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100 200 300 400 500 600
0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005
MC std error
22 L4i?| @|U?} TThL@Uit
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22 L4i?| @|U?} TThL@Uit E2
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D )i@h @??@* @ih@}i _i?t|) ET@h@4i|iht @t @MLi
50 100 150 200 250 300
0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
Geometric 3 Moment 2 Moment Monte-Carlo Density
22 L4i?| @|U?} TThL@Uit Ee
D )i@h @??@* t@? U@** ihhLht ET@h@4i|iht @t @MLi
100 200 300 400 500 600
-1 -0.5 0.5
MC-3MM MC-2MM
2 hh@?<t i|L_ E2
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100 200 300 400 500 600
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MC-Curran A MC-Curran P MC-3MM
MC-2MM
2 hh@?<t i|L_ Ee
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100 200 300 400 500 600
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
MC-Curran A MC-Curran P
2e #i?t|) ih|hM@|L? AiU?^it E2
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6Lh t@?tc |i 4i|L_ @TTi@ht RE?c uLh M@t!i|t RE?
2e #i?t|) ih|hM@|L? AiU?^it ED
D )i@h @??@* t@? U@** ihhLhtG i?} a t L4i?| 4@|U?}
100 200 300 400 500 600
-1 -0.5 0.5
MC-NJ MC-3MM MC-2MM
2e #i?t|) ih|hM@|L? AiU?^it ES
D )i@h @??@* t@? U@** ihhLhtG i?} a t hh@?
100 200 300 400 500 600
-0.05 0.05 0.1
MC-Curran A MC-Curran P MC-NJ
2D L?L*|L? i|L_
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100 200 300 400 500 600
-0.02 -0.015 -0.01 -0.005 0.005
MC-Curran P MC-perturb 5M MC-perturb 4M MC-perturb 3M MC-perturb 2M
e 4ihU@* L?ih}i?Ui hLTih|it E2
D )i@h @??@* t@? U@** ihhLhtG ih|hM@|L? t ThiUti hh@?
100 150 200 250 300
-0.02 -0.015 -0.01 -0.005 0.005
MC-Curran P MC-perturb 5M MC-perturb 4M MC-perturb 3M MC-perturb 2M
e 4ihU@* L?ih}i?Ui hLTih|it E
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100 200 300 400 500
0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004
MC errors
e 4ihU@* L?ih}i?Ui hLTih|it Ee
D )i@h M@t!i| U@** ihhLhtG i?} a t L4i?| 4@|U?}
100 200 300 400 500
-0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0.05
MC-NJ MC-3MM MC-2MM
e 4ihU@* L?ih}i?Ui hLTih|it ED
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100 200 300 400 500
-0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0.05 0.1 0.15
MC-Curran HEL MC-perturb 5M MC-perturb 4M MC-perturb 3M MC-perturb 2M
D AiLhi|U@* L?ih}i?Ui hLTih|it
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