Natural Language Generation

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. . . . q

Proceedings of the Ninth-International Workshop on

Natural Language

Generation

Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada

5-7 August 1998

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!

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Welcome

The study of automated Natural Language Generation has had a long and varied history. Usually

overshadowed by larger efforts in parsing, semantic analysis, grammar development, lexical studies, and

lately statistical processing, progress is slower in NLG than in some other areas of Computational

Linguistics. And though the importance of the topic has always been recognized, the difficulty of the topic

has usually not been appreciated by most people not directly involved with generation. Undeservedly,

generation is often seen as somewhat easier than parsing and semantic analysis, simply because it is easier

to build a low-quality realizer than a low-quality parser or analyzer. But when the stages of text planning

and sentence planning are factored in, and the problem of expressive variation is faced, the true complexity

of generation becomes apparent. That's when one sees the need for much deeper theories of discourse,

lexis, and pragmatics than are currently available!

NLG has been fortunate, though, in having a dedicated and loyal core set of practitioners. Their ongoing

concern is reflected in the active workshop series. About a decade after some of the first papers on

sentence generation appeared, the first NLG Workshop was held. Soon, the international workshops

became a regular biennial series, alternating between North America and Europe. From the rather modest

beginning as a small workshop in Germany in 1983, the INLG workshop has become a sought-after event,

regularly attended by around 60 researchers: Stettenfels, Germany (1983); Stanford University, California

(1984); Nijmegen, The Netherlands (1986); Santa Catalina Island, California (1988);~ Dawson,

• Pennsylvania (1990); Trento, Italy (1992), Kennebunkport, Maine (1994); Herstmonceaux, England

(1996); Niagara-on-the-Lake, Canada (1998). • In addition, the European workshops, held in the intervening

years since 1987, have also become an ongoing series.

We are in the fortunate position today of being able to wonder whether we should change the workshops

into conferences. This year, an unprecedentedly large number of papers was st/bmitted. Registration soon

reached capacity• O f near 100. The traditional number of around 60 attendees seems to be a thing• of the

past. New projects, on all aspects of NLG, seem to be thriving.

There are also encouraging signs of awareness of the need to fund NLG research, and of its practical utility

in commercial systems. The European Union, some European countries, some larger Japanes e software

companies, and the Canadian Goyernment have shown continued willingness to fund NLG. E v e n the

decade-long absence of funding from the larger US funding agencies may perhaps soon come to an end.

Many thanks are due to the following sponsors:

• the University of Waterioo's Institute for Computer Research (ICR), for funding, administrative supplie s,

and the services of Jean Webster;

• • the AmericanAssociation for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), for funding to support student attendance;

• the University of Waterl0o's Academic Development Fund, for funding of administrative costs.

I would like to thank the program committee and the local arrangements committee, listed at left, for their•

very hard work in making this workshop so Successful. Special thanks to Chrysanne DiMarco and Graeme

Hirst, who continued the tradition of holding the workshop in very pleasant surroundings.

With all this positive news, welcome to the i998 international natural language generation workshop!

Eduard Hovy, Program Chair

Information Sciences Institute

Marina del Rey, CA

June, 1998

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Table of Contents

• P a p e r s

N a t u r a l L a n g u a g e G e n e r a t i o n J o u r n e y s tO I n t e r a c t i v e 3 D W o r l d s . . . 2

James C. Lester, William H. Bares, Charles B. Callaway, Stuart G. Towns

(North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA)

C o m m u n i c a t i v e g o a l - d r i v e n N L g e n e r a t i o n and d a t a - d r i v e n g r a p h i c s g e n e r a t i o n : A n

a r c h i t e c t u r a l s y n t h e s i s f o r m u l t i m e d i a p a g e g e n e r a t i o n . . . . ... 8

John Bateman, Thomas Kamps, Ji~rg Kleinz, Klaus Reichenberger

(University of Stirling, Scotland/Darmstadt University, Germany)

A p r i n c i p l e d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f attributive descriptions for g e n e r a t i n g integrated text and

i n f o r m a t i o n g r a p h i c s p r e s e n t a t i o n s . . . ~ .. . . . ~. . . . . . ~... 18

. :

:i Nancy •Green, Giuseppe Carenini, Johanna Moore

•

(University Of Pittsburgh~ USA)

A n a r c h i t e c t u r e f o r o p p o r t u n i s t i c text g e n e r a t i o n . . . : . . . . . . i . . . , . . . 28

.... Chris Mellish, Mick O'Donnell, .Ion Oberlander, Alistair Knott

(University of Edinburgh, Scotland)

C o n t r o l l e d r e a l i z a t i o n o f c o m p l e x objects by r e v e r s i n g the Output o f a parser . . . : . . . 38

David McDonald

(Gensym Corp, Boston MA, USA)

D e - c o n s t r a i n i n g t e x t g e n e r a t i o n . . . . . . , . . . . . . : . . . . . . ~... 48

• i Stephen Beale, Sergei Nirenburg, Evelyne Viegas, Leo Wanner

( CRL; New Mexico State University, USA)

A u t o m a t i c g e n e r a t i o n o f s u b w a y directions: S a l i e n c e g r a d a t i o n as a factor f o r d e t e r m i n i n g .

m e s s a g e and f o r m . . . . . . . 58

Lidia Fraczak, Guy Lapalme, Michael Zock

(LIMSI-CNRS, Orsay, France/University of Montreal, Canada)

I n t r o d u c i n g m a x i m a l v a r i a t i o n in text p l a n n i n g for s m a l l d o m a i n s . . . ; . . . 68

Erwin Marsi

• (University Of Nijmegen, The Netherlands)

A n e w a p p r o a c h to e x p e r t s y s t e m e x p l a n a t i o n s 78

• Regina Barzilay, Daryl McCullough, Owen Rambow, Jonathan DeChristofaro . . . .

Tanya Korelsky, Benoit Lavoie

( CoGenTex lnc.; Ithaca~Columbia University, New York~University of Delaware, USA)

M a c r 0 P l a n n i n g w i t h a c o g n i t i v e architecture for t h e a d a p t i v e e x p l a n a t i o n o f p r o o f s 88

Armin Fiedler

(University of the Saarland, Saarbriicken, Germany)

E x p e r i m e n t s u s i n g stochastic search f o r text p l a n n i n g . . . . . . 98

Chris Mellish, Alistair Knott, Jon Oberlander, Mick O'Donnell

(University of Edinburgh, Scotland)

A b d u c t i v e r e a s o n i n g f o r syntactic r e a l i z a t i o n . . . . .... . . . . . 108

• RalfKlabunde, Martin Jansche

(University of Heidelberg, German),/Ohio state University, Columbus, USA)

G e n e r a t i n g w a r n i n g instructions by p l a n n i n g a c c i d e n t s and injuries . . . .... . . . .. 118

Daniel Ansari, Graeme Hirst

(University of Toronto, Canada)

D i s c o u r s e m a r k e r c h o i c e in sentence p l a n n i n g .... . . . 128

Brigitte Grote, Manfred Stede

(University of Magdeburg, Germany / TU Berlin, Germany)

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C l a u s e a g g r e g a t i o n using linguistics k n o w l e d g e . . . . . . ~

138

James Shaw

(Columbia University, New York, USA)

A u e n t i o n during a r g u m e n t generation and presentation 1 4 8

lngrid Zukerman, Richard McConachy, Kevin Korb

. . . .

(Monash University, Melbourne, Australia)

P l a n n i n g d i a l o g u e contributions with n e w i n f o r m a t i o n . . . . . . ...,.. . . 1 5 8

Kristiina Jokinen, Hideki Tanaka, Akio Yokoo

(ATR Research Laboratories, Kyoto, Japan)

G e n e r a t i o n o f noun c o m p o u n d s in H e b r e w : Can syntactic k n o w l e d g e be fully encapsulated? 168

Yael Dahan Netzer, Michael Elhadad

(Ben Gurion University, Israel)

T e x t u a l e c o n o m y through close c o u p l i n g o f syntax and s e m a n t i c s ... ~ .. . . . . . ...

178

Matthew Stone, Bonnie Webber

(University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA)

A l a n g u a g e - i n d e p e n d e n t s y s t e m for g e n e r a t i n g feature structures f r o m i n t e r i i n g u a r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s , 188

Murat Temizsoy, llyas Cicekli

(Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey)

T o w a r d m u l t i l i n g u a l protocol generation for spontaneous speech d i a l o g u e s . . .

198

Jan Alexandersson, Peter Poller

(DFKI, Saarbriicken, Germany)

F u l l y l e x i c a l i z e d h e a d - d r i v e n syntactic generation . . . 208

Tilman Becker

A p p r o a c h e s to surface realization with H P S G . . . 218

Graham Wilcock

(University of Manchester, England)

T h e M u l t e x g e n e r a t o r and its e n v i r o n m e n t : A p p l i c a t i o n and d e v e l o p m e n t . . . 228

Christian Matthiessen, Licheng Zeng, Marilyn Cross, Ichiro Kobayashi,

Kazuhiro Teruya, Canzhong Wu

(Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia)

A f l e x i b l e s h a l l o w a p p r o a c h to text generation 238

Stephan Busemann, Helmut Horacek

T h e practical v a l u e o f

n-grams

in generation . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

• Irene Langkilde, Kevin Knight

(USC/ISI, Marina del Rey, USA)

G e n e r a t i o n as a solution to its o w n p r o b l e m ... . . . . . . ~ .. . . : . . . ... ~ ... r ... 256

Donia Scott, Richard Power, Roger Evans

(ITRI, Brighton, England)

E X E M P L A R S : A practical, extensible f r a m e w o r k for d y n a m i c text g e n e r a t i o n . 266

Michael White and Ted CaMwell

(CoGenTex Inc., Ithaca NY, USA)

System demonstration descriptions

A m a l i a : N L G with abstract m a c h i n e .... . .

Evgeniy Gabrilovich, Nissim Francez, Shuly Wintner

(Technion, Haifa, Israel / University of Tiibingen, Germany)

C i r c s u m - T u t o r ! C o n t e n t planning in a tutoring system . . .

Reva Freedman, Stefan Brandle, Michael Glass, Jung Hee Kim, Yujian Zho u,

Martha Evens

(University of Pittsburgh / Illinois Institute of Technology, USA )

276

280

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F L A U B E R T : U s e r - f r i e n d l y m u l t i l i n g u a l N L G . . . . . . . . .

Frdddric Meunier, Laurence Danlos

(TALANA UFR Linguistique, Paris, France)

G B G e n : L a r g e - s c a l e d o m a i n - i n d e p e n d e n t G B s y n t a x ....

Thierry Etchegoyhen, Thomas Wehrle

~" " ... ~" ~ ... :'" ... ~

...

(LATL and FPSE, University of Geneva, Switzerland)

G o a l G e t t e r : G e n e r a t i o n o f s p o k e n s o c c e r r e p o r t s . . . . ~ .. . . . . . . . . . . . ; . . . .

Mari#t Theune, Esther Klabbers

(IPO, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands)

M L W F A : M u l t i l i n g u a l w e a t h e r f o r e c a s t i n g s y s t e m . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . , . . .

Tianfang Yao, Dongmo Zhang, Qian Wang

(Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China)

M u l t i M e t e o : I n t e r a c t i v e g e n e r a t i o n o f w e a t h e r r e p o r t s , . . . . : . . . . ~ . . . r . . . .

•

Josd Coch

(ERLI, Charenton-le-Pont, France)

R O M V O X : T e x t - t o - s p e e c h s y n t h e s i s o f R o m a n i a n . . . . . .

Attila Ferencz, Teodora Ratiu, Maria Ferencz, Tiinde-Csiila Kovacs, Istvdn Nagy,

Diana Zaiu

(Technical University/Software

ITC, Cluj-Napoca,

Romania)

WYSIWYM: Knowledge editing with NL feedback

. . . . . . . i . . . . . .

Richard Power, Donia Scott.

(ITRL University of Brighton, England)

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Tuesday, August 4

18:00 Reception

19:30 Dinner

Workshop Program

Wednesday, August 5

Session 1: Planning and Generation with Multiple Media

8:30 Opening

8:45 Invited talk: Natural Language Generation J0umeys to Interactive D Worlds

James C. Lester, William H. Bares, Charles B. Callaway, Stuart G. Towns

9:30 Communicative Goal-Driven NL Generation and Data-Driven Graphics Generation:

An Architectural Synthesis for Multimedia Page Generation

John Bateman, Thomas Kamps, Jtrg Kleinz, Klaus Reichenberger

10:00 A Principled Representation of Attributive Descriptions for Generating Integrated Text and

10:30

Information Graphics Presentations

Nancy Green, Giuseppe Carenini, Johanna Moore

Break

Session 2:

Architectural Questions

11:00 An Architecture for Opportunistic Text Generation

Chris Mellish, Mick O'Donnell, Jon Oberlander, Alistair Knott

11:30 Controlled Realizatio n of Complex Objects by Reversing the Output of a Parser

David McDonaM

12:00 De-Constraining Text•Generation

Stephen Beale, Sergei Nirenburg, Evelyne Viegas, Leo Wanner

12:30 Lunch

Session 3: Joint Planning of Content and Formulation

• 14:00 Automatic Generation of Subway Directions; Salience Gradation as a Factor for Determining

Message and Form

Lidia Fraczak, Guy Lapalme, Michael Zock

14:30 Introducing Maximal Variation in Text Planning for Small Domains

Erwin Marsi

'

14:45 A New Approach to Expert System Explanations

Regina Barzilay, Owen Rainbow, Daryl McCullough

15:00 Macroplanning with a cognitive Architecture for the Adaptive Explanation of Proofs

Armin Fiedler

15:15 Discussion

15:30 Break

Outing

16:00

22:30

Scenic tour to Niagara Falls and dinner

Return to hotel

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Thursday, August 6

Session 4: Sentence Planning 1: Inference and Content

9:00 Experiments Using Stochastic Search for Text Planning

Chris Mellish, Alistair Knott, Jon Oberlander, Mick O'Donnell

9:30 Abductive Reasoning for Syntactic Realization

Ralf Klabunde, Martin Jansche

10:00 Generating Warning Instructions by Planning Accidents and Injuries

Daniel Ansari, Graeme Hirst

10:30 Break

Session 5: Sentence Planning 2: Subtnsks

11:00

Discourse Marker Choice in Sentence Planning

Brigitte Grote, Manfred Stede

•

11:30 ~ Clause Aggregation using Linguistics Knowledge

James Shaw

1

i:45 Attention during Argument Generation 'and Presentation

lngrid Zukerman, Richard McConachy, Kevin Korb

12:00 Planning Dialogue Contributions with New Information

Kristiina Jokinen, Hideki Tanaka, Akio Yokoo "

12:15

Discussion

12:30. Lunch

. : ::. "

Session 6:

•

!4:00

14i30

14:45

15:00

.15:15

.15:30

Relationships between Semantics, Syntax, Lexis, and Morphology

Generation of Noun Compounds in Hebrew: Can Syntactic Knowledge be Fully Encapsulated?

Yael Dahan Netzer, Michael. Elhadad

Textual EconOmy through Close Coupling of Syntax and Semantics

Matthew Stone, Bonnie Webber

- A

Language-IndePendent System for Generating Feature Structures From Interlingua

Representations

Murat Temizsoy, llyas Cicekli

Toward Multilingual Protocol Generation for Spontaneous Speech Dialogues

Jan Alexandersson, Peter Poller.

DiscussiQn .

• • .

Break

System demonstrations (2 sessions,-in

parallel)

16:00 FLAUBERT

User-friendly multilingual NLG

Frdddric Meunier, LaurenceDanlos

16:20 GoalGetter

Generation of spoken soccer reports

Mari~t Theune, Esther Klabbers

16:00

16:20

ROMVOX

Text-to-speech synthesis Of Romanian

Attila Ferencz, Teodora Ratiu, Maria Ferencz,

Tiinde-Csilla Kovdcs, lstvdn Nagy, Diana Zaiu

MultiMeteo

Interactive weather reportgeneration -

Jos~ Coch

t 6:40 GBGen

Large-scale domain-indep. GB syntax

Thiert T Etchegoyhen, Thomas Wehrle i

16:40

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MLWFA "

Multilingual weather forecasts

Tianfang Yao, Dongmo Zhang, Qian Wang

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17:00

17:20

Amalia

NI_,G with Abstract Machine for

Typed Feature Structures

Evgeniy Gabrilovich, Nissim Francez,

Shuly Wintner

WYSIWYM

Knowledge editing with NL feedback

Richard Powe r, Donia Scott

• 18:00 Dinner

17:00 Circsnm-Tutor

Content planning in a tutoring system

Reva Freedman, Stefan Brandle, Michael

Glass, Jung Hee Kim, Yufian Zhou,

Martha Evens

Friday, August 7

Session 7: Realization: Deep and Shallow Grammars

9:00 Fully Lexicalized Head-Driven Syntactic Generation

9:15

9:30

9:45

10:00

10:15

Tilman Becker

Approaches to Surface Realization with HPSG

Graham Wilcock

The Multex •Generator and its Environment: Application and Development

Christian Matthiessen, Licheng Zeng, Marilyn Cross, Ichiro Kobayashi, Kazuhiro Teruya,

" Canzhong Wu

A Flexible Shallow Approach tO Tex t Generation

Stephan Busemann and Helmut Horacek

The Practical Value of

N-Grams

in Generation

Irene Langkilde, Kevin Knight

Discussion

10:30 Break

Session 8: Constructing the Input

i1:00 Generation as a Solution to its Own Problem

Donia Scott, Richard Power, Roger Evans

EXEMPLARS: A Practical, Extensible Framework for Dynamic Text Generation

Michael White, Ted Caldwell

~ -

Discussion

11:15

11:30

Panel

•11:45

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Reference Architectures for Language Generators

. Eduard Hovy. (moderator), Stephan Busemann, Robert Dale, Chris Mellish, Donia Scott

Lunch

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Author List

J a n A l e x a n d e r s s o n . . . . . . . . . 1 9 8

T o w a r d M u l t i l i n g u a l P r o t o c o l G e n e r a t i o n f o r S p o n t a n e o u s S p e e c h D i a l o g u e s

D a n i e l A n s a r i . . . . 118

G e n e r a t i n g W a r n i n g I n s t r u c t i o n s b y P l a n n i n g A c c i d e n t s a n d I n j u r i e s

W i l l i a m H . B a r e s . . . . . . : . . . ~ .. . . . . . . . . . . . 2 N a t u r a l L a n g u a g e G e n e r a t i o n J o u r n e y s to I n t e r a c t i v e 3 D W o r l d s

R e g i n a B a r z i l a y . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . 7 8 A N e w A p p r o a c h t o E x p e r t S y s t e m E x p l a n a t i o n s

J o h n B a t e m a n . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 • C o m m u n i c a t i v e G o a l - D r i v e n N L G e n e r a t i o n a n d D a t a - D r i v e n G r a p h i c s G e n e r a t i o n :

A n A r c h i t e c t u r a l S y n t h e s i s f o r M u l t i m e d i a P a g e G e n e r a t i o n

i S t e p h e n B e a l e . . . 4 8

D e - C o n s t r a i n i n g T e x t G e n e r a t i o n

T i l m a n B e c k e r . . . . . . . . . . ~.. 2 0 8 F u l l y L e x i c a l i z e d H e a d - D r i v e n S y n t a c t i c G e n e r a t i o n

S t e f a n B r a n d l e . . . . . . . . . . . . ... : : . . . : . . . . . . . . . 2 8 0 C i r c s u m - T u t o r : C o n t e n t P l a n n i n g i n a T u t o r i n g S y s t e m

(system demo)

S t e p h a n B u s e m a n n . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 8 A F l e x i b l e S h a l l o w A p p r o a c h t o T e x t G e n e r a t i o n

T e d C a l d w e l l . . . ~ . . . . ~ . . : . . . . . . . L . . . : . . . . .~ . . . . . : . . . : . . . . 2 6 6 E X E M P L A R S - A P r a c t i c a l , E x t e n s i b l e F r a m e w o r k f o r D y n a m i c T e x t G e n e r a t i o n •

C h a r l e s B . C a l l a w a y . . . . . . : . . . : 2 N a t u r a l L a n g u a g e G e n e r a t i o n J o u r n e y s t o I n t e r a c t i v e 3 D W o r l d s

G i u s e p p e C a r e n i n i . . . . . . ~ . . . : . . . 18 A P r i n c i p l e d R e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f A t t r i b u t i v e D e s c r i p t i o n s f o r G e n e r a t i n g I n t e g r a t e d T e x t a n d

I n f o r m a t i o n G r a p h i c s P r e s e n t a t i o n s

I l y a s C i c e k l i . . . : . . . . . . : . . . ..~ ... 1 8 8 A L a n g u a g e - I n d e p e n d e n t S y s t e m f o r G e n e r a t i n g F e a t u r e S t r u c t u r e s f r o m I n t e r l i n g u a

R e p r e s e n t a t i o n s

J o s 6 C o c h . . . . . . ~ .. . . . . . . . . . 3 0 0 M u l t i M e t e o : I n t e r a c t i v e w e a t h e r r e p o r t g e n e r a t i o n

(system demo)

M a r i l y n C r o s s . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 8 T h e M u l t e x G e n e r a t o r a n d i t s E n v i r o n m e n t : A p p l i c a t i o n a n d D e v e l o p m e n t

Y a e l D a h a n N e t z e r . . . . . . . . . 1 6 8 • G e n e r a t i o n o f N o u n C o m p o u n d s i n H e b r e w : C a n S y n t a c t i c K n o w l e d g e b e F u l l y E n c a p s u l a t e d ? L a u r e n c e D a n l o s . . . ~ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . , . . . . , . . . .. 2 8 4

F L A U B E R T : U s e r - f r i e n d l y m u l t i l i n g u a l

NLG(system demo)

• J o n a t h a n D e C h r i s t o f a r o . . . . . . . . . . . . i . . . 7 8 A N e w A p p r o a c h t o E x p e r t S y s t e m E x p l a n a t i o n s

M i c h a e l E l h a d a d . . . 168

G e n e r a t i o n o f N o u n C o m p o u n d s i n H e b r e w : C a n S y n t a c t i c K n o w l e d g e b e F u l l y E n c a p s u l a t e d ? T h i e r r y E t c h e g o y h e n . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 8

G B G e n : L a r g e - s c a l e d o m a i n - i n d e p e n d e n t G B s y n t a x

(system demo)

R o g e r E v a n s . . . . . . . . . ....~ . . . . . . . . . : . . . 2 5 6 G e n e r a t i o n a s a S o l u t i o n t o i t s O w n P r o b l e m

M a r t h a E v e n s . . . . . . i. . . . . . . . . i . . . . ; . . . 2 8 0 C i r c s u m - T u t o r : C o n t e n t P l a n n i n g i n a T u t o r i n g S y s t e m

(system demo)

A t t i l a F e r e n c z . . . . . . ~. . . 3 0 4 R O M V O X : T e x t - t o - s p e e c h s y n t h e s i s o f R o m a n i a n

(system demo)

M a r i a F e r e n c z . . . . . . " .. . . . . . . . . ~ 3 0 4 R O M V O X ' . T e x t - t o - s p e e c h s y n t h e s i s o f R 0 m a n i a n

(system demo)

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A m a i n F i e d l e r . . . 88

M a c r o p l a n n i n g with a C o g n i t i v e A r c h i t e c t u r e f o r the A d a p t i v e E x p l a n a t i o n o f P r o o f s

L i d i a F r a c z a k . . . . . . . . . 5 8

A u t o m a t i c G e n e r a t i o n o f S u b w a y Directions: S a l i e n c e G r a d a t i o n as a F a c t o r f o r D e t e r m i n i n g M e s s a g e and F o r m

N i s s i m F r a n c e z . . . ~ .. . . . . . . . . 276

A m a l i a : N L G with A b s t r a c t

Machine(system demo)

R e v a F r e e d m a n . . . . . . 2 8 0

C i r c s u m - T u t o r : C o n t e n t P l a n n i n g in a T u t o r i n g S y s t e m

(system demo)

E v g e n i y G a b r i l o v i c h . . . 276

A m a l i a : N L G with A b s t r a c t

Machine(system demo)

M i c h a e l Glass . . . . . . 2 8 0

(system demo)

N a n c y G r e e n . . .

18

A P r i n c i p l e d R e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f A t t r i b u t i v e D e s c r i p t i o n s f o r G e n e r a t i n g Integrated T e x t and I n f o r m a t i o n Graphics Presentations

B r i g i t t e G r o t e . . . ; . . . . . . r ' - - " . . . 128 • D i s c o u r s e M a r k e r C h o i c e in S e n t e n c e P l a n n i n g

G r a e m e Hirst . . . . . . 118

G e n e r a t i n g W a r n i n g Instructions b y P l a n n i n g A c c i d e n t s and Injuries

• H e l m u t H o r a c e k . . . . . . . . 238

A F l e x i b l e S h a l l o w A p p r o a c h to T e x t G e n e r a t i o n

M a r t i n J a n s c h e . . . 108

A b d u c t i v e R e a s o n i n g f o r S y n t a c t i c R e a l i z a t i o n

Kristiina J o k i n e n . . . . . . 158

P l a n n i n g D i a l o g u e Contributions w i t h N e w I n f o r m a t i o n

T h o m a s K a m p s . . . 8

C o m m u n i c a t i v e G o a l - D r i v e n N L G e n e r a t i o n and D a t a - D r i v e n Graphics G e n e r a t i o n : A n A r c h i t e c t u r a l S y n t h e s i s for M u l t i m e d i a P a g e G e n e r a t i o n

J u n g H e e K i m . . . . ; . . . ~ .. . . ... 2 8 0

(system demo)

E s t h e r K l a b b e r s . . . . . . 2 9 2

G o a l G e t t e r : G e n e r a t i o n o f spoken s o c c e r reports

(system demo)

R a l f K l a b u n d e . . . . . . : . . . . . . 108

A b d u c t i v e R e a s o n i n g f o r S y n t a c t i c R e a l i z a t i o n

J r r g K l e i n z . . . . . . . . .

8

C o m m u n i c a t i v e G o a l . D r i v e n N L G e n e r a t i o n and D a t a - D r i v e n Graphics Generation: • An A r c h i t e c t u r a l Synthesis for M u l t i m e d i a P a g e G e n e r a t i o n

K e v i n K n i g h t . . . ~. . . . . . . . . . .... . . 248

T h e Practical Value o f

N-grams

in G e n e r a t i o n

Alistair Knott . . . . . . 98

E x p e r i m e n t s U s i n g Stochastic Search for T e x t P l a n n i n g

28

o , . . . ° o o o ° ° . o o . . . . ° . . . ~ . . . ° ° ° o ° ° .

A n A r c h i t e c t u r e for O p p o r t u n i s t i c T e x t G e n e r a t i o n

Ichiro K o b a y a s h i . . . . . . i . . . 228

T h e M u l t e x G e n e r a t o r and its E n v i r o n m e n t : A p p l i c a t i o n and D e v e l o p m e n t

K e v i n K o r b . . . . . . . 148

A t t e n t i o n d u r i n g A r g u m e n t G e n e r a t i o n and Presentation

T a n y a K o r e l s k y . . . 78

A N e w A p p r o a c h to E x p e r t S y s t e m E x p l a n a t i o n s

T 0 n d e - C s i l l a K o v ~ c s . . . . . . . . . 304

R O M V O X : T e x t - t o - s p e e c h synthesis o f R o m a n i a n

(system demo)

Irene L a n g k i l d e . . . . . . . . . . . . :. . . 248

T h e Practical Value o f

N-grams

in G e n e r a t i o n

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G u y L a p a l m e . . . 58 A u t o m a t i c G e n e r a t i o n o f S u b w a y D i r e c t i o n s : S a l i e n c e G r a d a t i o n as a F a c t o r f o r D e t e r m i n i n g

M e s s a g e a n d F o r m

B e n o i t L a v o i e . . . . . . . . . 78 A N e w A p p r o a c h to E x p e r t S y s t e m E x p l a n a t i o n s

J a m e s C . L e s t e r . . . . . . 2 N a t u r a l L a n g u a g e G e n e r a t i o n J o u r n e y s to I n t e r a c t i v e 3 D W o r l d s

E r w i n M a r s i . . . . 68 I n t r o d u c i n g M a x i m a l V a r i a t i o n in T e x t P l a n n i n g f o r S m a l l D o m a i n s

C h r i s t i a n M a t t h i e s s e n . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 8 T h e M u l t e x G e n e r a t o r a n d its E n v i r o n m e n t : A p p l i c a t i o n a n d D e v e l o p m e n t

R i c h a r d M c C o n a c h y ..: . . . i . . . . . . . . . 148 A t t e n t i o n d u r i n g A r g u m e n t G e n e r a t i o n a n d P r e s e n t a t i o n

D a r y l M c C u l l o u g h . . . .. . . 78 A N e w A p p r o a c h t o E x p e r t S y s t e m E x p l a n a t i o n s

D a v i d M c D o n a l d . . . . . . 38 C o n t r o l l e d R e a l i z a t i o n o f C o m p l e x O b j e c t s b y R e v e r s i n g t h e O u t p u t o f a P a r s e r

C h r i s M e l l i s h . . . . . . . . . , 9 8 E x p e r i m e n t s U s i n g S t o c h a s t i c S e a r c h f o r T e x t P l a n n i n g

" ... " . . . . . . " . . . 2 8

A n A r c h i t e c t u r e f o r O p p o r t u n i s t i c T e x t G e n e r a t i o n

F r 6 d 6 r i c M e u n i e r . . . . . . 2 8 4 F L A U B E R T : U s e r - f r i e n d l y m u l t i l i n g u a l N L G

(system demo)

J o h a n n a M o o r e . . . . . . . :~. . . ~ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . 18 A P r i n c i p l e d R e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f A t t r i b u t i v e D e s c r i p t i o n s f o r G e n e r a t i n g I n t e g r a t e d T e x t a n d

I n f o r m a t i o n G r a p h i c s P r e s e n t a t i o n s

Istv~in N a g y 3 0 4

R O M V O X : T e x t - t o - s p e e c h s y n t h e s i s o f R o m a n i a n

(system demo)

S e r g e i N i r e n b u r g i . . . . . . ; . , . i . . . . . . . . . . . " . i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 4 8 D e - C o n s t r a i n i n g T e x t G e n e r a t i o n

J o n O b e r l a n d e r . . . . ~. . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . ~..: . . . . 98 E x p e r i m e n t s U s i n g S t o c h a s t i c S e a r c h f o r T e x t P l a n n i n g

. . . . . . , . . . . 28 A n A r c h i t e c t u r e f o r O p p o r t u n i s t i c T e x t G e n e r a t i o n

M i c k O ' D o n n e l l . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 E x p e r i m e n t s U s i n g S t o c h a s t i c S e a r c h f o r T e x t P l a n n i n g

. . . : . . . : . . . . . . . . . . 28 A n A r c h i t e c t u r e f o r O p p o r t u n i s t i c T e x t G e n e r a t i o n

P e t e r P o l l e r . . : . . . . i . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 T o w a r d M u l t i l i n g u a l P r o t o c o l G e n e r a t i o n f o r S p o n t a n e o u s S p e e c h D i a l o g u e s

R i c h a r d P o w e r . . . . . . .. . . . 2 5 6 G e n e r a t i o n as a S o l u t i o n to its O w n P r o b l e m ,

. . . : . . . ~ . , . . . . . . 308 W Y S 1 W Y M : K n o w l e d g e e d i t i n g w i t h N L f e e d b a c k

(system demo)

O w e n R a i n b o w . . . . . . 78 A N e w A p p r o a c h to E x p e r t S y s t e m E x p l a n a t i o n s •

T e o d o r a R a t i u . . . . . . . . . L . . . . . . 3 0 4 R O M V O X : T e x t - t o , s p e e c h s y n t h e s i s Of R o m a n i a n

(system demo)

K l a u s R e i c h e n b e r g e r . . . i.. • . . . 8 C o m m u n i c a t i v e G o a l - D r i v e n N L G e n e r a t i o n a n d D a t a - D r i v e n G r a p h i c s G e n e r a t i o n :

A n A r c h i t e c t u r a l S y n t h e s i s f o r M u l t i m e d i a P a g e G e n e r a t i o n

D o n i a S c o t t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 6 G e n e r a t i o n as a S o l u t i o n t o its O w n P r o b l e m

• " • 308

W Y S I W Y M : K n o w l e d g e e d i t i n g w i t h N L f e e d b a c k

(system demo)

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James Shaw " 138 Clause Aggregation using Linguistics Knowledge

Manfred Stede 128

Discourse Marker Choice in Sentence Planning

Matthew Stone . . . . . , .... . . . . . 178

Textual E c o n o m y through Close Coupling of Syntax and Semantics

Hideki Tanaka . . . . . . , . . . 158

Planning Dialogue Contributions with New Information

Murat Temizsoy . . . i 88

A Language-Independent System for Generating Feature Structures from Interlingua Representations

Kazuhiro Teruya . . . ; .... . ... .... ... 228

The Multex Generator and its Environment: Application and Development

Mari& Theune . . . 292

GoalGetter: Generation of spoken soccer reports

(system demo)

Stuart G. Towns . . . . . . 2

Natural Language Generation Journeys to Interactive 3D Worlds

E v e l y n e Viegas . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

De-Constraining Text Generation

Qian Wang 296

M L W F A : Multilingual Weather Forecasting System

(system demo)

Leo W a n n e r . . . 48

De-Constraining Text Generation

B o n n i e Webber . . . 178

Textual E c o n o m y through Close Coupling of Syntax and Semantics

Thomas Wehrle . . . . . . . . . 288

G B G e n : Large-scale domain-independent GB syntax

(system demo)

Michael White . . . . . . . . . 266

E X E M P L A R S : A Practical, Extensible Framework for Dynamic Text Generation

G r a h a m Wilcock . . . ,. 218

Approaches to Surface Realization with I-IPSG

Shuly W i n m e r 276

Amalia: N L G with Abstract

Machine(system demo)

Canzhong Wu . . . 228

T h e Multex Generator and its Environment: Application and Development

Tianfang Yao . . . . . . ...; . . . ... 296

(system demo)

Akio Yokoo . 158

Planning Dialogue Contributions with New Information

Diana Zaiu . . . .. . . . . . ~ .. . . 304

R O M V O X : Text-to-speech synthesis of Romanian

(system demo)

Licheng Zeng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 228

•

The Multex Generator and its Environment: Application and Development

D o n g m o Zhang . . . . . . ... 296

(system demo)

Yujian Zhou 280

Circsum-Tutor: Content Planning in a Tutoring System

(system demo)

Michael Zock . . . . . . 58

Automatic Generation of S u b w a y Directions: Salience Gradation as a Factor for D e t e r m i n i n g Message and Form

Ingrid Zukerman " 148

Attention during Argument Generation and Presentation

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