Input/Output Devices
Input/Output Devices
Alona Sorin
Seminar in Computer Science - 236801
Typewriter
9 QWERTY, Christopher Sholes 9 52% Q W E R T Y U I O P 32% A S D F G H J K L ; ' 16% Z X C V B N M , . / 1864
Writing Ball
1865 9 Rasmus Malling-Hansen 9 different placements of theletters on the keys
9 electromagnetic escapement for the ball
9 the first electric typewriter
Teletype
9 1910: first commercial installation of a printing telegraph 9 trademark used for a teletypewriter \ teleprinter
9 1915: 30 or 50 WPM 9 1957: 300 WPM 1910
Drum Printer
9 1954: UNIVAC, UNIPRINTER, Earl Masterson 9 typewriter with an attached tape drive 9 first commercially available high speed printer 9 600 LPM, 130 CPL 1954
Line Printer
1959 9 IBM 1403, 600 LPM 9 600-1200 LPM ( 10-20 PPM) 9 a lot of noise9 were always enclosed in sound-absorbing cases of varying sophistication 9 not expensive
Plotter
9 graphics printer that draws images with ink pens
9 1959: Calcomp 560, first computer graphics output devices sold 9 1970: Hewlett Packard and Tektronix
desk-sized flatbed plotters
1959
IBM Selectric Printer
1961
9 pivoting typeball 9 different fonts 9 14.8 CPS
9 high quality printed output
Dot Matrix Printer
9 impact matrix printer
9 the oldest of the three technologies used in most of today’s printers 9 1970: 165 CPS ,$2,995
9 1977: speed of 240 CPS 9 1983: ImageWriter, $675 1970
9each character as a group of small dots
9tiny metal rod, also called a "wire" or "pin“
9one or two columns of dot hammers 9speeds range from 200 to 400 cps
Dot Matrix Printer
Few of the more common problems : 9 light or poor print quality
9 paper jams 9 missing print 9 paper out
Dot Matrix Printer
9 non-impact method
9 canister of ink instead of ribbon
9 three ink colors (cyan, magenta and yellow) 9 black ink for pure black printing
9 propelling tiny droplets of liquid ink onto paper 9 higher quality text than dot matrix printers
Technologies to control the flow of ink: 9 Thermal Ink Jet
9 Piezoelectric Ink Jet 9 Continuous Ink Jet
Inkjet Printer
1964
Continuous Ink Jet Technology
9 1867: William Thomson
9 1951: first commercial model, Siemens
9 one of the oldest ink jet technologies in use and is fairly mature
9 control a continuous inkjet droplet stream direction onto the printed media or into a gutter
1867
Drop on Demand Method
9 Siemens, PT-80 9 thermal , piezoelectric 9 ejects ink droplets
only when they are needed
9 faster and more quietly than dot matrix printers
1977
Thermal Wax Printer
9 dye-sublimation and solid ink
9 small resistive heating pins melt wax-based ink onto ordinary paper or burn dots onto special coated paper 9 typically 300dpi 9 specialist applications 1964
Electrophotography
9 Chester Carlson 9 Xerography 910-22-38 ASTORIA 9 $150,000,000 1938Xerography
9“dry writing”9a dry photographic or photocopying process 9used in copy machines, laser and LED printers 9officially announced in 1948
9General Electric, Eastman Kodak, IBM 9Haloid Company - 1949 9 Xerox Corporation
Xerography
1949Laser Printer
9 1970 – 1971: Gary Starkweather - Scanned Laser Output Terminal, “SLOT”
9 1972: Butler Lampson and Ronald Rider – control system
9 EARS: Ethernet, Alto, Research character
generator, Scanned laser output terminal
9 first laser printer 9 base of the Xerox 9700 1972
9 Xerox 9700 laser printing system 9 industry's first commercial laser printer 9 120 pages per minute
9 fastest commercial laser printer 9 huge
Xerox 9700
1978 9 electrostatic charges 9 "painting" a negative of the page to be printed on the charged drum 9 where light falls, thecharge is dissipated, leaving a positive image to be printed
Laser Printer
9 high quality text and graphics on plain paper
9 fastest models can print over 200 monochrome pages per minute (12,000 pages per hour)
Laser Printer
Color Laser Printer
9 CMYK colored toner (cyan, yellow, and magenta ) 9 complexity of the
printing process 9 each of the four inks
9 drum 9 dot matrix 9 inkjet 9 impact 9 piezo electric 9 thermal wax 9 laser 9 thermal bubble 9 dye sublimation 9daisy-wheel 9 bubblejet
Printer Technologies
9 1936: August DVORAK 22% ' , . P Y F G C R L ? 70% A O E U I D H T N S -8% ; Q J K X B M W V Z 9 One-handed versions 9 AZERTY A Z E R T Y U I O P Q S D F G H J K L M % W X C V B N ? . /Keyboard
Right -handed Left -handed S im p lified 1936Non-Traditional Keyboards
Light Pen / Gun
9 photosensitive device 9 1952: handmade prototype of a
"light gun“, Whirlwind Project at MIT 9 1957: Lincoln TX-0 computer at the
MIT Lincoln Laboratory
1952
Graphics Tablet
9 sketching new images or tracing old ones
9 1964: RAND Tablet, ( Grafacon -Graphic Converter)
9 1984: Koala Pad, first home computer graphics tablet
1964
9 1963: Douglas Engelbart, Stanford Research Institute
9 one button on top and two wheels on the underside 9 device with its long cable tail looked something like
a mouse
Early Mouse
Mechanical Mice
9 1972: Bill English, ball mouse, part of the hardware package of the Xerox Alto computer 9 rubber or metal ball rotates in any direction 9 mechanical sensors detect the direction 1972
Optomechanical Mice
9 optical sensors detects motion of the ball 9 1980: Steve Kirsch, Mouse Systems Corporation,
infrared light-emitting diodes and a four-quadrant infrared sensor
9 1981: Richard F. Lyon, 16-pixel visible-light image sensor with integrated motion detection, sold by Xerox
1980
9 optical mouse sensor, developed by Agilent Technologies
9 a tiny camera takes thousands of pictures every second
9 most optical mice use a small, red light-emitting diode
Optical Mouse
1999
Laser Mouse
9 1998 : Sun Microsystems 9 2004: Logitech with Agilent
Technologies introduced MX 1000 9 infrared laser instead of an LED 9 wireless mouse 1998
