. What is the approximate downward force exerted by the cable attaching the pulley to the beam? (Assume that the pulley and rope are massless.) A. B. C. D.. 500 N 667 N 1000 N 2000 N. 114. Two masses are resting on an 8-meter-long, uniform 10-kg plank. Mass #1 is 15 kg and rests 2 meters to the left of the plank’s center, and Mass #2 is 5 kg and rests 3 m to the right of the plank’s center. How far from the center of the plank is the center of mass? A. B. C. D.. 0.5 m to the left of the plank’s center 1.5 m to the left of the plank’s center 0.5 m to the right of the plank’s center 1.5 m to the right of the plank’s center.

(22) Physics. 115. Three metal blocks are hanging from a 16-foot rod of negligible mass. Blocks #1 and #2 each weigh 0.4 lb, and the weight of Block #3 is 0.8 lb. Block #1 is at the very left end of the rod, Block #2 is at the center of the rod, and Block #3 is at the very right end of the rod. How far from the left end is the center of gravity? A. B. C. D.. 6 ft 9 ft 10 ft 12 ft. M2. M1 x. X = x. X is closer to M1 than x is. X is closer to M2 than x is if M > M1. X is closer to M2 than x is if M > M2.. 117. How far from the heavier end must the fulcrum of a massless 5-m seesaw be if an 800-N man on one side is to balance his 200-N daughter at the other end? A. B. C. D.. 0.5 m 1m 2m 4m. 118. Assume that a massless bar 5 meters in length is suspended from a rope and that the rope is attached to the bar at a distance x from the bar’s left end. If a 20-kg mass hangs from the right side of a bar and a 5-kg mass hangs from the left side of the bar, what value of x will bring about equilibrium? A. B. C. D.. 3.0 m 3.5 m 4.0 m 4.5 m. A. tangent to the circle and opposite the direction of motion. B. tangent to the circle and in the direction of motion. C. radially and toward the center of the circle. D. radially and away from the center of the circle. 120. An object is traveling in a circular path. If the velocity of the object is doubled without changing the path, the force required to maintain the object’s motion is:. 116. The figure below shows a uniform bar supporting two masses, with M1 < M2, one at each end of the bar. If the mass of the bar is neglected, the position of the center of mass, x, is calculated and marked as in the figure. If X denotes the position of the center of mass with the mass M of the bar included, then:. A. B. C. D.. 119. An object is moving in a circle at constant speed. Its acceleration vector must be directed:. A. B. C. D.. halved. unchanged. doubled. quadrupled.. 121. An object is traveling in a circular path. If the radius of the circular path is doubled without changing the speed of the object, the force required to maintain the object’s motion is: A. B. C. D.. halved. unchanged. doubled. quadrupled.. 122. A 50-g stone is tied to the end of a string and whirled in a horizontal circle of radius 2 m at 20 m/s. Ignoring the force of gravity, determine the tension in the string. A. B. C. D.. 5N 10 N 100 N 500 N. 123. For an object that travels in a circular path at constant speed: A. the velocity is constant since the speed is constant. B. the acceleration is zero since the speed is constant. C. the acceleration is not zero and is always directed tangent to the path. D. the acceleration is not zero and is always directed toward the center of the path.. © The Princeton Review, Inc.. |. 15.

(23) MCAT Science Workbook 124.. B A. C D point P. . A rock is tied to the end of a string and whirled (counterclockwise as seen from above) around in a circle at constant speed. If the string were to suddenly break when the rock is at point P, which arrow would best indicate the direction of the rock’s subsequent motion? A. B. C. D.. A B C D. 125. The Earth is kept in orbit around the Sun by the two bodies’ gravitational attraction. Assume that the orbit is circular (with radius r) and the orbiting speed v of the Earth is constant. If G is the universal gravitational constant, what is the mass of the Sun? A.. G v 2r. B. Gv 2 r v2 Gr v 2r D. G. C.. 126. Let F represent the net force on an object traveling in a circular path (of radius r) at a constant speed v. If the radius is reduced to (1/2)r, and the speed is increased to 2v, then the net force on this same object becomes: A. B. C. D.. 16. |. F. 2F. 4F. 8F.. © The Princeton Review, Inc.. 127. A hockey puck is tied to a string and whirled in a circular path on a horizontal table, with the other end of the string threaded through a hole in the center of the table. If the puck has mass m and speed v, and the tension in the string is T, which of the following expressions gives the radius of the circular path? A. B. C. D.. mv/T mv2/T (mv/T)1/2 (mv2/T)1/2. 128. A pendulum consists of a 0.5 kg mass attached to the end of 1-meter-long rod of negligible mass. When the rod makes an angle of 60° with the vertical, find the magnitude of the torque about the pivot. A. B. C. D.. 2.5 N·m 4.3 N·m 5.0 N·m 10.0 N·m. 129. A uniform bar is lying on a flat table. In addition to its weight and the normal force exerted by the table (which exactly balances the bar’s weight), exactly two other forces, F1 and F2, act on the rod. If the net force acting on the rod is zero, then: A. the net torque on the rod must also be zero. B. the rod cannot accelerate translationally or rotationally. C. the net torque will be zero if F1 and F2 are applied at the same point on the rod. D. the rod can accelerate translationally if F1 and F2 are not applied at the same point on the rod. 130. Water moves past a water wheel, causing it to turn. The force of the water is 200 N, and the radius of the wheel is 10 m. Calculate the torque around the center of the wheel. A. B. C. D.. 20 N-m 200 N-m 2000 N-m 20,000 N-m.

(24) Physics. 131. A massless meter stick is fixed at Point C, which is 25 cm from its left-hand end. The rod is free to rotate about Point C. If a downward force of 60 N is applied at Point A, what is the minimum force that must be applied at Point B to keep the rod from rotating? 60 N. A. C. B. 134. A massless rod is attached to the ceiling by a string. Two weights are hung from the rod: a 0.4-lb weight at its left end and a 1.2-lb weight at its right end. If the length of the rod is L, how far from its left end should the string be attached so that the rod (with attached weights) will be horizontal? A. B. C. D.. L/4 2L/3 3L/4 5L/6. 25 cm 100 cm A. B. C. D.. 15 N, upward 15 N, downward 20 N, upward 20 N, downward. 132. A man with a mass of 100 kg sits on a seesaw 5 m from the center. Two children, each with a mass of 20 kg, are seated on the other side of the seesaw. One child sits 10 m from the center. How far from the center should the other child sit to balance the seesaw? A. B. C. D.. 5m 10 m 15 m 20 m. 133. A uniform meter stick weighing 20 N has a 50-N weight on its left end and a 30-N weight on its right end. The bar is hung from a rope. What is the tension in the rope and how far from the left end of the bar should the rope be attached so that the stick remains level? A. B. C. D.. 80 N placed 37.5 cm from the left end of the bar 80 N placed 40.0 cm from the left end of the bar 100 N placed 37.5 cm from the left end of the bar 100 N placed 40.0 cm from the left end of the bar. 135. In the preceding question, what is the tension in the string supporting the rod and the attached weights? A. B. C. D.. 1.2 lb 1.6 lb 2.4 lb 3.2 lb. 136. A uniform rod of mass M sticks out from a vertical wall and points toward the floor. If the smaller angle it makes with the wall is θ, and its far end is attached to the ceiling by a string parallel to the wall, find the tension in the supporting string. A. B. C. D.. Mg/2 (Mg sin θ)/2 Mg Mg sin θ. 137. A uniform plank of mass 12 kg and length L is positioned horizontally, with its two ends supported by sensitive scales. An object of mass 3 kg is placed a distance L /3 from the left end of the plank. What weight does the righthand scale read? A. B. C. D.. 50 N 70 N 80 N 90 N. 138. In the preceding question, what weight does the left-hand scale read? A. B. C. D.. 60 N 70 N 80 N 150 N. © The Princeton Review, Inc.. |. 17.

(25) MCAT Science Workbook. 139. A bar extends perpendicularly from a vertical wall. The length of the bar is 2 m, and its mass is 10 kg. The free end of the rod is attached to a point on the wall by a light cable, which makes an angle of 30° with the bar. Find the tension in the cable. A. B. C. D.. 144. A simple pendulum consisting of a 1-kg bob connected to a rigid rod 5 m long is brought to an angle of 90° from vertical, and then released (as shown below). Assuming that the rod is massless and that the acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2, what will be the speed of the bob at its lowest point?. 20 N 50 N 100 N 200 N. bob 90°. 140. In the preceding question, what is the magnitude of the vertical force exerted by the wall on the rod? A. B. C. D.. 30 N 50 N 100 N 150 N. 141. An object is being pulled along the ground by a 50-N force directed 45° above the horizontal. Approximately how much work does the force do in pulling the object 8 m? A. B. C. D.. 100 J 280 J 400 J 620 J. 142. A 1-kg coconut falls off of a coconut tree, landing on the ground 800 cm below. How much work is done on the coconut by the gravitational force? A. B. C. D.. 8J 80 J 800 J 8000 J. 143. A 1-kg coconut falls off of a coconut tree, landing on the ground 800 cm below. How much gravitational potential energy does it lose? A. B. C. D.. 18. |. 8J 80 J 800 J 8000 J. © The Princeton Review, Inc.. A. B. C. D.. 10 m/s 20 m/s 30 m/s 40 m/s. 145. A car weighing 8500 N and traveling 20 m/s engages its brakes. The car skids along the pavement for 200 m before coming to rest. What is the coefficient of friction between the road and the car’s tires? A. B. C. D.. 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.8. 146. A hammer is used to drive a nail into a board. Work is done in the act of driving the nail. Compared to the moment before the hammer strikes the nail, the mechanical energy of the hammer after its impact will be: A. B. C. D.. greater, because the hammer has done work. greater, because work has been done on the hammer. less, because the hammer has done work. less, because work has been done on the hammer.. 147. An increase in which of the following properties of a projectile will NOT increase its kinetic energy at a given instant in time? A. B. C. D.. Its height Its mass Its velocity Its momentum.

(26) Physics. 148. If the height of an object above the earth is doubled, its gravitational potential energy will be: A. B. C. D.. halved. unchanged. doubled. quadrupled.. 149. Let W1 be the magnitude of the work done by gravity as Object 1’s gravitational potential energy increases by 500 J, and let W2 be the total amount of work necessary to increase Object 2’s kinetic energy by 500 J. How do W1 and W2 compare? A. B. C. D.. W1 < W2 W1 = W2 W1 > W2 Cannot be determined without knowing the masses of the objects. 150. If a projectile travels through air, it loses some of its kinetic energy due to air resistance. Some of this lost energy: A. decreases the temperature of the projectile. B. is found in increased kinetic energy of the air molecules. C. is found in increased potential energy of the projectile. D. causes the temperature of the air around the projectile to decrease. 151. A crate with mass 50 kg is pushed across a horizontal floor at a constant speed of 1 m/s for 4 seconds by a horizontal force F of magnitude 100 N. How much work is done by F? A. B. C. D.. 0J 100 J 200 J 400 J. 152. An object slides down a 2-meter-long ramp that makes an angle of 60° with the horizontal. The mass of the object is 2 kg, and the coefficient of kinetic friction between the object and the ramp is 0.3. Calculate the work done by the normal force on the object. A. B. C. D.. 153. How much work is done by the gravitational force as a 10-kg object is lifted from a height of 1 m above the ground to a height of 3 m above the ground? A. B. C. D.. –300 J –200 J 200 J 300 J. 154. Two objects, one with mass M1 and the other with mass M2 (where M2 > M1), rest at the top of an inclined plane. If the bottom of the incline is taken to be the zero of gravitational potential energy, then these objects have: A. B. C. D.. the same inertia and the same potential energy. the same inertia but different potential energies. different inertias but the same potential energy. different inertias and different potential energies.. 155. Adjustments are made to a machine that allow it to provide less energy at any given moment, but that allow it to operate for a greater length of time. The power of the machine has been: A. B. C. D.. decreased. unchanged. increased. changed in a manner that can’t be predicted.. 156. Which of the following situations requires the greatest power? A. B. C. D.. 20 J of work done in 10 minutes 100 J of work done in 20 minutes 200 J of work done in 10 minutes 10 J of work done in 20 minutes. 157. Which of the following expressions is equal to a watt? A. B. C. D.. (kg)(m)/(sec) (kg)(m)/(sec)3 (kg)2(m)2/(sec)2 (kg)(m)2/(sec)3. 0J 3J 6J 20 J. © The Princeton Review, Inc.. |. 19.

(27) MCAT Science Workbook. 158. An object weighing 100 N is traveling vertically upward from the earth in the absence of air resistance at a constant velocity of 5 m/s. What is the power required to keep the object in motion? A. B. C. D.. 0W 20 W 200 W 500 W. 160. An electric crane hoists an object weighing 4000 N to the top of a building. The crane raises the object straight upward at a constant rate. If it takes 60 seconds to lift the mass 300 m, at what rate is energy consumed by the electric motor in the crane? (Note: Ignore all forces of friction.) A. B. C. D.. 0.8 kW 2.0 kW 10.0 kW 20.0 kW. 161. Which of the following quantities is (are) conserved when a falling object strikes the ground?. I. Momentum of the object II. Kinetic energy of the object III. Total energy A. B. C. D.. 20. |. A. 0W 20 W 200 W 500 W. 159. An object weighing 100 N is traveling horizontally with respect to the surface of the earth in the absence of air resistance at a constant velocity of 5 m/s. What is the power required to maintain this motion? A. B. C. D.. 162. Two meteors collide and combine at Point P:. I only III only I and III only II and III only. © The Princeton Review, Inc.. B. vA. vB 30°. 45°. P. If each meteor has mass m, what is the magnitude of the vertical component of their common velocity just after the collision? A. B. C. D.. (vA sin 30° + vB sin 45°)/2 (vA sin 30° – vB sin 45°)/2 (vA cos 30° + vB cos 45°)/2 (vA cos 30° – vB cos 45°)/2. 163. Two moving bodies A and B are of unequal mass. They meet head-on and immediately come to rest as a result of a perfectly inelastic collision. Prior to the collision, Body A was traveling at a speed 10 times that of Body B. Which of the following represents the ratio of the mass of A to the mass of B? A. B. C. D.. 1 : 100 1 : 10 10 : 1 100 : 1. 164. A laborer expends 800 J to lift a block to a height h. He then repeats the task using a simple non-motorized pulley system that reduces by half the input force he must provide. With the pulley system in operation, how much work must the laborer perform in order to lift the block to height h? A. B. C. D.. 200 J 400 J 800 J 1600 J.

(28) Physics. 165. A machine that consumes 500 watts takes 10 sec to lift an object with a mass of 1 kg from the ground to a high platform. Assume that the machine is perfectly efficient. The object is then pushed off the platform and falls freely to the ground. What is the speed of the object at the moment of impact? A. B. C. D.. 10 m/s 32 m/s 50 m/s 100 m/s. 166. A perfectly inelastic collision occurs between a 2000-kg car moving north at 7 m/s and a 1600-kg car moving south at 12 m/s. What is the velocity of the cars immediately after impact? A. B. C. D.. 1.4 m/s north 1.4 m/s south 9.2 m/s north 9.2 m/s south. 167. After their isolated collision, two balls move in opposite directions: Ball #1 moves at 0.2 m/s in the negative x direction, and Ball #2 moves at 0.5 m/s in the positive x direction. If the mass of each ball is 100 grams, determine the total momentum of this system before the collision. A. B. C. D.. 0.03 kg·m/s 0.07 kg·m/s 0.30 kg·m/s 0.70 kg·m/s. 168. A cue ball (mass 225 g), moving at 0.5 m/s, strikes the 8-ball (mass 200 g) originally at rest. After the collision, the cue ball moves with a velocity of 0.1 m/s. Find the velocity of the 8-ball after the collision. A. B. C. D.. 0.23 m/s 0.45 m/s 0.68 m/s 0.90 m/s. 170. A person sits on a stationary sled (total mass of person + sled = 100 kg) on a pond of smooth ice and holds a ball. If the 2-kg ball is thrown at a speed of 10 m/s, find the speed with which the person and sled move afterward. A. B. C. D.. 0 m/s 0.1 m/s 0.2 m/s 0.4 m/s. 171. After accelerating uniformly from rest at a rate of 2 m/s2 for 4.5 seconds, an object with mass 2 kg collides head-on with another object of mass 1 kg initially at rest. After the completely inelastic collision, what is the common velocity of the two objects? A. B. C. D.. 3 m/s 6 m/s 9 m/s 12 m/s. 172. A tennis ball is dropped from a height of 1 m onto a horizontal surface in a large evacuated container. The ball will not rebound to a height of 1 m because: A. the floor exerts no force on the ball when it makes contact. B. some of the ball’s kinetic energy is lost when the ball strikes the floor. C. the ball’s momentum is not changed as a result of the collision. D. the gravitational force is reduced when acting in a vacuum. 173. A 2.5-kg stone is dropped from a height of 4 m. What is its momentum on impact? (Ignore air resistance.) A. B. C. D.. 7.5 kg·m/s 11.3 kg·m/s 22.5 kg·m/s 45.0 kg·m/s. 169. Object #1 moves toward Object #2, whose mass is twice that of #1, which is at rest. After their head-on impact, the objects lock together and move with what fraction of the Object #1’s initial speed? A. B. C. D.. 1/4 1/3 1/2 2/3. © The Princeton Review, Inc.. |. 21.

(29) MCAT Science Workbook. 174. An object is released from rest at height h above the surface of the Earth, where h is much smaller than the radius of the Earth. Its speed is v m/s as it strikes the ground. At what height should this object be released from rest in order for its speed to be 2v when it strikes the ground? (Ignore air resistance; g denotes the magnitude of gravitational acceleration.) A. B. C. D.. 2h 2gh 4h 4gh. 175. A object is raised to a height of 16 m and released from rest. At the instant that the object is 12 m above the ground, what fraction of its total mechanical energy is in the form of kinetic energy? (Ignore air resistance.) A. B. C. D.. 1/4 3/8 1/2 3/4. 176. A 2-kg object is at a height of 10 m above the surface of the Earth. If it is thrown straight downward with an initial speed of 20 m/s, what will its kinetic energy be as it strikes the ground? (Ignore air resistance.) A. B. C. D.. 200 J 400 J 600 J 800 J. 177. By applying a large horizontal force, a man pushes a heavy crate along a horizontal floor. While he pushes the crate a distance d, the frictional force does –W1 joules of work. A small child then sits on top of the crate, and the man pushes the crate (and child) a distance d. If the frictional force does –W2 joules of work during this second displacement, then which of the following is true? A. B. C. D.. 22. |. W1 < W2 W1 = W2 W1 > W2 Cannot be determined from the information given. © The Princeton Review, Inc.. 178. A 2-kg block slides down a 3-meter-long, frictionless 30° incline. How much work does gravity do on the block? A. B. C. D.. 30 J 40 J 50 J 60 J. 179. If the block described in the preceding question started from rest at the top of the incline, with what speed does it reach the bottom? A. B. C. D.. 2.7 m/s 3.6 m/s 5.5 m/s 7.1 m/s. 180. What magnitude of work must be done to bring a 1000-kg car, moving at 20 m/s, to rest? A. B. C. D.. 1.0 × 105 J 2.0 × 105 J 4.0 × 105 J 1.8 × 106 J. 181. Calculate the average power needed to stop the car described in the preceding question in 4 seconds. A. B. C. D.. 5 kW 50 kW 500 kW 5000 kW. 182. Two hockey pucks, each with a nonzero velocity, slide toward each other on a surface of frictionless ice and collide head on. Then in general: A. momentum is not conserved but kinetic energy is conserved. B. momentum is conserved but kinetic energy is not conserved. C. neither momentum nor kinetic energy is conserved. D. both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved..

(30) Physics. 183. A 2-kg object initially at rest is struck head-on by a 4-kg object moving at a velocity of 2 m/s. After the collision, the two objects stick together. Let Kb be the kinetic energy of the system before the collision, and let Ka be the kinetic energy of the system after the collision. Calculate the ratio Ka/Kb . A. B. C. D.. 1/3 4/9 1/2 2/3. 184. As a crate (of mass m) slides down a frictionless incline (with angle θ), a constant horizontal force F, parallel to the base of the incline, is applied to the crate so that the crate’s speed down the incline remains constant. Find the magnitude of F. A. B. C. D.. F = mg sin2 θ F = mg cot θ F = mg tan θ F = mg sin θ cos θ. 185. If the vertical rise of the incline is h meters, determine the work done by the horizontal force F (described in the preceding question) as the crate slides down the incline. A. B. C. D.. –mgh cos2 θ –mgh sin θ cos θ –mgh sin2 θ –mgh. 186. A 1-kg ball is dropped from a height of 6 meters. As it falls, it is constantly acted upon by air resistance, whose average force on the ball is 3.3 N. Taking this into account, calculate the speed with which the ball hits the ground. A. B. C. D.. 9.0 m/s 10.0 m/s 10.6 m/s 11.1 m/s. 187. An erg is a unit of energy equal to 1 g·cm2/s2. The conversion between ergs and joules is therefore 1 joule = x ergs. What is x? A. B. C. D.. 188. As a crate slides down from the top of a 2-meter-long inclined plane, the coefficient of friction is 0.4. Calculate the work done by friction if the angle of incline is 30° and the mass of the crate is 10 kg. A. B. C. D.. –68 J –39 J –34 J –20 J. 189. As a 5-kg object travels down a ramp, gravity does 60 J of work and friction does –20 J. If the object started from rest, what is its final speed? A. B. C. D.. 1 m/s 2 m/s 4 m/s 8 m/s. 190. An object’s speed increases from 0 to 2 m/s, due to an amount of work W1, and then increases from 2 m/s to 4 m/s due to an amount of work W2. Which one of the following is true? A. B. C. D.. W1 < W2 W1 = W2 W1 > W2 Cannot be determined from the information given. 191. A stone of mass m is dropped from a height h. If air resistance is negligible, which one of the following statements is true concerning the stone as it strikes the ground? A. B. C. D.. Its speed is proportional to h. Its speed is proportional to h2. Its kinetic energy is proportional to h. Its kinetic energy is proportional to h2.. 192. A person’s power expenditure is being monitored. If the amount of work is doubled and the time required to complete it is halved, then the power output: A. B. C. D.. remains constant. decreases by a factor of 4. increases by a factor of 2. increases by a factor of 4.. 10–7 10–5 105 107. © The Princeton Review, Inc.. |. 23.

(31) MCAT Science Workbook. 193. A 2.5-kg mass is projected straight upward with an initial kinetic energy of 980 J. If air resistance is ignored, how much kinetic energy will this projectile have as it strikes the ground? A. B. C. D.. 490 J 980 J 1470 J 1960 J. 194. An 10-kg object is dropped from a height of 100 meters. How much gravitational potential energy has it lost when its speed is 30 m/s? (Ignore air resistance.) A. B. C. D.. 2250 J 4500 J 5500 J 7750 J. 198. A 10-kg object moves from Position #1 to Position #2 close to the surface of the Earth. In so doing, its gravitational potential energy decreases by 200 J. How much work was done by the gravitational force on this object as it moved from Position #1 to Position #2? A. B. C. D.. –200 J –100 J 100 J 200 J. 199. A small block is placed at the top of two inclined planes, and allowed to slide down to the bottom. The incline angle of Incline 2 is less than that of Incline 1, that is, θ2 < θ1, but the heights of the ramps are the same. The coefficients of kinetic friction between the block and the two ramp surfaces are also identical. Incline 1. θ1. 195. A 10-kg mass is dropped from a height of 125 m. What is its speed at impact with the ground? (Ignore air resistance.) A. B. C. D.. 20 m/s 50 m/s 75 m/s 125 m/s. 196. A object of mass m is dropped from a height of h meters; its speed at impact with the ground is v m/s. If an object of mass 4m were dropped from a height of h meters, determine its speed at impact. (Ignore air resistance.) A. B. C. D.. v 2v 4v 16v. 197. A 10-kg object is projected straight upward with an initial kinetic energy of 1000 J. How high will it go above its launch point? (Ignore air resistance.) A. B. C. D.. 24. |. 5m 10 m 20 m 50 m. © The Princeton Review, Inc.. Incline 2. θ2. h. h. Let W be the work done by gravity as the block slides from the top to the bottom, and let w be the magnitude of the work done by friction during the slide. Which one of the following is then true? A. W and w are each greater for Incline 1 than for Incline 2. B. W is smaller, but w is greater, for Incline 1 than for Incline 2. C. W is the same for the two inclines, but w is greater for Incline 1 than for Incline 2. D. W is the same for the two inclines, but w is smaller for Incline 1 than for Incline 2. 200. A 2000-kg airplane flying at 50 m/s is slowed by turbulence to 40 m/s over a distance of 150 m. How much work was done on the plane by the turbulent air? A. B. C. D.. –10 kJ –100 kJ –900 kJ –1800 kJ.

(32) Physics. 201. Two objects are submerged in a fluid at the same depth. Compared to the smaller of the two objects, the larger one will experience: A. B. C. D.. half the fluid pressure. equal fluid pressure. twice the fluid pressure. four times the fluid pressure.. 2 03. Two objects are submerged in a closed container of fluid, one at a height of 5 m above the bottom of the container, the other at a height of 10 m. Compared to the object at a height of 5 m, the object at a height of 10 m will experience: A. B. C. D.. half the fluid pressure. equal fluid pressure. twice the fluid pressure. fluid pressure dependent on the depth of the fluid.. 2 04. Which of the following statements is true? A. Fluid pressure increases with increasing density of the submerged object. B. Fluid pressure increases with decreasing density of the submerged object. C. Fluid pressure increases with increasing fluid density. D. Fluid pressure increases with decreasing fluid density. 2 05. The atmospheric pressure at a height of 2 km above the surface of the Earth is: A. B. C. D.. A. B. C. D.. less fluid pressure. equal fluid pressure. greater fluid pressure. pressure dependent on the nature of the objects.. 2 02. Two objects are submerged below the surface of a fluid in a closed container, one at a depth of 5 m, the other at a depth of 10 m. Compared to the object at a depth of 5 m, the object at a depth of 10 m will experience: A. B. C. D.. 2 06. An object is floating on a fluid. The weight of the fluid displaced by the floating object is:. less than the atmospheric pressure at the surface. equal to the atmospheric pressure at the surface. greater than the atmospheric pressure at the surface. unrelated to the atmospheric pressure at the surface.. less than the weight of the object. equal to the weight of the object. greater than the weight of the object. zero.. 2 07. An object is sinking in a fluid. The weight of the fluid displaced by the sinking object is: A. B. C. D.. less than the weight of the object. equal to the weight of the object. greater than the weight of the object. zero.. 2 08. A change in which of the following will affect the buoyant force experienced by an object that is totally submerged in a liquid?. I. Density of the liquid II. Density of the object III. Depth of the object A. B. C. D.. I only III only I and III only I, II, and III. 2 09. The density of cottonseed oil is 0.926 g/cm3. What volume does 500 g of cottonseed oil occupy? A. B. C. D.. 250 cm3 270 cm3 500 cm3 540 cm3. 2 10. A circular plate with an area of 1 m2 covers a drain hole at the bottom of a tank of water which is 1 m deep. Approximately how much force is required to lift the cover if it weighs 2000 N? A. B. C. D.. 2000 N 8000 N 10,000 N 12,000 N. © The Princeton Review, Inc.. |. 25.

(33) MCAT Science Workbook. 2 11. Molasses flows through a cylindrical pipe 1 m in diameter at an average velocity of 2 m/s. What is the flow rate? A. B. C. D.. 1.6 m3/s 4.8 m3/s 6.0 m3/s 7.8 m3/s. A. B. C. D.. 2 12. Which one of the following is NOT true about an ideal fluid flowing through the pipe shown below? Position 1. Position 2. A. Fluid velocity is greater at Position 2 than at Position 1. B. Fluid pressure is lower at Position 2 than at Position 1. C. Fluid flow is greater at Position 2 than at Position 1. D. The fluid in the pipe is incompressible and nonturbulent. 213. An object that weighs 200 N floats in a tank of water. How much of the object’s volume is actually submerged? A. B. C. D.. 0.002 m3 0.02 m3 0.2 m3 2 m3. 214. A bowling ball that weighs 60 N is dropped into a swimming pool filled with water. If the buoyant force on the bowling ball was 10 N when the ball was 1 meter below the surface (and sinking), what is the normal force exerted by the bottom of the pool on the ball when it comes to rest there, 4 meters below the surface? A. B. C. D.. 26. |. 0N 20 N 40 N 50 N. © The Princeton Review, Inc.. 2 15. An object of mass 2 kg floats motionless in a fluid of specific gravity 0.8. What is the magnitude of the buoyant force? (Use g = 10 m/s2.) 8N 16 N 20 N 25 N. 2 16. An object whose weight is 40 N is floating at the surface of a container of water. How much of the object’s volume is submerged? (Use g = 10 m/s2.) A. B. C. D.. 0.004 m3 0.04 m3 0.4 m3 Cannot be determined from the information given. 2 17. A block of some unknown material is floating in a fluid of specific gravity 1.5. If one-half of the block is submerged, what is its density? A. B. C. D.. 500 kg/m3 750 kg/m3 1000 kg/m3 1500 kg/m3. 2 18. If 20% of the volume of a floating object is above the surface of the fluid, then the density of the object is what percent of the density of the surrounding fluid? A. B. C. D.. 20% 40% 60% 80%. 2 19. An object is weighed in air, and it is also weighed while totally submerged in water. If it weighs 100 N less when submerged, find the volume of the object. (The density of water is 1000 kg/m3.) A. B. C. D.. 0.001 m3 0.01 m3 0.1 m3 1 m3.

(34) Physics. 220. An object whose specific gravity is 2.0 weighs 200 N less when it is weighed while totally submerged in water than when it is weighed in air. What is the weight of this object in air? A. B. C. D.. 100 N 200 N 300 N 400 N. 2 21. An object that weighs 1000 N in air is also weighed while totally submerged in a fluid of specific gravity 0.75. If it weighs 250 N less when submerged, find the specific gravity of the object. A. B. C. D.. 0.25 2.25 3.0 4.0. 2 22. A block of metal weighs 500 N in air but weighs only 300 N when it is totally submerged in water. What is the specific gravity of this metal? A. B. C. D.. 0.4 1.2 1.8 2.5. 2 23. A block of wood is in the shape of a cube with edge length 0.5 m. When the top surface of this block is at a depth of 10 m below the surface of a body of water, the buoyant force it feels has magnitude F. When the top of the block rises to a depth of 5 m, what is the magnitude of the buoyant force? A. B. C. D.. F/2 F 2F 4F. 2 24. At the ocean surface, the pressure equals 1 atm (approximately 100,000 pascals). At approximately what depth is the total pressure equal to 2 atm? (Note: Seawater has specific gravity 1.025.) A. B. C. D.. 2 25. Let p be the total pressure at depth d below the surface of a large body of water, and let P be the total pressure at depth 2d. Assuming that the variation in density is negligible, how do P and p compare? A. B. C. D.. P < 2p P = 2p P > 2p Cannot be determined without knowing d. 2 26. The specific gravity of ice is 0.92, and that of seawater is 1.025. What percentage of the volume of an iceberg is visible above the water? A. B. C. D.. 5% 10% 90% 95%. 2 27. Pressure is sometimes measured in torr or millimeters of mercury (mmHg), where 1 atm (101,300 Pa) is equal to 760 torr (which is equal to 760 mmHg). Convert the systolic/diastolic blood pressure ratio of (120 mm Hg)/(80 mm Hg) into kilopascals (kPa). A. B. C. D.. (11 kPa) / ( 5 kPa) (16 kPa) / (11 kPa) (24 kPa) / (11 kPa) (24 kPa) / (18 kPa). 2 28. A piece of styrofoam and a gold brick are placed in a large tank which is then completely filled (to the brim) with water. The gold is carefully removed (no water is lost), and the water level decreases slightly. The gold is then placed on top of the styrofoam. If the styrofoam continues to float, then: A. the water level will rise, but not to the brim. B. some water will spill out of the tank. C. the water level will rise exactly to the brim, and no water will spill from the tank. D. Cannot be determined. 1m 5m 10 m 50 m. © The Princeton Review, Inc.. |. 27.

(35) MCAT Science Workbook. 2 29. A cylindrical container holds water and Fluid Q whose specific gravity is 0.5. The two fluids are immiscible. The gauge pressure at the foot of the column is 75% of what it would be if all the fluid in the column were water. Fluid Q must therefore account for what percentage of the total fluid in the column? A. B. C. D.. 12.5% 25.0% 37.5% 50.0%. 232. x y. 12.5% 25.0% 37.5% 50.0%. The open U-tube shown above contains water and an oil of unknown density. Given that the distances x and y are 5 cm and 20 cm, respectively, determine the specific gravity of the oil. A. B. C. D.. 1/3 1/2 2/3 3/4. 0.20 0.25 0.75 0.80. 233.. 2 31. A cylindrical container holds Fluid X (specific gravity 0.75) and Fluid Y (specific gravity 1.5). The two fluids are immiscible. The gauge pressure at the foot of the column is equal to what it would be if all the fluid in the column were water. Fluid X must therefore account for what fraction of the total fluid in the column? A. B. C. D.. water. . 2 30. A cylindrical container holds water and Fluid Z whose specific gravity is 2.0. The two fluids are immiscible. The gauge pressure at the foot of the column is 150% of what it would be if all the fluid in the column were water. Fluid Z must therefore account for what percentage of the total fluid in the column? A. B. C. D.. oil. . d. 2d. X. Y. Shown above are two containers, both of the same height. Container X is a cylinder of diameter d. Although Container Y also has circular cross sections, the diameters of these cross sections gradually decrease from 2d at the top to d at the base. If both containers are completely filled with water, what is the ratio of the gauge pressure at the base of Y to the gauge pressure at the base of X? A. B. C. D.. 1/2 1 3/2 2. 2 34. A pipe of radius 3 cm carries water at a velocity of 4 m/s. What is the volume flow rate? A. B. C. D.. 28. |. © The Princeton Review, Inc.. 0.01 m3/s 12 m3/s 75 m3/s 113 m3/s.

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