Abbreviations, 6
Abu Musa Island, 36, 56, 68, 279 Achille Lauro (Italy), 128, 140 Acknowledgments, 2 Acronyms, 6
INDEX
A
Aggression. See also Armed Attack; Blockade, Law of; Crimes Against Peace; Law of War; Self-Defense; Warships.
Definition, 116-17 (armed attack), 119, 122 Definition of Aggression Resolution, 116, 138 Ships & Shipping, 57, 118-20
United Nations Action, 163 United Nations Charter, 112-13
Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZ). See High Seas. Airspace
Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZs), 410. See also High Seas. Contiguous Zone, 410. See also Law of the Sea.
High Seas, 128,256,355,410-11. See also High Seas. Iran, 58
Libya, 128, 148 Saudi Arabia, 53
Self-Defense Zones (SDZs), 398. See also High Seas.
Territorial Sea, 116,261,263,277,355,390,398,410. See also Law of the Sea. AI-Muharaq (Kuwait), 55
Amoco Cadiz (U.S.), 553
Anticipatory Self-Defense. See Self-Defense.
ANZUS (Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Pact), 132, 134,624 Arab League, 40, 52-53, 55, 66, 72, 133, 135, 173, 179, 60S, 621, 622.
Jordan and Egypt (history), 124 Kuwait (history), 34
Arab-Israeli Conflict, 113 Security Council, 164-66
ARAMCO (Arabian-American Oil Company), 35, 274 Archipelagic Waters, 279-81, 358, 391,418,491,493,505,554
Argentina, 119, 129, 154, 170, 185,255,404-408. See also Falklands/Malvinas War (1982). Defense Zone, 129
Armed Attack. See also Aggression. Definition, 116-17
Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Pact (ANZUS). See ANZUS.
Aviation, 71,129,283,305,399,416,425,482. See also Civil Aviation; International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
B
Balaou (France), 277
Belligerency, 136, 185-86, 189, 194. See also Non-Belligerency. Biological Weapons. See Weapons.
Bismarck (Germany), 154,375
The opinions shared in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the U.S. Naval War College, the Dept. of the Navy, or Dept. of Defense.
Blockade, Law of, 112, 118, 122, 127, 134, 138-39, 159, 166-67, 182, 188, 349, 381, 385, 389-93, 398, 403,407,409,411,418,421,426,430,432-33,436,614-15. See also Aggression; Law of Naval Warfare; Security Council; United Nations Charter.
Boundaries Africa, 620 Baselines, 267
Continental Shelf, 256, 258, 493 Iran, 252
Iran-Iraq, 36, 611 Japan (war zone), 403 Saudi Arabia, 251 Bubiyan Island, 47,51,69
Canada, 510, 620
Carter Doctrine, 39, 50, ISO Carter, Jimmy, 44
c
Ceasefire, 33, 72-73, 605. See also Peacekeeping; Peacemaking. CENTCOM. See United States Central Command.
C.H. White Claim, 248
Chemical Weapons. See Weapons.
China, People's Republic of, 51, 55, 59,67,69,72, 133,164,176,261,272,275-76,482,553,557,620 Citations, 6
Civic Order (claims and compensation), 107 Civil and Political Rights Covenant, 558
Civil Aviation, IS, 71, 305. See also Aviation; International Civil Aviation Organization. Civil War, The (U.S.), 295
Civilian Targets. See Targets. Claims and Compensation
Civic Order, 107 Public Order, 107 Clemenceau (France), 33, 64
Cold War, 130, 135-36, 154, 178,408,535,555,605,620-24 Conqueror (U.K.), 404
Contiguous Zone. See Law of the Sea. Continental Shelf. See Law of the Sea. Conventional Weapons. See Weapons.
Conventional Weapons Convention (1980),178,354,529-30,532-35,555,559,619 Environment, 529
Convoys, 148-51, 156-57,284,297-303,360-72,388,399-401,414,430-35, 502, 612-13. See also Merchant Ships; Neutrality; Ships & Shipping; Warships.
Belligerents, 365-82, 385, 419,613
Deception, 425, 428, 613, 618. See also Ruses & Perfidy. France, 69, 146
Iran, 46, 48,143,268,387,417,481 United Kingdom, 51, 146
United States, 33, 57, 59-67,72-73,146,184,193,298,388,394,605 Cordon Sanitaire, 147, ISO, 163,398,404,433,622. See also Self-Defense. Corfu Channel Case, 113, 124, 157
Cultural Property Convention (1954), 160,484,506-07,510-11,524,533,555,619_ See also Environment_
D
Deception_ See Ruses & Perfidy.
Defensive Sea Area (U.K.), 129. See also High Seas, Self-Defense Zones. Definition of Aggression Resolution, 116, 138
Dispute Settlement
Peaceful Settlement of Disputes, 120
E
EEZ. See Law of the Sea, Exclusive Economic Zone. Egypt, 39,42,47,54,56,59, 124-227, 139, 165,510 Eilat (Israel), 59,126,127,139
Elsa Cat (Denmark), 46, 143
Environment, 37-38,40,48,65,76,78,129,130,242-45,251,253,259, 266, 286, 298, 376,437, 481-604,615,618-19,625
Human Right (right to clean environment), 558 International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 539 1982 Law of the Sea Convention, 486-99
Marine, 76, 129,244-45,286,376,481-604,618-19 Nares Oilfield Bombing, 48
Persian Gulf, 37
San Remo Manual, 536-38, 540 United Nations Charter, 485
Environmental Modification (ENMOD) Convention (1977), 500, 512 European Community (EC), 40, 135-36
Freedoms of Navigation and Overflight, 72 European Economic Community (EEC), 605 Exclusion Zone. See Maritime Exclusion Zones. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). See Law of the Sea.
F
Falklands/Malvinas War (1982), 119, 129, 135-36, 140, 153-55, 158, 170, 173, 185,398,400,404,406, 408-09,412-13,433-34,507,527,607,611,623
Farsi Island, 56, 68
Fisheries, 162-63,247-55,261,525. See also High Seas. Persian Gulf, 302
Fisheries Case, 261
Flagging. See Merchant Ships; Ships & Shipping; Warships. Force Majeure, 262, 276-77, 282-83, 349, 376, 491
France, 49, 55, 142. See also Clemenceau; Vile Daggers. Algeria, 110, 125,403
Convoys,69,146
Iran (diplomatic relations), 72 Iraq (weapons sales), 47, 50-51
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 69-70 Persian Gulf History, 33-34, 36-37 Suez Canal, 125
Territorial Sea, 260 United Nations, 67,173,176
Freedoms of Navigation and Overflight. See Law of the Sea; United Nations.
G
General Assembly, 109-12, 130-33, 187-92,241,349,485-87,533-35,554-55 Peace and Security (rulemaking), 175-78
Rhodesia, 167, 170
General Belgrano (Argentina), 129,404,406
Geneva Conventions (1949),49,160,166,178,180,189,193,299,349,421, 434, 484, 500, 506, 508, 512,516,521,532,535-36,556-57,619,624
Environment, 506, 516
Protocol I, 160, 180,296-97,352,369,375,386,484,500,512,516-32, 535, 546, 555, 619 Protocol II, 180,516
Geneva Gas Protocol (1925), 64,172,178,193,353,484,505,534,535,541,555,619 Genocide Convention (1948), 506, 555
Germany (F.R.G.), 37, 43,59,67-70,138,158,183 Grave Breach, 422, 507
Group of Seven, 605, 622
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), 34,44-78,132-35,142,145,171-73,179-80,268,605-07,621-22 Establishment, 34, 44-47
Freedom of Navigation, 72 Gulf of Maine Case (1984), 258
Gulf of Oman, 37, 38, 50, 56, 58, 61, 62, 64, 67, 68, 71, 251, 255
Gulf Maritime Exclusion Zone, 41, 47-48,50-51,142,394. See also High Seas, Self-Defense Zones; Maritime Exclusion Zones.
Cultural Property Convention (1954), 160,484,506-07,510-11,524,533,555,619. See also Environment.
H
Hague Conventions (1899),13,500,504,506-07,554
Hague Conventions (1907),13,166,260,365,418,484,500,504,506,535,538, 554, 619 Hague Cultural Property Convention (1954). See Cultural Propeny Convention. Helsinki Principles on Maritime Neutrality (1998),14,360,364,368,385 Herzog, Chaim, 74
High Seas, 245-52. See also Fisheries; Law of the Sea.
Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZ), 54, 57, 394,410-15,433,615-16 Freedoms of Navigation and Overflight, 302
Ocean Zones (humanitarian), 394, 412-13, 538, 615
Self-Defense Zones, 394-402, 413, 433, 615. See also Maritime Exclusion Zones. Straits, 279-80
Visit and Search. See Merchant Ships.
War Zones, 47, 52, 56,67,141,142,394,396,398,403-09,411,413-14,418, 433, 488, 615 H.M.S. Norfolk (U.K.), 34
Hot Pursuit, 251, 261, 264. See also Law of the Sea, Contiguous Zone. Human Rights, 108,374,558,619
Environment, 558
Humanitarian Law, 49, 53, 57, 64, 143, 159, 172-73, 191, 193-94,349,351,373,375,378-79,382,384, 389,391,393-94,409,412,421-24,434-35,485,488,506, 509, 533, 539, 557-58, 613, 615, 617-18, 624
Ocean Zones, 394,412-13,538,615. See also High Seas. Rescue and Repatriation, 422-23
India
Pakistan, 126, 131, 138, 170,620 Indian Ocean, 37-39, 44, 47,49, 155,246,279 Individual Responsibility. See Self-Defense. Innocent Passage, 278. See also Straits.
Territorial Sea, 251
Internal & Inland Waters, 128,262,269-78,282,355-65,380,391,410,419,491-93, 496, 506, 511, 518. See also Law oCthe Sea, Territorial Sea.
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 15,241,283,410,411
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 166, 171, 178, 180-81,297,299,361,363,391, 412,428,434,483,536,539-40,555-57,559,618,624. See also Red Crescent.
Environment, 539 Guidelines, 540
International Court ofJustice, 15,484
International Humanitarian Law, 49, 53, 57, 64, 172-73,409,485
International Law. See also Law of Treaties; Legal Trends; United Nations Charter. Enforcement by United Nations, 178-79
Jus Ad Bellum, 160,353,538
Jus Cogens, 123, 145, 149, 159, 189,241,245,253,259,302,349,401,423,487,499,535,541-44, 558,606
Lex Specialis, 245 Sources, 6-28, 189-91
International Organizations, 6,77, 112,294,349,490,542,550,623,625. See also ANZUS; Arab League; Nongovernmental Organizations; North American Treaty Organization; United Nations; Western European Union
International Straits. See Straits.
IranAJR (Iran), 63, 75,146,151-52,156,193,254,298,301,351,364,416, 420, 422-23, 434, 482, 497, 502,524,617
Italy, 36-37,42,59,63,69-71,144,153,173,183,260,363,620-21 Ivan Koroteav (Soviet Union), 60
J
James Hamilton Lewis Claim, 248
Japan, 33, 36, 40, 53, 59, 70, 73, 138, 153, 171,249-50,403,624 Jefferson, Thomas, 272
Joanna V(Greece), 167
K
Kate and Anna Claim, 248
Kharg Island, 47, 51, 56, 68, 389, 432
Korean War, 124, 130, 134, 164, 173-76, 184, 188, 390,403,623 Security Council, 164
L
Law of Armed Conflict, 349-480, 610. See also Geneva Conventions; Hague Conventions; Law of Naval Warfare; Self-Defense.
Environment, 484, 559 Ruses. See Ruses & Perfidy. United Nations Charter, 241, 533
Law of Naval Warfare, 241, 349, 352, 355-56, 362, 388-89. See also Blockade, Law of. Environment, 499, 537
High Seas, 355. See also High Seas. Merchant Ships, 365
Ruses. See Ruses & Perfidy Spatial Dimension, 355-56, 429, 610 Territorial Waters, 355
Visit and Search. See Merchant Ships.
Law of the Sea, 241-348, 609. See also Law of Naval Warfare; Law of the Sea Conventions. Archipelagic Waters. See Archipelagic Waters.
Contiguous Zone, 268, 303. See also Hot Pursuit. Continental Shelf, 255-56, 259, 302. See also Boundaries. Environment, 486-99
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), 302 Straits, 279-80
Fisheries. See Fisheries; High Seas, Fisheries.
Freedoms of Navigation and Overflight, 252-54, 304, 355, 358 High Seas. See High Seas.
History, 241
Internal Waters. See Internal & Inland Waters. Law of Armed Conflict, 191-94,241-44,484,496 Ports, 269. See also Internal & Inland Waters. Roadsteads, 269-70, 504
Straits. See Straits. Territorial Sea, 260-68
Airspace. See Airspace. Persian Gulf, 303 United Nations Charter, 241
Law of the Sea Conventions, 191-94,241-46,496 1982 Convention, 244-45, 486-99
Law of Armed Conflict, 191-94,241-44,484,496
Marine Environment, 489, 498. See also Environment, Marine.
Law of Treaties, 107, 112, 114, 119, 121, 123, 189-90,243,349,488,497,558,618-19. See also International Law; United Nations Charter.
Interpretation, 115, 118
Pacta Sunt Servanda, 190, 194, 243,489,536 Succession of States, 189-91
Libya, 36, 40, 43, 48, 54-55,125-28,140-41,146,151,157,404,420,487,497,501, SIS, 607 Lincoln, Abraham, 272
Lolus Case (1927),121,292
M
Marine Environment. See Environment, Marine.
Maritime Exclusion Zones, 47,129,142,394,404-06,611. See also Gulf Maritime Exclusion Zone; High Seas, Self-Defense Zones.
Iraq, 47
United Kingdom, 129
Maritime Neutrality. See Neutrality.
McDougal, Myres S., 4, 6, 107, 120, 132-33,620
Merchant Ships, 54-75, 116-20, 124-27, 144-51, 192-93,268-76,284-304,354-82,387-409,428-37, 481-82,605-24
Aggression, 118-20 Belligerents, 365,431,613 Contraband, 377, 382-86,432,613 Enemy, 365, 377, 380-88,432 Neutral Flag, 377, 380, 432, 613 Refiagging, 304, 382, 432, 613
Visit and Search, 55, 57, 63, 70,124-25,144,147-48,150,156,182,349,357-64,367,369-70, 372-78,380-81,386-91,394-95,401-03,407,421,428, 430-31, 436,508,607,612,614-15 Mines. See Weapons.
Montijo Arbilralion (1905), 292 Muscat Dhows Case (1905), 292
N
NAFTA. See North American Free Trade Association. Naval War Code of 1900,19,260
Naval War College, 4, 21, 28, 370, 627
Necessity and Proportionality. See Self-Defense.
Neutral Flag, 48, 145,361,364-65,370,379,380,388,393-96,421,432,502, 607, 613-14. See also Merchant Ships; Neutrality; Ships & Shipping.
Neutral Ports, 51, 303, 362, 387, 392,414,609,613-14. See also Internal & Inland Waters; Neutrality. Neutrality, 42-45, 47,107,136,180-89,191,193-94,243,253,259,261,296, 349, 355, 358, 360-61,
370-71,401,430,538,606,625. See also Neutral Flag; Neutral Ports. Maritime Neutrality, 9, 14, 180-89,261,349,360
Pact of Paris, 181-82
United Nations Action, 186-89
Nicaragua Case (1986),19,113,116,121-24,134,137,138,145,606 Non-Belligerency, 135-36, 181-86, 189, 194,538,606
Nongovernmental Organizations, 166, 180-81, 545, 557. See also International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC); Red Crescent.
North American Free Trade Association (NAFT A), 191, 243, 621
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 67, 69-71, 77,135,173,607,622,624
NOTAM (Notice to Airmen), 50, 58, 61,128,137,140,143,163,394,396,399-400,402,413,556, 615. See also NOTMAR; Rules of Engagement; Self-Defense.
NOTMAR (Notice to Mariners), 40, 43, 46, 50, 56-57, 61, 67, 394, 396, 406, 413. See also NOTAM;
Rules of Engagement; Self-Defense. .
Nottebohm Case (1955), 293
N uc1ear Weapons. See Weapons.
Ocean Zones. See High Seas; Humanitarian Law. Oceans Use. See also Law of the Sea.
Claims, 245 Oil
National Security (U.S.), 33 World Dependence, 36
Operation Market Time (1965), 134,404 Operation Praying Mantis (1988), 69, 71,151 Operation Staunch, 50
o
Oxford Manual of Naval War (1913), 500, 503-04, 555
p
Pact of Paris, 121, 123, 130-31, 181-82, 606. See also Self-Defense. Pacta Sunt Servanda. See Law of Treaties.
Pakistan
India, 126, 131, 138, 170,620
Peace and Security. See United Nations Charter. Peacekeeping,48,109,177,179,297,426,435 Peacemaking, 40, 47, 49, 54, 57,77-78 Perfidy. See Ruses & Perfidy.
Persian Gulf, 33-37, 71, 77-78, 108, 162,245-46,251-55,259,267-68,273,278,299-304,362, 405, 429, 483,487,493,496-97,501,549
Environment & Geography, 37 History, 34
Political Trends, 620
Ports, 269, 278. See also Internal & Inland Waters; Law of the Sea. Neutral,303
Prisoners of War, 26, 73, 351, 365, 376, 382, 385, 391,411,434-35 Proportionality. See Self-Defense, Necessity and Proportionality. Protected Places, 157. See also Targets.
Public Order Oceans, 107
Pyotr EmtsO'lJ (Soviet), 58, 144
R
Reagan, Ronald, 6, 46, 49
Red Crescent, 63, 65, 297, 422-26, 428, 434-35, 617-18. See also International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). '
Red Sea, 38, 42, 54, 126-27, 155, 304, 420, 481, 487,495-97,515,533,607 Reflagging. See Ships & Shipping.
Reprisal, 120, 148, 158-60, 182-86, 189, 192-93, 353-54, 399-400, 403, 421, 509, 517, 522-26, 530, 608 Rescue and Repatriation. See Humanitarian Law.
Retorsion. See Self-Defense.
Rhodesia, 110, 113, 159, 167-70, 173-74, 179, 187-88,389 R.M.S. Titanic (U.K.), 376, 483
Rules of Engagement, 24, 60-61, 354, 356, 376, 400, 542, 609. See also Self-Defense. Ruses & Perfidy, 349, 352, 356, 364, 424-28, 435-36, 618
Convoys,42S,428,613,618
s
San Remo Manual (1995), 536-37, 540
Sanctions, 44, 67, 113, 124, 129, 154, 159, 165, 169-70, 185,408,608 Schooner Exchange v. McFaddon (1812), 270-71, 277
Seabed Arms Control Treaty, 24, 258 Seawise Giant (Liberia), 71
Security Council, 163, 170-78. See also General Assembly; United Nations. Blockade, 389. See also Blockade, Law of.
Self-Defense, 135-37, 141-44, 146-48,356,413. See also Aggression; High Seas, Self-Defense Zones; Rules of Engagement.
Anticipatory Self-Defense, 138, 140 No Moment for Deliberation, 157 Collective Self-Defense, 132-35 Gordon Sanitaire, 144
Environment, 546 Individual, 123-29
Individual Responsibility, 160 Inherent Right, 120
Interceptive, 139 Jus Gogens, 123
Necessity and Proportionality, 138, 148-56, 161-62,350-56,429,610 Retorsion, 122, 163, 189-90
Rules of Engagement, 129, 350, 354, 429, 610 Self-Preservation, 161
United Nations, 130-31 Security Council, 137, 163-64 United Nations Charter, 114,606
Visit and Search, 147. See also Merchant Ships. Self-Defense Zones. See High Seas.
Self-Determination, 110
Shan AI-Arab Invasion (1980), 37-38, 73,141,171,270,278,304,363,393,421,428,434,605,614, 617
Ships & Shipping, 298, 387, 548. See also Convoys; Merchant Ships; Warships. Aggression, 57,118-19
Chokepoints, 38 Contraband,382 Definition of Ships, 285 Enemy, 380
Nationality, 285, 291 Oil,36
Reflagging, 59-67, 298, 304, 362-63, 380, 382, 388, 426, 432, 613 Registration, 294, 363, 426
Rescue and Repatriation. See Humanitarian Law. SaLAS (Safety of Life at Sea), 25, 283, 292-93, 553 Sovereignty, 247-52. See also Law of the Sea, Territorial Sea.
Self-Defense, 121, 147 Soviet Union, 36, 76
S.S. Bridgeton, 62
S.S. Hercules, 119, 129,405,407-08 S.S. Mayaguez, II7, II9, 128 S.S. Sea Isle City, 65-66, 146, 156,481 S.S. Texaco Caribbean, 62
S.S. Venus Challenger, 119, 127, 140 S.S. Virginius, 291-92
Strait ofHormuz, 36-38, 50, 56, 58-59, 61-64, 67-68, 71, 76,155,254,269,278-82,284,299,303-05, 356,362,394,414,420,434,496,605,609,612,617
Straits, 41, 56, 64,125,157,244-46,262,269,278-85,296-98,304-06,355-60, 362, 392, 394, 398-99, 408-10,413-14,418-20,430,436,491-92,554,605,609, 612, 617, 624
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), 279-80 High Seas, 279-80
Innocent Passage, 278
Suez Canal, 37-38, 124-25, 165, 175-76, 304 Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916), 34
Syria, 33-34, 40-41, 43, 46-48, 55, 77,125,158,165-66,278,380,388,510
Targets, 147, 157,520 Civilian, 49, 143, 171 Environment, 484 Merchant Ships, 145 Protected Places, 157
Territorial Sea. See Law of the Sea.
T
Three-Mile Rule, 249, 260-61, 278, 298, 303-04, 612. See also Law of the Sea, Territorial Sea; Twelve-Mile Rule.
Torrey Canyon (Liberia), 161, 553 Treaties, Law o£ See Law of Treaties. Trucial States, 34
Turkey, 42, 46, 50, 55, 59, 72, 76,278,380,388,607,620
Twelve-Mile Rule, 260. See also Law of the Sea, Territorial Sea; Three-Mile Rule.
u
Union of Soviet Socialist RepUblics. See Soviet Union.
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 42, 44-46, SO, 54, 57-58, 66-67, 70,171,245,252,255-56,264,267, 279-281,285-86,304,387,481,486,505,528
United Kingdom, 34. See also Falklands/Malvinas War (1982). Convoys, 51,146
United Nations. See also International Organizations; United Nations Charter. Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 508, 510 Freedom of Navigation, 48
General Assembly. See General Assembly. Regional Arrangements, 178-79
Security Council. See Security Council. Self-Defense, 130-31
United Nations Charter Aggression, 112-13
Blockade, 389. See also Blockade, Law of. Crimes against Peace, 113
Interpretation, 115 Law of Armed Conflict, 241 Law of the Sea, 241 Maritime Environment, 484 Norms, 108-61
Peace and Security, 179 Preamble, 108
Purposes and Principles, 109, III Self-Defense, 132
Self-Defense Zones, 400 United States, 35, 39,76
Convoys. See Convoys, United States. Libya, 140
United States Central Command (CENTCOM), 9, 23, 35, 49 Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force (RDJTF), 23, 39, 46, 49 U.S.S. Halsey, 71
U.S.S. Liberty, 126, 139 U.S.S. Maddox, 134 U.S.S. Pueblo, 126, 153 U.S.S. Raleigh, 65
U.S.S. Samuel B. Roberts, 69,147,254,300,481,523,549 U.S.S. Stark, 59, 305, 481, 523, 549
U.S.S. Turner
Joy,
134U.S.s. Vincennes, 71, 76,147,158,254,285,289,300-01,380,416,427-28,435,608 U.S.S. Wasp, 3
v
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 27, 112, 114, 121, 190 Vietnam, 2, 35, 125, 134-35,404
Ville d'Angers (France), 57, 63,144 Visit and Search. See under Merchant Ships.
Walker, Rufus H., 3
War of the Cities, 55, 69, 434, 616 War Zones, see under High Seas, 403 Warships
Aggression, 119
Convoys, see under Convoys Definition, 295
w
Reflagging, see also under Ships & Shipping, 304 Nationality, 295
Weapons, 416-17, 419, 434, 616
See also Conventional Weapons Convention; Targets Biological, 416
Chemical, 55, 57, 64, 69, 72,172-73,416
Conventional, 75, 152, 160, 178,245,258,349,354,370,416-17,494-95,529-30, 532-35, 546, 555, 559,619
Mines, 68-73, 146-56,363-64,370,391,393,416-20,434,481-82, 497,500-02,530,616-17
Western European Union (WEU), 28, 65, 70, 73, 77, 179, 180,622 Freedoms of Navigation and Overflight, 65
World Cultural and Natural Heritage Convention (1972), 511, 541
World War II, 63, 69, 73, 75,110,140,154,184,241,249,298,300,360,369-70,374, 403, 405, 482, 553,556,605,607
